Ingonyama ngokungathandabuzekiyo sisilwanyana esingaqhelekanga, yenye ye Izilwanyana zasendle eyona iyaziwa kwihlabathi ngenxa ye-physiognomy kunye neempawu ezenza ukuba ibe yindoda yealpha phakathi kwekratshi leengonyamakazi, yiyo loo nto kufuneka wazi nzulu INgonyama yeTaxonomy Kwaye apha sikushiyela yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi ngayo.
Ngombulelo kwi-taxonomy yengonyama, izifundo ezininzi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziye zaququzelelwa ezikhonza ukuchonga i-subspecies kunye nokukwazi ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezinceda ukukhusela abantu abasengozini. Kule mihla, izifundo zofuzo kunye ne-morphological ziyasetyenziswa ezivumela ukwahlula kunye nokuchonga ezinye iintlobo zeekati, njengengonyama.
Ngokusisiseko, iingonyama ziyinxalenye ye-mammalian order ephuma kwi «Carnivores», ezi ziphinde zibe ngqo kwi-genus ye-Felidae kunye ne-subfamily ye-Pantherinae. Ngokunjalo, kukho iqela phakathi kosapho lwe "Panthera spp" apho amahlosi, iijaguar kunye neengwevu. Ingwe ke zona iingonyama ziyinxalenye yelizwe ipanthela leo, njengeengonyama ezibhangileyo.
Ngolunye uhlobo lwe-phylogenetic, inkxaso inokwenziwa ebandakanya ukuhlelwa kwe-taxonomic yezilwanyana eziyingxenye ye-Pantherinae subfamily, le nto ibandakanya ingonyama esiyaziyo namhlanje kwaye, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iingonyama sele iphelile.
Ngoku, ngokweengonyama ngokwazo, zimele ngokungqongqo phantsi komzobo wePanthera leo. Ukuqonda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo ezincinci ezitshabaleleyo, kuyaziwa ukuba ziyinxalenye yento eyayibizwa ngokuba yi "Panthera leo fossilis", uhlobo olwaluhlala ekuqaleni kuMbindi Pleistocene ngaphakathi kwimiqolomba emininzi yaseYurophu.
Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifana ne "Panthera leo vereshchagini", eyayihlala ePleistocene nangona indawo yokuhlala yayiyimiqolomba yaseMpuma yeSiberia naseBeringia.
Ukuqhubela phambili umzekelo weengonyama eziphelileyo, kwakukho i-subspecies ye "Panthera leo atrox" eyayihlala kwiPleistocene kwaye yayibhekwa njengengonyama yaseMntla Melika; Oko kuthethiweyo, i-subspecies ye "Panthera leo spelaea" eyayihlala kwi-Upper Pleistocene epoch nayo ingena kumxholo.
Ngokwe-taxonomy yeengonyama, kuyimfuneko ukugqamisa "i-Panthera leo persica" esebenza njenge-subspecies yengonyama enokuhlala kumazantsi elizwekazi lase-Asia. Kwelinye icala, "iingonyama zeatlas" zazihlala eMntla Afrika phantsi kwesalathiso sezesayensi "Panthera leo leo.«. Ukusifumana ngakwintshona yeAfrika, “iPanthera leo senegalensis” yaziwa.
I-"Panthera leo azandica" yayiyenye i-subspecies yohlobo lwase-Afrika olwaphela kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, yayihlala kumantla-mpuma weCongo phantse kufutshane nelizwe. I-Panthera leo nubica ababehlala kwakwilizwekazi elinye kodwa engasempuma.
Ngokufanayo, kwilizwekazi laseAfrika, iPanthera leo bleyenbergh yazimisa eMzantsi-ntshona Afrika kunye nePanthera leo krugeri ekuMazantsi-mpuma, eqaqambisa ingonyama domain ukusukela kumaxesha angaphambili. Zonke ezi yayiziintlobo zeengonyama ezingasekhoyo ngokolwazi lwengonyama, singasathethi ke ngokuba ingonyama yaseKapa yayikwayisilwanyana esasihlala emzantsi-ntshona woMzantsi Afrika.
Ziziphi iimpawu ze-morphological ezibekwe kwi-taxonomy yeengonyama?
Ngokutsho kwezifundo eziqhutywe kwizinto ze-morphological zengonyama ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-invasive, ugxininiso lubekwe kwi-taxonomy yommeli we-morphology ye-skull; kodwa ngokubhekiselele kubalinganiswa abangabangeliyo, uphononongo luphambukiselwe kwi-taxonomy ye-felines.
Kule mihla, uphando lwenziwe kwiipateni ze-cuticular zeenwele zengonyama ezizezohlobo lwePanthera, njengaleyo yePanthera leo emele ingonyama esiyaziyo namhlanje.
Kuthiwa i-morphology yoboya bengonyama inokunceda ukuba neziphumo ezichanekileyo malunga ne-taxonomy yengonyama, enokuthi ibe nomnye umthombo omele oonobumba be-morphological abangeyiyo i-osteological, isizathu sokuba le nyaniso inokuququzelela ukuchongwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya uhlobo lwePanthera spp.
Ukulandela ipateni yokufunda ye-morphology yangaphandle yeenwele zengonyama okwangoku, sinezikali ezidibeneyo ze-cuticular, ezenza i-wavy kunye nephethini ye-mosaic engaqhelekanga, ukongeza koku kunokutshiwo ukuba i-morphology yangaphandle ye-cuticle iinwele zengonyama zifana kakhulu ne-morphology yengwe yohlobo lwe-Panthera tigris.
abalinganiswa bemfuzo
Ngombulelo kwitekhnoloji esaziyo namhlanje, kuye kwenzeka ukwenza uhlalutyo lweemolekyuli ezahlukeneyo ukulungelelanisa iimpawu zofuzo ezahlukeneyo ukuze kufumaneke iziphumo ezithile ngokufunda i-taxonomy yengonyama, kunye nokwahlulwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeefelines kunye nee-subspecies zeengonyama. Ukuze ufunde nzulu i-genetics yengonyama ngendlela engabonakaliyo, isampuli ye-feces yayo iqokelelwa kwaye i-DNA yayo ikhutshwe.
Umba osisiseko kwimfuza yeengonyama yi I-Cytochrome B nto leyo ethe yajika yaba luphawu lwemfuza ye-mitochondrial ethe kwiminyaka edlulileyo yenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukwahlula ezinye iintlobo zeemazi ezifana Ingwe emhlophe. Inyaniso enomdla kukuba i-microsatellites ezisetyenziselwa ukulandela umzekelo wezofuzo zinokuba luncedo olukhulu ekuncediseni izifundo ze-taxonomy yengonyama kunye nokuhlelwa kweentlobo zayo ngokukodwa.
Ukubuyela emva kwiminyaka eliqela ngo-2001, uphononongo luye lwakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngokusebenzisa uphawu lwemitochondrial Cytochrome B, iintlobo ezine Iimpawu zeekati iikati, amahlosi neengonyama. Ukususela ngaloo mzuzu ukuya phambili, le gene yaqala ukuthathwa njengesixhobo esikhulu esavumela izazinzulu ukuba zenze uhlalutyo lomgama wemfuza kwaye ngaloo ndlela zikwazi ukwahlula iintlobo eziya kuba luncedo kwizifundo ze-taxonomic kusapho lwentsapho. UFelidae.
Ingonyama yetaxonomy namhlanje
Kule mihla, ngokuhlonipha iindlela ezingahlaseliyo zokufunda i-taxonomy yengonyama, i-DNA yayo ithathwa ngeenwele zayo, amathe, ilindle kunye nomchamo wayo, nto leyo emangalisa kakhulu kwizazinzulu kuba ifikeleleka ngokulula kwaye ayinabungozi kuhlobo ekuthethwa ngalo.
Ngolu hlolisiso lwemizila yemfuza, kuye kwafunyaniswa iintlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo, nto leyo ebaluleke gqitha ekuveliseni inkqubela yenzululwazi kolu hlolisiso ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo kwiingonyama.
Ukuqukumbela, kuyimfuneko ukuba izifundo ezinxulumene ne Ukuhlelwa kwezilwanyana ngokwe-taxonomic abumba iindawo ezihlala imizila yemfuza yeentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana, yaye njengoko kunjalo nangeenyamakazi, akhonza ekuphuhliseni izicwangciso zolondolozo nolawulo oluchanekileyo lweentlobo ezisengozini yokuphela.