Iingwenya zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezikwi-oviparous family, zizilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Ukubhekisa kwi i-crocodile taxonomy, kukho iinguqu ezimbalwa eziye zaboniswa kwi-morphology yayo.
Iingwenya zavela emhlabeni ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-200 yezigidi eyadlulayo kwaye utshintsho lwabo lwe-morphological lube luncinci. I-morphology yangaphandle iye yagcinwa ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokubhekiselele kwi-evolution. Zizirhubuluzi esenziwe ziintsapho ngoku, zinkulu njengezilwanyana ezizingelayo kwaye ziyinxalenye yekhonkco lokutya ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yendalo eselwandle.
Olu hlobo lusongelwa ngumntu, lubangela ukungcoliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuthengiswa kwesikhumba sayo, ukuzingela amaxolo ayo. Uphando malunga ne-crocodile taxonomy lunokuba nefuthe elihle kwiinkqubo zolondolozo. ulondolozo yeentlobo ezisengozini kwi umngcipheko de ukunyamalalanjenge ukuzala en ukuthinjwa kunye ukufumanisa yomxube; ngoko bonisa i-taxonomy yeengwenya kunye neemfuno zabo.
I-Crocodile taxonomy namhlanje
Ingumxholo obangela ukungafani kwindlela yophando lwendlela yeentlobo. Ngokohlaziyo lwangoku lwe-crocodile taxonomy, uhlaziyo lwamva nje lwetaxonomic yeengwenya zanamhlanje lucebise inkqubo ezinzileyo malunga noku. Ukuhlelwa kwezilwanyana ngokwe-taxonomic.
Kukho izizukulwana ezininzi zeeNgwenya, ezazahlulwe zaba zizizukulwana ezine, iNgwenya yomNayile - C. Niloticus, I-Alligator okanye i-alligators luhlobo lwe-sauropsids, olu hlobo lubandakanya iintlobo ezine zeengwenya zehlabathi elitsha, i-Oopholis yeentlobo ze-crocodile yase-Asia, yase-Australia kunye ne-Afrika. O.Suchus uhlobo lweOxycrocodylus.
Izizukulwana ezine ezikhankanyiweyo zihlanganiswe kwisizwe saseCrocodylini. Kwisizwe saseMecistopsini yinxalenye yoluhlu lweOsteolaemus, iMecistops. Kwisizwe saseGavialini, iGavialis kunye neTomistoma.
El isini oopholis kwi khona yahlulwe kwi-subgenera, kunye ne-subgenus ye-Philas yeengwenya zamanzi acwengileyo ze imbonakalo mncinci dentro ka Oopholis. Okwangoku, iindidi ezintsha zamanzi acwengileyo okanye iingwenya zamanzi acwengileyo ziye zachazwa, kuquka ingwenya O. Adelynhoserae wafumana i sur de Entsha EGuinea, kukho imvelaphi apho yayikhona bafanelekile njenge umehluko yodidi lwe-O. Novaeguineae.
Okunye entsha kanjalo ingwenya yamanzi acocekileyo iintlobo O. Jackyhoserae, ibekwe emantla e yomhlaba yaseOstreliya kwaye iqwalaselwe Okokuqala njenge umehluko ngu-O. Johnstoni.
Ukuhlelwa kweTaxonomy yayo
Kulo khona, i-taxonomy ye-crocodilians isekelwe kwi-a inkqubo yoluhlu zizinzile, kunye nezahlulo zabo eziphezulu. Iintlobo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe (27) zibonakalisiwe kule mihla yeengwenya, zibekwe kwiintsapho zeCrocodrylidae kunye neAlligatoridae dentro del ulungelelwano Crocodylia.
El iqela I-Crocodrylidae yahlulwe yaba Tres Iintsapho zaseCrocodylini, eMecistopsini naseGavialini, nakwiintsapho zazo lilonke ziqulethe iindidi ezisibhozo ezikhankanywe kwimihlathi engaphambili. I familia ingwenya yakhe iqela, yahlulwe yaba dos iintsapho, Alligatoridae kunye isini I-Alligator kunye neCaimaninae kunye neqela lePaleosuchus, iCaiman kunye neMelanosuchus.
I-taxonomy ye ingwenya UmNayile Crocodylus Niloticus yenye ngaphezulu impikiswano kolu hlobo. I ibali taxonomy of C. niloticus ibandakanya kanye (11) iintlobo ezincitshisiweyo, ekubhekiselwe kuzo ngokwembali kunye isixhenxe (7) subspecies ecetywayo ekuqaleni.
En umhla wangoku uhlobo lubhalwe njenge C. niloticus kuphela, isono embargo Olunye uphando lweemolekyuli lubonisa ukuchasana ucebisa C. niloticus njenge kuluntu edibanisa ukhokho wayo ixutyiwe kwiintlobo ezingaqondakaliyo. Ukongeza, kuye kwavezwa ukuba abantu baseAfrika bahluke ngokweendawo.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zengwenya
Iingwenya ikakhulu zahlula ezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- Umzimba wakhe umde.
- Umbala uyahluka ngokweentlobo. Ihluka ukusuka eluhlaza ukuya kumnyama okanye zombini zidityaniswe kunye.
- Imihlathi yayo eyoyikekayo, enezinyo lesine elingezantsi eliphuma ngaphandle ivale umlomo. Zinkulu kwaye zinde kunezinye.
- IiNgwenya azilushukumisi ulwimi lwazo kuba luthe nca enkalakahla.
- Umzimba wakhe wonke uzele ngamaxolo.
- Baginya amatye ukuze bancedise ekutyeni. Ikwasebenza njenge-ballast ukutshona ngokulula.
- Kwisiqu somsila inomkhenkce wamacwecwe amathambo.
- Imilenze yeengwenya mifutshane kwaye inentambo, nto leyo ebanceda ukuba babe ziindadi ezinobuchule.
- Emanzini, iingwenya zinokufikelela kwisantya esiphakathi kwe-10 ne-15 km ngeyure.
- Xa zisemhlabeni zikhasa ngocoselelo ngezisu ukuze zifumane ukutya okanye zixubane nezinye iingwenya. Nangona bengenamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, banoluhlu lweentshukumo ezikhethekileyo zokubaleka, ukuhlasela kunye nokutsiba imiqobo emincinci.
Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwitaxonomy yakho
I-taxonomy ye-crocodilians ngokwesithethe iye yaxoxwa kwi sebenzisa i-morphological ethile njengabalinganiswa abathile be-osteological, abanokuba yi esinqeni kunye neziphelo. Uphando olucwangcisiweyo lwamathambo ikharani kunye ne-appendicular, ziye zafundwa njenge mvelaphi abalinganiswa taxonomic ukuba unako phucula ezo ngokwesiko zisetyenziswa kwi-taxonomy yosapho lweengwenya.
El kufunda ethile ekufuneka yenziwe kuyo hlula las umqolo i-presacral, yenziwe yi umqolo umlomo wesibeleko, thoracic kunye lumbar izihlunu iingwenya, wabonisa Alta ukwahluka i-taxonomic, iyasebenza kwaba balinganiswa kunye nabo sebenzisa kwi-crocodilian taxonomy.
El ingwenya evela eIndiya Gavialus gangeticus izipho umqolo presacrals ebonakalayo enokuthi ubabalo kweyakhe isazisi. I umqolo iiseli ze-presacral ezichazwe ngummandla, ukusebenzisana kwe-intervertebral kwesi silwanyana kuvumela yeyakho unayo Ophezulu ukuhamba del intamo, ulungiselela nanjalo iindlela zabo zokufumana ukutya xa bentywiliselwe emanzini.
Izixhobo zeemolekyuli ezifana código ibharas ilifa liye laba unayo sixhobo kuphononongo kunye nolawulo lwedatha yebhayoloji, ephunyezwe kwizifundo zetaxonomy yeengwenya. Ukongeza, ezinye iimpawu zemolekyuli, ezinje ngolandelelwano lwe-DNA kwisiqwenga, zisetyenzisiwe kuhlelo lweentlobo ezifanayo kulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-morphological kwaye ngenxa yoko ukufumanisa yemixube.
Ezi zixhobo zemolekyuli ziluncedo kwi-taxonomy yosapho, enokuthi nyusa buchule kuphila kwiingwenya namhlanje. Iijini zemitochondrial iCytochrome Oxidase I kunye neCytochrome B ngamanqaku anokubakho kwimolekyuli. isetyenzisiwe kwizifundo zetaxonomic ukuchonga iingwenya.
Iimfuno zeTaxonomic kwiqela
La mfuneko in crocodilian taxonomy isekelwe uphando yemiba eyongezelelweyo, enokuthi ukudibanisa izifundo zetaxonomic kwi olu sapho lwakudala yezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo.
Imiba yolwakhiwo, efana ne-morphology yesikali usebenzisa izixhobo ezilahliweyo ze-electron microscope, unyana abalinganiswa bemofoloji abanokubakho, abanokuthi ukugqibelela la Ubume zodidi lwangoku. Kuye ixesha, la i-anatomy yangaphakathi ixabiseke kakhulu fuente yabalinganiswa bemofoloji ye ubani que nangoku ayizange ihlolwe.
Kucacile izifundo zebhayoloji yemolekyuli, unyana Kuyimfuneko ukukwazi ukwandisa abamakishi beemolekyuli abazenzayo kwi-crocodilian taxonomy, ngale ndlela indlela yokuba nesiphumo esihle kuyo Iinkqubo ze ukuzala en ukuthinjwa yeentlobo kwi peligro de ukuphela. Ukuchazwa kwe-taxonomic engalunganga yengwenya kungonakalisa iinkqubo zolondolozo. ulondolozo ngakumbi kubantu abafanayo ngokwe-morphologically.
iingwenya ezingasekhoyo
Ngokuphathelele i-taxonomy yeengwenya ezingasekhoyo, kunjalo kulungile gxininisa kuneengwenya, luphawu lwangoku lwe-a ezahlukeneyo iqela yezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, abachasi beedinosaurs zexesha leTriassic (Pseudosachia). I subfamily ezingasekhoyo iingwenya ukusuka umnombo I-Crocodylidae yayiyi-Tomistominae. Phakathi ku-2008, iifosili zeentlobo ze-Gavialosuchus americanus zarekhodwa sur de Costa IRica (Miocene kunye nePliocene i temprano). olu hlobo lwengwenya solo ibibhaliswe nge ukundulela eMzantsi Merika on kunye neAfrika, ngaloo ndlela yandisa yayo sasazwa mandulo.
Impixano yoLuntu-Ngwenya
Ukuhlaselwa kweengwenya kubantu akuqhelekanga, kodwa ukulahlekelwa kobomi kubhalwa minyaka yonke, ngakumbi xa besondela kakhulu kwaye ngakumbi kwiindawo ezikude apho esi silwanyana sihlala khona. Ingwenya yaselwandle (Crocodylus porosus) ithathwa njengeyona yingozi kakhulu, ilandelwa yingwenya yeNayile (Crocodylus niloticus), le yokugqibela itya zonke iintlobo zeentlanzi kunye neimvubu, olu hlobo lunokuphila elwandle.
EMexico ngeminyaka yee-80, ukuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni kwaphumela ekubhangisweni kweentsapho ezinkulu kweminye imimandla; kodwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wamaqela alungelelanisiweyo abalondolozi bendalo, abagcini bendalo, uluntu kunye nabakhuseli bezilwanyana zasendle bakwazile ukubuyisela uhlobo lwezilwanyana kulo lonke ilizwe, okwangoku inani leentlobo ezikhoyo liye lagqithiswa kwaye kuyindalo ukubona iingwenya zihambahamba ngamaxesha eemvula. iindawo zasezidolophini ezizaliswe ngamanzi.
Ukuzingela iingwenya kuxhaphake kakhulu ngenxa yexabiso lesikhumba sayo esisetyenziselwa ukwenza amabhanti, izipaji kunye neengxowa zokuhamba, kunye nenyama yayo ethathwa njengento emnandi kwiindawo ezininzi.
Inyathelo elisebenzayo kukukhusela indawo yokuhlala apho zizalela khona amaqanda azo ukuze kugcinwe uhlobo. Ukuba, ngokomzekelo, iingwenya zomNayile bezinokunyamalala, bekuya kubakho ukungalingani kwi-ecosystem kangangokuba imilambo ibiya koma.
Njengaso nasiphi na isilwanyana sasendle, xa sisongelwa, ithuku laso kukuzikhusela, ngoko ke kungcono ukuba ungasicaphukisi, ubalekele ngendlela ethe tye kwaye ungaze ujike, kuba leyo yindlela engumzingeli onobuchule kakhulu. Iimpawu ezilumkisa ubukho beengwenya, ngakumbi emanzini, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani besilwanyana, akufanele nanini na.
EUnited States EFlorida, yindawo yokuhlala ye-Alligator ukuyaAmerican (Aphomississippiensis gator) zininzi kwaye zihlala kwiindawo ezihlala abantu; Amatyala amahlanu eengozi zokulunywa ziingwenya zirekhodwa nyaka ngamnye.
Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ungquzulwano phakathi komntu kunye nengwenya luya kubakho ngenxa yobume bayo, kuba uluntu lulo oluthathe indawo yalo yokuhlala, kusafuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Ukwaziswa kwendalo kunye nezilumkiso ezifanelekileyo zokuthintela iingozi.