Funda ngale posi ilandelayo ngakumbi malunga nempumelelo kunye nobomi obunempikiswano begcisa lasePoland Tamara Lempicka, egqalwa njengomnye wabona bapeyinti banempembelelo kwimbali yobugcisa behlabathi.
Tamara Lempicka
Ukuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala imele iinkcubeko ezininzi utshintsho olunomdla olugcwele iimvakalelo kunye noguquko oluninzi, ngakumbi kwinkalo yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko. Amazwe afana ne-United States okanye nakwilizwekazi laseYurophu abone into ebizwa ngokuba "yi-XNUMX egqumayo", apho ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kuluntu kufumene umoya omtsha.
Yayingeloxesha lokukhula koqoqosho kuphela kunye nokukhuthaza inkcubeko yabathengi, kodwa abafazi bakwazi ukufumana inqanaba elitsha lenkululeko. Kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi jikelele bavunyelwe ukuba bavote, ngelixa inani elikhulu labasetyhini bangena emsebenzini, ngaloo ndlela befumana inkululeko ethile yemali.
Inkululeko yezemali abasetyhini abaninzi ababeqala ukuyifumana emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala nayo yaba nefuthe kwezinye iinkalo zobomi boluntu. Itshintshe ifashoni kunye nendlela abasetyhini abenza ngayo. Enye yeesimboli ezimele kakhulu zelo xesha kwaye abaninzi abafazi bayayibona namhlanje "i-flapper".
Ingaba ingantoni? Ibhinqa elalinxibe iimpahla ezingafanelanga, lineenwele ezimfutshane ezijikajikayo, neliphila ubomi bokuzingca. Kunokuthiwa ukuba ezi ntlobo zabasetyhini zisebenza njengomthombo wokuphefumlelwa kunye nefuthe kumsebenzi womculi owaziwayo wemvelaphi yasePoland uTamara de Lempicka, esiya kufunda ngakumbi kwisithuba esilandelayo.
Wayengomnye wawona magcisa abameli basePoland ngelo xesha. Abaninzi baye bamazi phantsi kwesiteketiso esithi "i-baroness nge-brush", kwaye ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba uLempicka waba ngumfanekiso oqaqambileyo wobugcisa. Udumo lwakhe luvela kwimizobo yakhe kunye nemizobo yabasetyhini kwisitayile sakhe esihle sobugcisa be-deco.
Kuyo yonke imbali yayo, yakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yobugcisa enomtsalane, eyayiphawulwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokubonisa amandla amaninzi obufazi kunye neemvakalelo. Ngemizobo yakhe, uTamara Lempicca wazama ukubhiyozela inkululeko kunye nenkululeko yabasetyhini ngeminyaka yoo-1920.
Elinye lawona mabinzana abonakalisa kakhulu: "Ndiphila ubomi kwimida yoluntu, kwaye imithetho eqhelekileyo yoluntu ayisebenzi kwabo bahlala emacaleni"
Ngubani uTamara de Lempicka?
Mhlawumbi uninzi loluntu luyamqonda njengoTamara de Lempicka, nangona kunjalo yayingelogama lakhe lokwenyani elo. Xa wazalwa, abazali bakhe bamthiya ngokuba nguMaria Gorska, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha abaninzi baqala ukumbiza ngokuba nguTamara, igama lakhe lesiteji.
Lo mculi wasePoland wazalwa ngoMeyi 16, 1898. Wazalelwa kwidolophu yasePoland ebizwa ngokuthi iWarsaw. Wayeyintombi yegqwetha elaziwayo lemvelaphi yobuJuda egama linguBoris Gurwik-Gorski, ngelixa umama wakhe wayengumntu wasePoland ogama linguMalvina Decler.
Umdla wakhe kwihlabathi lobugcisa waqala esengumntwana. Kuthiwa waqala ukunxibelelana nezobugcisa esemncinane kakhulu, naxa wayeneminyaka elishumi kuphela ubudala, wapeyinta imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yobugcisa. Omnye wemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yayingumfanekiso awawenzayo wodade wabo omncinane.
Kangangexesha elifutshane wayevalelwe kwisikolo ekuhlalwa kuso eLausanne, eSwitzerland, kodwa xa wayemka apho wagqiba kwelokuba aye kuhlala nomakhulu wakhe eItali, ilizwe elalimele kakhulu kumsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa, ekubeni kulapho wayekwazi khona ukulawula. ukufumanisa umsebenzi wabona bapeyinti ababalaseleyo bexesha leRenaissance.
Ubomi balo mculi wasePoland buhlala buphawulwa ngehlazo kunye neengxabano. Xa wayene-16 leminyaka ubudala, wathandana ngokunzulu negqwetha lasePoland uTadeusz de Lempicka, awatshata nalo. Kungekudala emva komtshato wabo wolonwabo eSt. Petersburg, umyeni kaTamara wabanjwa ngamagosa karhulumente omtsha wamaBolshevik.
Ukubanjwa kwegqwetha uTadeusz de Lempicka akuzange kuhlale ixesha elide ngenxa yomculi uTamara owaqinisekisa abathumbi bakhe ukuba bamkhulule. Esi sibini sisandul' ukutshata kwafuneka sibaleke kwiNguqulelo yaseRashiya kwaye safudukela kwisixeko saseParis, apho igcisa lasePoland laqala ukuqeqesha ubugcisa kunye noMaurice Denis kunye noAndré Lhote.
Akuzange kuthathe ixesha elide ukuba uTamara Lempicka abe yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokubonisa ubugcisa esixekweni. Italente yakhe enkulu yamkhokelela ekubeni oyise izigaba ezininzi kunye namanye amagcisa adumileyo anjengoPablo Picasso, uJean Cocteau kunye noAndré Gide.
Umzobi wasePoland wala abapeyinti belo xesha, kuba wayekholelwa ukuba bapeyintwe ngemibala "emdaka". Yiloo ndlela uTamara Lempicka agqibe ngayo ukuba isitayile sakhe sokupeyinta siza kubonakaliswa yinto entsha, edlamkileyo, ecocekileyo nentle.
“Injongo yam ayikokukopa, kodwa kukudala isitayile esitsha, esinemibala ekhanyayo neqaqambileyo, kwaye ndive nokuhomba kweemodeli,” utshilo umzobi.
Inyaniso kukuba uTamara Lempicka wayengasoloko eyigcisa elidumileyo nelithandwayo. Ngexesha lobutsha bakhe kunye nenxalenye yokukhula kwakhe, imizobo yakhe yakwazi ukufumana ukuqondwa okubalulekileyo koluntu, eneneni, waba ngomnye wabasetyhini abambalwa abakwaziyo ukuziphilisa ngomsebenzi wakhe njengegcisa.
Ngelishwa, kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela yobomi, umsebenzi kaLempicka ngokuthe ngcembe waphulukana nomdla wabagxeki, ngakumbi ngenxa yokuvela kwemisinga emitsha yobugcisa, kubandakanya ne-North American abstract expressionism, engaqhelekanga kuyo nayiphi na indlela yomfuziselo.
Ngaphandle koku kwehla, kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo umsebenzi kaLempicka uye wangqinelwa waza wachacha, kwaye namhlanje ungomnye wamagcisa afunwa kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ubomi bakhe kunye nobuntu bakhe ayaziwa ngokuyinxenye: i-mythomania ehambelana nomlingiswa wakhe yamtyhalela ukuba enze elakhe ibali, apho inyaniso ihlangana kunye nokuqanjwa.
anyukele udumo
Umzobi wasePoland uTamara Lempicka wabamba owona mboniso ubalulekileyo wokuqala womsebenzi wakhe kwisixeko saseMilan kwiminyaka elishumi 1925. Kuloo mboniso kwafuneka apeyinte imizobo engama-28 kwiinyanga nje ezintandathu, nto leyo eyayimmela ngocelomngeni lokwenene.
Wonke umzamo kunye nokuzinikela okwenziwe nguLempicka kuhlawule. Akuzange kuthathe xesha lide ukuba igcisa liqalise ukubonisa imisebenzi yalo kwezinye zeegalari ezidumileyo eYurophu. Kunokuthiwa ukudibana kwakhe kokuqala okukhulu kunye nokuthandwa kwenzeka xa ebonisa umsebenzi wakhe kuMboniso woBugcisa bokuHombisa kunye naMashishini anamhlanje.
Kwakukho kanye ngexesha lomboniso apho iintatheli zefashoni zeHarper's Bazaar zafumanisa umsebenzi oqaqambileyo owenziwa ngumzobi uTamara Lempicka. Kwangelo xesha linye wagunyaziswa yimagazini yefashoni yaseJamani, iDie Dame, awayipeyintayo umfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo, uTamara kwiGreen Bugatti (1929).
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, le self-portrait imele enye yezona zidumileyo kwaye zibalulekileyo kwikhondo lomsebenzi kaTamara Lempicka, ide yathathwa njengenye yeyona mizekelo inomdla yomdwebo we-art deco portrait. Kulo msebenzi, uLempicka wazipeyinta emva kwevili lemoto yogqatso yeBugatti, enxibe isigcina-ntloko sesikhumba, iiglavu ezinde ezimhlophe, kwaye esongelwe kwisikhafu sesilika.
Inyaniso kukuba uLempicka wayengenayo i-Bugatti, kodwa i-Ranault encinci ephuzi, nangona kunjalo, umzobo ubamba ubuhle bakhe, ukuzimela kwakhe okukrakra kunye nobutyebi bakhe. Nangona kuyinyani ukuba le yayiyenye yeefoto zakhe ezaziwa kakhulu kwihlabathi, igcisa likwakwazile ukuqaqamba ngenxa yeminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo eqhubeka inefuthe kwizizukulwana ezitsha.
amahlazo obuqu
Udumo lukaTamara Lempicka alukho nje ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe ococekileyo owenziwe kwihlabathi lokupeyinta, kodwa wayebandakanyeke kwiingxabano ezininzi kunye neengxabano ebomini bakhe, ngakumbi ngexesha wayehlala kwisixeko saseParis, ngokukodwa kwidolophu yaseParis. Ngeminyaka yee-1920, xa yathi yaduma ngamatheko ayo angalawulekiyo nomnqweno wayo onganelisekiyo wesini kumadoda nabafazi.
Xa wayesebenza, wazoba imifanekiso yabantu abazizityebi nabadumileyo ngelo xesha, kuquka uKumkanikazi uElizabeth waseGrisi, uKumkani uAlfonso XIII waseSpeyin, nembongi yaseItali uGabriele d’Annunzio. Indlela awayephila ngayo ephambeneyo yambangela iingxaki ezininzi, kwanasemtshatweni wakhe, kangangokuba umyeni wakhe wagqiba kwelokuba aqhawule umtshato ngenxa yaloo manyundululu awayegubungele ubomi bakhe.
UTamara Lempicka wasePoland wayenentombi ekuphela kwakhe, kodwa phezu kwako nje oku, akazange ambone okanye abe nolwalamano oluhle naye. Oyena wayenembopheleleko yokunyamekela le ntwazana yayingumakhulu wayo. Ngaphandle kweqhina elincinane elalikho phakathi kukamama nentombi, akunakuphikwa ukuba le ntombazana yayingafi kwimizobo yayo emininzi.
Phakathi kweminye yemizobo apho unokubona intombi kaTamara Lempicca:
- IKizette ePinki (1926)
- Sleeping Kizette (1934)
- I-Baroness Kizette (1954)
Ukwehla kweLempicka phakathi kwe-abstract expressionism
Ngexesha elithile emva kokuqhawula umtshato nomyeni wakhe wokuqala, umzobi wasePoland uTamara Lempicka ugqiba ekubeni azinike ithuba elitsha lothando. Ngesi sihlandlo, watshata noBaron Kuffner, owaba ngumyeni wesibini womzobi. Umtshato phakathi kwaba babini kwenzeka ngo-1933.
Kwiminyaka embalwa emva komtshato waso, ngokukodwa ngowe-1939, ngaphambi kokuqalisa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, esi sibini sagqiba kwelokuba sifudukele eUnited States. Apho impumelelo yobungcali yamaPolish yayingayi kuphela. Waqhubeka eligcisa eliqaqambileyo kwaye waphila ngokupeyinta imifanekiso yeenkwenkwezi ezininzi zaseHollywood.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, ukhetho lobugcisa kuluntu lwaqala ukutshintsha kancinci, kwaye imfuno ye-art deco portraits ye-Lempicka yaqala ukuwa kakhulu ekuthandeni i-abstract expressionism, ngokungathandabuzekiyo eya kubangela inkxalabo eninzi ebomini bomntu. Igcisa lasePoland.
Embindini wokuphelelwa lithemba okunzulu, uTamara Lempicka uthatha umngeni wokuzama ukwenza umsebenzi ongekho ngqiqweni, ethathela ingqalelo ukuba yayiyindlela eyayithandwa luluntu ngelo xesha. Wayephethe ukukhuthaza isitayile esitsha ngespatula, nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe omtsha awuzange uzuze impumelelo elindelekileyo, kangangokuba wayeka ukuwubonisa esidlangalaleni kungekudala emva koko.
Kwiminyaka kamva, umculi unquma ukuhlala ixesha elithile kunye nentombi yakhe e-Houston, nangona iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela yobomi ayizange ichithwe e-United States kodwa eMexico, ngokukodwa eCuernavaca. IMexico yaba likhaya lokugqibela legcisa lasePoland, ilizwe elalihlala lithwele entliziyweni yakhe.
Ukusweleka kukaTamara Lempicka yenye yezona ndaba zibuhlungu kwaye zilishwa kubalandeli bomculi. Wasweleka ngowe-1980; kwaye ngomnqweno wakhe, umzimba wakhe watshiswa kwaye uthuthu lwasasazwa kumathambeka entaba-mlilo yasePopocatepetl, ngaloo ndlela ephelisa umsebenzi oqaqambileyo nonempumelelo.
Imvuselelo kunye nelifa
Ngaphandle kobomi obuhlazisayo umzobi uTamara Lempicca wayenabo, umsebenzi omkhulu awawenzayo kwihlabathi lokupeyinta awunakuphikiswa, kangangokuba namhlanje umsebenzi wakhe usathandwa ngamawaka abantu emhlabeni wonke. Umdla kumsebenzi wakhe waqala ukuvuselela kwiminyaka yee-1970, emva nje komboniso obuyela emva "uTamara de Lempicka ukusuka kwi-1925-1935" eyayibanjelwe kwiNdlu yaseLuxembourg eParis ngo-1972.
Umzobi owazalelwa ePoland wasweleka ngeminyaka yoo-1980, kwaye namhlanje, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40 emva kwezo ndaba zimbi, umsebenzi wakhe usephakathi kwezona zinto zinqwenelekayo nezithandwayo kwihlabathi, ngakumbi phakathi kwabantu abadumileyo. Iinkwenkwezi ezininzi ziye zazinikela ekuqokeleleni imizobo yakhe, ngaloo ndlela zibonisa ukuwuncoma kakhulu umsebenzi kaLempicka.
Abanye abantu abadumileyo abaqokelela imisebenzi kaTamara Lempicka nguJack Nicholson, uBarbara Streisand kunye noMadonna. Imizobo yomfazi wasePoland ide ibonakale kwezinye zeevidiyo zomculo zikaMadonna, ezinje ngeVogue, Vula Intliziyo Yakho kwaye Zivakalise.
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku alandelayo: