I-Ecology Succession yinto esiyaziyo njengokuvela kwendalo. Sonke ngaxa lithile siye sajonga macala onke kuthi kwaye sizibuza ukuba yenzeke njani loo nto, ifike njani apha, ithathe ixesha elingakanani? phakathi kweminye imibuzo emininzi. Yonke into esingqongileyo ihamba ngemijikelo yotshintsho kunye nendaleko. Kweli nqaku sichaza ngokweenkcukacha ukuba olu landelelwano luqulathe ntoni. Qhubeka ufunda kwaye ufunde!
Ukulandelana ngendalo
Kunokuthiwa i-Ecology Succession lolo tshintsho oluthe ngcembe lwenzeka kwindalo nakwimiba eyidibanisayo. Olu tshintsho lubonakala kwixesha kunye nendawo, apho iintlobo zekholoni zibonwa, kodwa kunye nokunyamalala kwazo. Umbono kukuba yonke i-ikhosistim inokufikelela kwibhalansi yokwenyani kwaye olo hambo lwenziwa de kufike uvuthondaba okanye uzinzo oluphezulu lulandelelwano kwaye izigaba zalo ezahlukeneyo zibizwa ngokuba luchungechunge lwendaleko.
Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ukusuka kwezo zihlala emanzini ukuya kwezo zisemhlabeni, ziye zaseka amakhonkco athile, ngakumbi kwinkalo yesondlo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abavelisi, abathengi kunye nababolisi basekwa kumgca. Oku koko kwaziwa njengekhonkco lokutya elibalulekileyo kwibhalansi enempilo kwiplanethi.
Ngoko ke, ulandelelwano lwe-ecology aluyonto engaphezu kwaloo nkqubo yendaleko okanye ukutshintshwa kohlobo oluthile olungcono oluyinxalenye yalo yonke indalo, nokuba kungenxa yezizathu zangaphakathi okanye zangaphandle. Oku kwezinye iimeko kunokuqikelelwa, ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo luhlobo lokhuphiswano phakathi kweentlobo ezikwi-ecosystem efanayo. Ngesi sizathu, le nkqubo ibonwa ngakumbi njengendlela yokulungelelanisa ubomi apho ulungelelwaniso ludlala indima yalo ebalulekileyo.
Kwimeko apho izityalo okanye izilwanyana zithathwa njengommeli wohlobo lwazo, iindidi okanye uhlanga apho uluntu luphuma khona lusiya kuvutho-ndaba, zinemvelaphi yasemanzini, zibizwa ngokuba zii-hydroseries kwaye ukuba zivela kumhlaba xeroserie.
Iindidi zokuPhumelela kwezendalo
Le nkqubo yokulandelelana kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo ithande ukuqhubela ubomi kwinguquko. Xa kusenziwa ngokulandelelana kuluntu lokuqala, igama elithi uvulindlela kuchazwa kulo. Ezinye izigaba zaziwa njengeprayimari okanye uthotho olupheleleyo, ulandelelwano lwesibini noluhlehlayo okanye uvuthondaba.
ulandelelwano lokuqala
Zezo zilandelelana eziqala kwi-terreros avid ubomi, obungazange buhlalwe ngaphambili. Oko kukuthi, xa indawo yokuhlala entsha isenziwa ukusuka ekuqaleni. Iindidi ezinobuganga bokwenza ikholoni kwezi zithuba zezo zendalo yemifuno ngokweyona ndlela isisiseko, ezi zibizwa ngokuba ngoovulindlela.
Le nkqubo iqala ngokwenziwa komaleko womhlaba osebenzayo ngokwebhayoloji. Kuyo, i-microorganisms iqala ukukhula, izondlo eziza kunika indlela yokubunjwa kweengcambu. Oku kwenzeka ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into apho ilitye elingumama livuleleke emoyeni nalapho kufuneka lidlule kwinkqubo yokhukuliseko, oko kukuthi, xa amatye nomhlaba ngokwendalo ephuma kumphezulu womhlaba aze atshintshelwe kwenye indawo ngentshukumo yomoya kwaye amanzi.
Imozulu ikwachaphazela, okukubola kweeminerali namatye, oku kwenzeka kumphezulu okanye kufuphi nomhlaba xa ezi mathiriyeli zidibana neatmosfera, i-hydrosphere kunye ne-biosphere. Ezi zizinto ezivumela i-colonization yomhlaba, kuba ayifuni izinto ezininzi eziphilayo. Kulapho ubomi buqala khona ngokusebenzisa i-lichens evelisa ixabiso elincinci lezinto eziphilayo ezinikezela kwi-mosses kunye nokunye.
Kwimeko yezilwanyana, i-colonization ngokuqhelekileyo iqala ngokusebenzisa izinambuzane, kamva i-invertebrates, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zijoyina, kancane kancane zenza uluntu lwande ngendlela edibeneyo kunye nezityalo. Olu luntu lunokugcina nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinkulu njengoko i-ecosystem iya kutyeba ekutyeni, iyenze ibe yindawo yokuhlala egqibeleleyo.
ulandelelwano lwesibini
Olu landelelwano luvula indlela kwenye esele lusekiwe, oko kukuthi, kwindawo ethe yahlaselwe yinto ethile efana nomlilo, inokubangelwa kukugawulwa kwemithi, izikhukula, ungcoliseko nezifo, ukukhankanya izinto ezimbalwa. Kungoko, ikwabizwa ngokuba lulandelelwano oluqhubekayo kwaye ukuze luqale, kufuneka lube neepropati phambi komsitho.
Ubukhulu becala ezi ndawo okanye izithuba zinento ebizwa ngokuba ziintsalela okanye ilifa kwaye okukhona ubukho bazo bukhulu, kokukhona ulandelelwano kunye nokubuyiselwa kwendawo kuya kuba njalo. Oku kwandisa ukungafani kokusingqongileyo. Iindidi zezityalo ezikhula kule mihlaba zicotha kwaye inkqubo yazo yephotosynthetic ayisebenzi kangako. Imfuno yabo yezondlo iphantsi, eququzelela indawo yabo yokuhlala.
Iindidi eziguqukayo phantsi kwale meko zikholisa ukukhuphisana ngakumbi kwaye zikhethekileyo, ziqhelana kakuhle nokusingqongileyo. Njengoko kunjalo ngeentlobo ze-pyrophilic, ezondla umhlaba otshisiweyo.
ulandelelwano olubuyela umva okanye udibaniso
Njengoko igama layo libonisa, intsingiselo yalo ichasene novuthondaba, oko kukuthi, baya ngamanqanaba angavuthwanga e-ecosystem. Olu luhlobo lokuwohloka komxokomelwano wendalo obangelwa zizenzo zabantu. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu ukutshatyalaliswa kwamanye amanqanaba endaleko. Injalo ke imeko yamahlathi ahlala esitsha ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba yintlango, eguqula umhlaba ochumileyo nonokuhlaleka ekubeni yintlango. Kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba akusiyo ulandelelwano oluguquliweyo, kodwa ngokuchaseneyo, kukulahleka kwenkqubo.
Ezinye iimeko kuthotho lweEvolutionary
Kukho ezinye iimeko ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokulandelelana, ezifana ne-anteclimax, ethi ngenxa yeemeko ezimbi zithintela uhlobo lokufikelela kuvuthondaba. I-paraclimax, xa ukubunjwa kwesityalo ku-equilibrium, kodwa ayisiyiyo yommandla, okwenza kube phantse iimeko zokuphakama. Kwimeko ye-peniclimax, kulo mzekelo uvuthondaba lufumana impembelelo yomntu, apho izinto zayo zinokwahluka.
I-Colonization, inxalenye yayo, ibhekisa kwinkqubo yokuseka iintlobo zebhayoloji kwindawo eyayingahlali mntu ngaphambili. Ulungelelwaniso lwenzeka xa izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, izityalo okanye izilwanyana, eziphila kwaye zizala kwiimeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo, ngaphandle kokubonisa utshintsho, kuba iimeko ze-edaphic, biotic kunye nemozulu zizinzile kwaye zikhawulelana. Ukukhula kuxa inkqubo yendalo ephilayo iphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo, ifikelela kwelona nqanaba liphezulu lokulandelelana.
Iinkqubo zokulandelana kwezendalo
Izazi ngendalo ziqinisekisa ukuba ukuze kwenzeke ulandelelwano lwendalo, iindlela ezithile kufuneka zibekho, ezinjengokuququzelela, kuxa iintlobo zezityalo eziziikholoni zivumela kwaye ziququzelele ukufika kwezinye iindidi kwixesha elizayo, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuqala lokulandelelana. Enye indlela lukhuphiswano, apha iintlobo zilwela indawo yazo kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo. Kwimeko yeentlobo zoovulindlela eziye zaqala ukuhlala kwiindawo ezingenakukwazi ukuhlala.
Izicubu zezi zityalo zoovulindlela zilayishwe isixa esikhulu senitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus, nto leyo ezenza zibe kukutya okufanelekileyo kwezilwanyana ezitya utyani, ezikhawulezisa ukulandelelana, ngoko zikholisa ukunyamalala kwaye zinike indawo kwizityalo zamva.
Imizekelo yokulandelelana kwezendalo
Eminye yeyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yokulandelelana kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ibonisa izigaba ezifanayo kokusingqongileyo okusemhlabeni kunye nasemanzini. Apho izinto eziphilayo ezivelisayo ziqala ukuhlala, kuba ngaphandle kobukho babo abathengi ababonakali kwaye ngale ndlela ulungelelwaniso oluyimfuneko lokufikelela kuvuthondaba aluyi kufezekiswa.
Iindunduma zeLake Michigan zingumzekelo ophilayo wokulandelelana kwendalo, kuba ekupheleni kwexesha lomkhenkce lokugqibela, amachibi amakhulu arhoxa, eveza iindunduma ezinkulu, ezingeyonto ingaphaya kokwakheka kwentlabathi eqokelelana kunxweme lwamachibi. . Kule minyaka kwaye ngenxa yeemeko zokusingqongileyo, kukho izibonakaliso zokulandelelana kokuqala kohlobo oluphambili.
Apha iintlobo zabonisa ukuxhathisa okukhulu kwimbalela, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ziye zanceda ukulungisa iindunduma. Emva koko kubonakala amahlathi, imithi ye-cherry kunye nemithi, eyatshintshwa ngamahlathi epineyini aqhubeka nomsebenzi wokulungisa i-substrate.
Kwimeko yokulandelelana emva kweziganeko zentaba-mlilo, udaka olukhutshiweyo luyaphola ludala iileya ezintsha zomhlaba onyulu, kwiimeko ezininzi oku kubangela ukuba iziqithi zithathe ubungakanani obukhulu kwaye ziqhubeke zikhula. Oku kunika indlela yokulandelelana okuya kuthi ekugqibeleni kuyile inkqubo yendalo entsha. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba esi siganeko sikholisa ukuphelisa i-ecosystem esele ikhona kwaye ezinye iindawo ziqala ngokutsha ukulandelelana.
Eminye imizekelo
Xa ummandla ubethwe ngumoya onamandla nongagungqiyo, oku kuthintela ukulandelelana njengoko uninzi lwezityalo lukwazi ukufikelela kwisigaba sazo samatyholo. Omnye umzekelo kuxa iintaka zaselwandle zifika zize zihlale kwisiqithi esinentaba-mlilo. Xa kusenzeka intlekele ethile, njengokutsha kwehlathi, ibutho labantu lidla ngokuphela apho kufa khona iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo.
Oku kudala iimeko kunye nendawo yokuba ezinye izinto zenziwe, zivumela iintlobo ezintsha ukuba zibe koloni kwaye kwangaxeshanye ziququzelele ukufika kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinokuthi zihlale apho. Konke oku kukhokelela ekusekweni koluntu olutsha olunikezela ngokulandelelana kwezendalo. Xa inqanawa izika elwandle, iqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukufumana inkqubo yokukhula kwaye iqalise ukulandelelana ngezityalo kunye neentlobo zibe yindawo yokuhlala entsha ye-ecosystem.
Iinyani zolonwabo
Ubusazi na ukuba iplanethi, enkosi kubukho bamanzi kwinqanaba lolwelo, yeyona ivumela ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo. Umbindi womhlaba ushushu kunelanga. Ioksijini ekhoyo kwiplanethi ivela kwizityalo. Eyona ntaba inde eMhlabeni iselwandle. Izazinzulu zithi kukho izimbiwa ezingaphezu kwe-1500 ezingekachongwa kwaye ezingama-50 ezaziwayo. Amatye abonakaliswe ukuba anentshukumo.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi nge-Ecology Succession ngendlela engumzekelo, siyakumema ukuba ubukele le vidiyo ilandelayo:
Sonke sibalulekile kwiplanethi kuba siyinxalenye yenkqubo entsonkothileyo kunye nesebenzisanayo, zombini izinto zendalo ezinje ngamanzi, umoya, umhlaba kunye nayo yonke into ethetha ukuba ubomi buyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yotshintsho oluqhubekayo kwaye umjikelo wendalo yonke kufuneka uhlonitshwe. ukuze uqhubeke nokuba neplanethi ephilayo.
Funda ngakumbi malunga nokusiNgqongileyo ngezi khonkco zilandelayo.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-Ecology kunye neNdalo
Iziphumo zoNgcoliseko loLwandle