UGalileo Galilei nguye owafumanisa le IiSathelayithi zeJupiter, iplanethi ijikelezwe ngaphezu kweenyanga ze-60, phakathi kwazo kukho i-4 eyaziwa kakhulu yi-Io, i-Europa, iGanymede kunye neCallisto. Kule post siza kufunda okungakumbi malunga nemvelaphi yazo, indlela ezenziwe ngayo kunye nokunye okuninzi.
iisathelayithi zejupiter
Iisathelayithi zeJupiter kukho ngaphezu kwama-60, apho ezona nyanga zinkulu zaseGalili kunye neenyanga ezincinci zisasazwa ngamaqela amabini. Zikwakhona iisathelayithi zaseMars.
Iinyanga zaseGalili ziinyanga eziqhelekileyo kuba ubukhulu bazo kunye nomthamo wazo mkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukwenza inqaba kumxhuzulane ngendlela yokuba uvisisane nenyanga nembonakalo engqukuva.
Iinyanga ezisibhozo zeJupiter ziisathelayithi eziqhelekileyo ezineendlela ezithe tye ezijikelezayo ezingagosonga ngokomphezulu wesijikelezi-langa we-ikhweyitha.
Ezinye iinyanga ezine eziqhelekileyo zincinane ngokomlinganiselo, zisondele kakhulu kuJupiter; ezi zisebenza njengemithombo yeemolekyuli ezenza izazinge zeJupiter.
Ezinye iinyanga zisemacaleni, iindlela zazo ezithe ngqo zithe gqolo kude nesi sijikelezi-langa kwaye zinethambeka elimnqantsa kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga. Ezi nyanga zatsalwa yiJupiter kunye nemijikelo yazo yelanga.
Kukho ubuncinane iisathelayithi ezili-17 ezingahambelaniyo ezifunyenwe mva nje kodwa azikachazwa ngamagama.
Imvelaphi kunye nendaleko
Kucingelwa ukuba ijupiter neenyanga zayo yenziwe kwidiski ejikelezayo, isandi sokunyuka (ukukhula) kwegesi kunye namaqhezu aqinileyo afana nediski yeproto-planetary. Ezi ziziphumo zeentsalela zenani elikhulu lesathelayithi ezinomthamo wenyanga yaseGalili eyasungulwa kwimbali yokuqala yeJupiter.
Unikezelo lucebisa ukuba ngelixa idiski yayinokuba yevolume ephantsi nangaliphi na ixesha, ekuhambeni kwexesha isiqwenga esikhulu sobunzima beJupiter esazuzwa yi-solar nebula yadlula kuyo.
Nangona kunjalo, umthamo wediski we-2% kuphela weJupiter unoxanduva lokuchaza ukuba zeziphi iinyanga ezikhoyo.
Ngale ndlela kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwakukho izizukulwana ezithile zeenkwenkwezi ezinobukhulu belaseGalili ebudeni bembali yokuqala kaJupiter.
Ukuzala kwenyanga nganye kwakunokugxothwa kwiJupiter ngokushukunyiswa kwesangqa, kunye neenyanga ezintsha zenza emva kobutyobo bamva nje obuqokelelwe kwi-nebula yelanga.
Umthamo omkhulu wale yokugqibela ubonisa ukuba uhanjiswe phakathi emhlabeni ngesantya esiphezulu kunesibini sokuqala.
Iinyanga ezingaphandle, eziqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba zenziwe ngokudlula kwi-asteroids, nangona idiski yeproto-lunar yayinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba ifunxe uninzi lwe-stimulus yazo kwaye ngaloo ndlela iwabambe kwi-orbit.
Ngomnyaka we-1979, i-Voyager probes ezimbini zathumela eMhlabeni amanani asekuqaleni kunye amangalisayo engoma encinci yeplanethi uJupiter anayo. Ikhomishini yeGalileo ka-1995 ikwazile ukufikelela kwi-orbit yeJupiter, ithumela amakhulu eefoto kunye nolwazi olubalaseleyo malunga nekhemistri kunye nesakhiwo seJupiter kunye neenyanga zayo.
Izixhobo
Iimpawu zomzimba kunye ne-orbital ezinenyanga zazikhula kakhulu. Ngamnye kumaGalili amane aneekhilomitha ezingaphezulu kwama-3000, iGanymede yinto yesithoba enkulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yelanga emva kweLanga kunye nenani leeplanethi ezisixhenxe, ukususa iMercury.
Yonke eminye imizimba yeJupiter imalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-200 ububanzi, uninzi lwayo alufiki kwiikhilomitha ezi-6.
Imbonakalo yesetyhula inomfanekiso ophantse wagoba okanye othambekileyo, uninzi lwezi zijika ngendlela eyahlukileyo kuneyokujikeleza kweJupiter, le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba yi displacements ezichaseneyo.
Imijikelo ye-orbital ayilingani kangangokuba iqala kwiiyure ezisixhenxe (inexesha elincinci kuneJupiter lokujikeleza i-axis yayo), ukuya malunga namawaka amane amaxesha ngaphezulu (phantse iminyaka emine yoMhlaba).
Amagama ezisathelayithi zikaJupiter
UGalileo wazithiya igama kwiinyanga ezine zikaJupiter awazifumana ngowe-1611, ngenxa yoncedo lweperiscope yakhe wakwazi ukujonga izijikelezi-langa uMedici awakhankanya kuzo ngenombolo I, II, III, no-IV.
Olu bizo lusetyenziswe ubuncinci kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, kude kube phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX amagama e-Io, i-Europa, iGanymede kunye neCallisto yamkelwa njengagunyazisiweyo.
Njengoko iisathelayithi zakutshanje ziye zafunyanwa ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kophando lwasemajukujukwini, zabizwa ngamagama abathandi bakaJupiter.
Io
Le yinyanga yesithathu uJupiter anayo ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye neyesihlanu kumgama wayo. Yenye yeenyanga ezibizwa ngokuba ziinyanga zikaGalileo ukuhlonipha umhloli wayo uGalileo Galilei. I-Io yisathelayithi enomsebenzi omninzi wentaba-mlilo.
Iqulethe eyona ntaba-mlilo isebenzayo kuyo yonke iSolar System, ezi zibizwa ngokuba yiPelé kunye neLoki.
Imibala ekhoyo kumphezulu we-Io iqala ukusuka kubomvu ukuya kumhlophe, itshintsha ibe tyheli ukuya eluhlaza.
I-hue ye-Io isekelwe kubukho obugqithisileyo besulfure, etshintsha umbala ngokuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokushisa: kwi-113 ° (iqondo lokushisa elinyibilikayo) liphuzi, kwi-150 ° lijika li-orenji, ngo-180 ° libomvu kwaye kwi-250 ° litshintsha libe mdaka kwaye mnyama.
Emathafeni ubushushu obuphakathi kwe-Ío -150 ° C. La ngamaqondo obushushu kwiindawo ezikufutshane neentaba-mlilo.
Io yeyona nto isondeleyo kumbono wesintu wesihogo. Amaqondo obushushu akhoyo kwiintaba-mlilo afikelela ubuncinane kwi-1700 degrees Celsius, ngelixa ugqabhuko-dubulo lwakhupha umphunga kunye nomcimbi wentaba-mlilo ngesantya esiphindwe kashumi kuneentaba-mlilo ezikuMhlaba.
Izinto zinokufikelela kwiikhilomitha ezininzi ngobude kwaye ngenxa yokuba kukho umxhuzulane omncinane kakhulu, inxalenye yale ntaba-mlilo ishiya indawo iwe phezu kweJupiter.
I-Io incinci kancinci kuneyethu iNyanga. Igama lakhe lanikwa ukumela i-nymph ethi uZeus wayitshintsha ibe yithole ukuze amkhusele ekukrokreleni komfazi wakhe uHera.
UHera wathuma uArgos, lowo unamehlo ayi-100, ukuba amjonge, kodwa uZeyus wathumela unyana wakhe uHermes ukuba ambulale. Ngembeko yakhe, uHera wafumana amehlo akhe ali-100 waza wawabeka kwiintsiba zesilwanyana asithanda kakhulu, ipikoko.
Amalthea
Ngaphakathi kumjikelezo kukho iinyanga ezine ezincinane ezibizwa ngokuba yiMetis, Adrastea, Amalthea, neThebe. Zonke ezi zinemilo engaqhelekanga, azinayo umthamo okanye ulwelo olwakhiweyo ukwenza inkangeleko engqukuva.
I-Amalthea yeyona inomlinganiselo omkhulu, ngaphandle kwento yokuba yeyona nto ibomvu kuyo yonke indlela yeSolar. Ingumthombo wobushushu, kuba ibonisa ubushushu obuninzi kunokuba bububona kwiLanga neJupiter.
I-Amalthea iqulethe ubuncinci be-180 km ububanzi kunye nenkangeleko engaqhelekanga. Umphezulu wayo uzele yimingxuma kunye neentaba ezinkulu.
Yeyona satellite yesithathu yeJupiter ngombutho womgama, owesihlanu kunye nowokugqibela ufunyenwe ngoncedo lweperiscope. Yaphandwa ngonyaka we-1892.
Europe
I-Europa yenye yeenyanga zeJupiter ezafunyanwa nguGalileo. Inobubanzi obuyi-1600 km, nganeno kancinci kuneNyanga yethu, kwaye kuthatha iintsuku ezi-4,55 zoMhlaba ukudlula kwi-oval yayo kwi-Jupiter.
I-Europa igutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo ngumkhenkce phakathi kwe-60 kunye ne-200 km ubukhulu. Ukongezwa kwayo akubonisi naluphi na uhlobo lwe-crater okanye naluphi na uhlobo lokukhululeka olungaphezulu kweemitha ezili-100 ukuphakama. Mhlawumbi ziintaba zomkhenkce ezenziwe ngeammonia kunye nomkhenkce.
Kukholelwa ukuba i-Europa yindalo yolwandle ejikelezwe yingubo yomkhenkce, apho ubomi bunokuba khona kubunzulu bayo, njengoko kunjalo kwimisele yomhlaba, nangona kukho ukusabalalisa okuphezulu okuvela kuJupiter kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba ubomi bomntu, kananjalo kubonakala ngathi le planethi inomoya ojikeleze umoya apho kukho ioksijini.
Inyaniso kukuba umbindi weYurophu yenziwe ngeesilicates.
Olunye lweempawu ezikhethekileyo eziqulethwe yi-Europa luluhlu lwemigca ebekwe kwiingcambu ezisasazwe kwisathelayithi, ezinye zazo zifikelela kwi-1200 km ubude. Le migca isikhumbuza amaqhekeza okwakheka komkhenkce okukhoyo kwiilwandle ezisemhlabeni, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kukho iilwandle ezinolwelo ngaphantsi kwawo.
I-Europa ifumana igama layo kumfazi waseFenike uZeus owathandana naye. Ukuze amxhwile, waguquka waba yinkunzi yenkomo emhlophe waza yena, ebona ukuba uzolile, wamhombisa ngetyathanga leentyatyambo waza wakhwela emqolo.
UZeyus wawela ulwandle kunye naye emqolo de waya kwisiqithi saseKrete. Emva koko uZeyus wathatha inkunzi yenkomo emhlophe wayinyusa emazulwini ngembonakalo yeenkwenkwezi ukuze enze ikroza leTaurus.
UGanymede
IGanymede, yeyona satellite iphambili yeJupiter, ikwayeyona satellite iphezulu kwiSolar System, ibe nkulu ngakumbi kuneplanethi iMercury, ngokutsho Inqaku leNzululwazi yokuBhengeza iSolar System.
Iqulethe ububanzi be-5300 km. Kuthatha iintsuku ezisi-8 zoMhlaba ukugqibezela ukujikeleza kwayo yonke iJupiter.
Yeyona satellite yeJupiter edume ngobudoda. UGanymede wayephethe ukuhambisa iikomityi kwizithixo, umntu ophethe ijusi kunye notywala.
Ibali lixelela ukuba yayiyinkwenkwe yeTrojan eyayithandwa ngenxa yobuhle bayo obukhulu uZeus-Jupiter owathandana naye. Wathabatha imo yokhozi ukuze amxhwile aze amse eOlympus.
I-Ganymede inendawo yayo ye-hypnotic kunye nendawo ye-oksijini, nangona incinci ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa iinkqubo zobomi njengoko sizazi.
Umphezulu wayo uyaziwa ukuba usasazwa kwiindawo ezimbini, enye imnyama kwaye indala kwaye enye ilula ukuwela ngezinye iintanda. Oku kungalingani kubangelwa kukuhlaliswa kwejoloji. EGanymede akukho zintaba. Umyinge wobushushu bomphezulu yi-160°C kwaye ubushushu bomhlaba ongaphantsi yi-9°C.
ICallisto
Inowona mphezulu umnyama kwiinyanga ezine zeGalileo, nangona iqaqambe ngokuphindwe kabini kuneNyanga yoMhlaba.
ICallisto yeyona nto ineenkwenkwezi ezininzi kwiSolar System. Kubonakala ngathi yafa kudala, kuba ayibonisi naluphi na uhlobo lwejoloji kwindawo yayo egqunywe ngumkhenkce. Eli qhekeza lelitye elifileyo liqikelelwa ukuba lineminyaka eyi-5 yezigidigidi ubudala.
Indawo yaseCallisto
Le yisathelayithi ebandayo enoxinano oluncinci kakhulu. Njengoko ikude kakhulu neJupiter, ukukhanya okuncinci okuvela kwenkwenkwezi enkulu kufikelela kuyo, yingakho kucingelwa ukuba kuya kufaneleka ngakumbi ukuphononongwa komntu kunokuba kube yi-Europa.
Udumo lwakhe lwafunyanwa yenye yeentombi ezinyulu ezingamaqabane ka-Artemis, uthixokazi wokuzingela. UZeus wamxhaphaza waza wammithisa ngoko uArtemis wamgatya.
UZeus wamguqula waba yibhere ukuze amkhusele ekukrokreleni komfazi wakhe obhinqileyo uHera, apho wambeka khona kunye nonyana wakhe esibhakabhakeni, enikela indlela eya kumakroza eBhere eNkulu kunye neBhere encinci.
