Iisathelayithi ezenziwe ngumntu zibizwa Iisathelayithi zokwenziwa ngenxa yokuba azikho zendalo kwaye aziyiyo enye yezidalwa zasezulwini ezikhoyo kwi-space, zisetyenziswa yimibutho eyahlukeneyo echaphazelekayo kuphando, iinjongo zomkhosi okanye zokubeka ihlabathi. Unokufunda ngakumbi ngesi sihloko sinomdla apha.
Ziziphi iisathelayithi ezenziweyo?
Iisathelayithi ezenziweyo zizinto abantu abazenzileyo baza bazibeka kwi-orbit besebenzisa iirokethi ukuzithutha, ngoku kukho iisathelayithi ezisebenzayo ezingaphezu kwewaka ezijikeleza uMhlaba, ubungakanani, ukuphakama kunye noyilo lwesathelayithi kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yayo.
Iisathelayithi ziyohluka ngokobukhulu, ezinye iisathelayithi zetyhubhu zincinci kangange-10cm, ezinye iisathelayithi zonxibelelwano zimalunga ne-7m ubude kwaye zineepaneli zelanga ezinwebeka enye i-50m. Eyona satellite inkulu yenziwe ngumntu siSikhululo saMajukujuku saMazwe ngaMazwe, inkulu njengendlu enkulu yamagumbi amahlanu, kubandakanywa neepaneli zesola, inkulu njengebala lokuziqhelanisa nezemidlalo.
Imbali yeeSathelayithi zokwenziwa
Los Iisathelayithi zokwenziwa Zomhlaba zavela kwihlabathi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950 kwaye zamkelwa kwangoko ziigeodesists njengesixhobo esibonakalayo sokusombulula iingxaki zehlabathi. Kwizicelo ze-geodetic, iisathelayithi zingasetyenziselwa zombini indawo kunye nezifundo zentsimi yomxhuzulane, njengoko sele sikhankanyile kumacandelo amathathu angaphambili.
I-Geodesists isebenzise iisathelayithi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo, ukusukela kwiisathelayithi ezisebenzayo, (ii-transmitters) zi-passive ngokupheleleyo, ukuya kubuchwephesha obuphezulu, ukusuka kwincinci ukuya kwenkulu kakhulu.
Iisathelayithi ezenziweyo, ezingenzi nto azinazo izinzwa ebhodini kwaye umsebenzi wazo ngowokujoliswe kuko okujikelezayo. Iisathelayithi ezisebenzayo zinokuthwala iintlobo ngeentlobo zezivamvo, ukusuka kwiiwotshi ezichanekileyo ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokubala ezahlukeneyo ukuya kwiiprosesa zedatha eziphucukileyo, kwaye zigqithisele idatha eqokelelweyo emhlabeni ngokuqhubekayo okanye ngamanqam.
Ixesha langoku lendawo nge Sii-atellites Yokwenziwa Ithunyelwe kwimilinganiselo ethe ngqo yendawo ekufutshane-noMhlaba yaqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960. Nangona kumashumi amane eminyaka edlulileyo imilinganiselo yesathelayithi yemagnetosphere yoMhlaba, yamkelwe ngokubanzi into yokuba iMazibuthe yoMhlaba iseyisampula engalunganga ngenxa nje yomthamo wayo opheleleyo.
Le nyaniso ngokwendalo ibeka umqobo ekufezekiseni ukuqonda okubanzi kweziganeko ezininzi zemagnetospheric, ukudibanisa lo mqobo bubungqina obukhulayo bokuba uninzi lweengxaki zemagnetospheric ezicela umngeni zinxulunyaniswa neenkqubo zomzimba ezibandakanya izikali ezininzi zendawo okanye zexeshana.
Kukho umanyano olomeleleyo phakathi kwe-microphysical kunye ne-scale-scale phenomena, ngenxa yoko uphando oluninzi lwemagnetospheric kunye nemishini yendawo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku igxininisa imilinganiselo yamanqaku amaninzi. Ukufezekisa imilinganiselo yamanqaku amaninzi esithubeni kudla ngokufuna iinzame ezinzima kunye nezixhobo ezinkulu ezinokuthi ziphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo nangexabiso eliphantsi ngokusebenzisana namazwe ngamazwe.
«Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziweyo yathunyelwa emajukujukwini yiSoviet Union ngo-Oktobha 4, 1957, le satellite yayibizwa ngokuba yiSputnik, yayinobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-183, yayibukhulu bento encinci kwaye yathatha imizuzu engama-98 ukujikeleza umhlaba, ukuqaliswa kwale satellite. iye yakhethwa njengesiqalo sexesha lasemajukujukwini kunye nokuqala kokhuphiswano lwasemajukujukwini phakathi kweUnited States neSoviet Union olwathi lwaqhubeka ebudeni beminyaka yee-1960.”
Isiganeko saseSoviet esatshintsha ihlabathi
I-Sputnik yayiyi-satellite eyasungula ixesha lesithuba, yayiyi-83,6 kg (184 pound) capsule, iphumelele i-orbit ene-apogee ye-940 km (iikhilomitha ezingama-584) kunye ne-perigee (indawo ekufutshane) yeekhilomitha ezingama-230 (iikhilomitha ezili-143), Ukujikeleza uMhlaba rhoqo ngemizuzu engama-96 kwaye kwahlala kwi-orbit de kwangoJanuwari 04, 1958, xa yawa yaza yatsha kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba.
Ukuqaliswa kwe-Sputnik kothusa abantu abaninzi baseMelika, ababecinga ukuba ilizwe labo laliphambi kwe-teknoloji ye-Soviet Union, kwaye kukhokelele "kukhuphiswano lwendawo" phakathi kwamazwe amabini.
Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni i-Sputnik yayimangalisa, kubalulekile ukujonga into eyenzekayo ngelo xesha, ukujonga kakuhle ekupheleni kwe-1950.
Ngelo xesha, ihlabathi lalisemphethweni wophando lwasemajukujukwini, inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa be-rocket yayijoliswe esibhakabhakeni, kodwa yajikelwa ekusetyenzisweni ngexesha lemfazwe, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iUnited States kunye neSoviet Union zazikhuphisana kwezomkhosi nangokwenkcubeko. .
Izazinzulu kumacala omabini zazivelisa iirokethi ezinkulu, ezinamandla ngakumbi zokuthwala imithwalo esibhakabhakeni. Omabini la mazwe ayefuna ukuba ngabokuqala ukuphonononga umda ophakamileyo, kwakusele kudlule ixesha ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, into eyayifunwa lihlabathi kukunyuswa kwenzululwazi nobuchwephesha ukufika apho.
Phakathi kweMfazwe Yomlomo, abantu baseMelika babekhathazeke ngakumbi ngokubuyela umva kwelizwe labo kunye neziphumo ezinokufunyanwa yiSoviet kwinqanaba lomkhosi.
EMoscow, abazange balindele ukuphumelela kwemizamo yokuqala, bamangaliswa yi-wave shock yaseSputnik kwimbono yehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, bakhawuleza baqonda ukuba iSoviet Union yayisebenzisa le Sathelayithi Eyokwenziwa njengesixhobo sokusasaza kwiMfazwe Yomlomo nxamnye neUnited States.
Iindidi zeeSathelayithi zokwenziwa
Makhe senze umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zeesathelayithi, lo mahluko usebenza kuhlobo lwe-orbit ethathwe yisathelayithi, enyanisweni umahluko wenziwa phakathi kweesathelayithi ezijikelezayo kunye neesathelayithi ze-geostationary. Iisathelayithi ezihambayo zinokuseka amakhonkco kuphela xa zibonakala phakathi komthumeli kunye nomamkeli.
Los Iisathelayithi zokwenziwa Baneempawu ezimbini kwaye ngale ndlela banokuhlelwa ngokothumo lwabo okanye i-orbit yabo.
Iisathelayithi ngohlobo lobuthunywa
Ngokomsebenzi wabo sinezi ntlobo zilandelayo zesathelayithi:
iisathelayithi zeenkwenkwezi
Ezi zisathelayithi ezivumela uphononongo olunzulu loMhlaba okanye uphononongo oluchane ngakumbi lwesithuba, kwimeko yoluvo olukude, kukwenza umzekelo, ukwenziwa kweemephu ezichanekileyo okanye umlinganiselo wemilo yoMhlaba okanye nkqu nofundo lweendawo zelizwekazi nezaselwandle.
Ikwanceda ukuqonda ngcono i-atmospheric phenomena ezithile, kwimeko yokufunda indawo, zizibonakude ezinkulu ezithunyelwa emajukujukwini kuba zingenako ukungonwabi okubonelelwa yiatmosfera eMhlabeni kwaye ke ziyakwazi ukuthatha imifanekiso ebukhali.
Iisathelayithi zebhayoloji
Ziyilelwe ukuba zifunde iziphumo zebhayoloji zomxhuzulane we-zero, imitha ye-cosmic kunye nokungabikho kwesingqisho soMhlaba seeyure ezingama-24 imini nobusuku kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezilwanyana ukusuka kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezidalwa ezincinci ukuya kwiprimate, ezo labhoratri zesithuba zixhotyiswe ngokulinganisa okude. oomatshini esweni ubume iisampulu.
iisathelayithi zonxibelelwano
Inkqubo yonxibelelwano ngesathelayithi inokufakwa ekusebenzeni ngokukhawuleza, kuba akuyomfuneko ukufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo, kuba kuya kufuneka ukuba kwenziwe unxibelelwano olubonakalayo olunje ngeentambo okanye izinto ezinjalo. Oku kuyinzuzo ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezinzima ngokwejografi okanye kwezopolitiko.
Isathelayithi yonxibelelwano eqhelekileyo inenani elithile le-transponders, i-transponder nganye ebandakanya i-eriyali efumanayo elungiselelwe itshaneli okanye uluhlu lwamaza, ngokufaka isixhobo, esikala ezi frikhwensi ukuya kuluhlu lwamaza kuluhlu lwesixhobo esiphumayo, kunye namandla. iamplifier ukunika imveliso ye microwave ngamandla awoneleyo. Inani leetransponder, okanye iziteshi, libonisa umthamo wesathelayithi.
Iisathelayithi ezincinci
Isathelayithi encinci sisixhobo sokujikeleza uMhlaba esinobunzima obuphantsi kunye nemilinganiselo yomzimba encinci kunesathelayithi yesiqhelo, njengesathelayithi ye-geostationary, iisathelayithi ezincinci zixhaphake kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Zikulungele ukusetyenziswa kuthungelwano lonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwezenzululwazi, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, kunye neGlobal Positioning System (GPS).
Iisathelayithi ezincinci zihlala zibekwe kwiindlela eziphantsi komhlaba kwaye ziqaliswe ngokwamaqela abizwa ngokuba yi "swarms." Kulolu hlobo lwesathelayithi yendawo, inkqubo nganye isebenza ngokufanayo kwi-repeater kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano lweselula, ezinye iisathelayithi ezincinci zifakwe kwii-orbits ezide (elliptical).
iisathelayithi zokukhangela
Ziye zaba luncedo kakhulu kwiinkampani zokuthumela kunye neenqwelomoya, enyanisweni, zikuvumela ukuba uzibeke ngokuchaneka okugqithisileyo emhlabeni. Oku kuzisa inzuzo kwimisebenzi yokuhlangula, ngaphezu koko, ukuchaneka kunokufikelela kwi-1 centimeter, kodwa kuphela kuphando lomkhosi, kwezinye iimeko, kuncinci kakhulu. Ezi sathelayithi zisenokwenza imilinganiselo yomgama.
iisathelayithi zomkhosi
Ezi satellite zisebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-orbit, oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwinjongo, ngoko ke, kuya kuthatha i-geostationary orbit ukuba umsebenzi wayo usebenze njengesathelayithi yezonxibelelwano okanye i-elliptical orbit kakhulu ukuba injongo yayo kukuhlola, umzekelo.
Ezi ntlobo zamva zeesathelayithi zibizwa ngokuba 'zii-spy satellites'. Bayakwazi ukujonga uMhlaba njengesathelayithi zokubona kude, olu hlobo lwesathelayithi ngokuqinisekileyo alukhawulelwanga kuhlobo lwemishini, kodwa ngokucacileyo awukwazi ukufikelela kolu hlobo lolwazi.
Iisathelayithi zokujonga umhlaba
Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zisetyenzisiwe kwezi satellite ukunika idatha eyimfuneko kwizisombululo ezahlukeneyo zendawo, ezibonakalayo nezexeshana ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzisi elizweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi.
Idatha evela kwezi satellite isetyenziselwa izicelo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya ezolimo, imithombo yamanzi, ucwangciso lwedolophu, uphuhliso lwasemaphandleni, ukukhangela izimbiwa, kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukusuka kwisithuba ukuya emhlabeni.
iisathelayithi ezisebenza ngelanga
Yinkqubo yamandla emangalisayo eqokelela kwaye iguqule amandla elanga abe ngamandla ombane esithubeni ize ithumele amandla ombane emhlabeni ngaphandle kwamacingo.
Inika amandla kwezinye iinkqubo, yenye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo, kwiinkalo ezininzi imisela ijometri yesiphekepheke, uyilo, ubunzima kunye nexesha lobukho obusebenzayo. Ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yokubonelela ngombane kukhokelela ekungaphumeleli kwayo yonke i-apparatus.
Inkqubo yonikezelo lwamandla ngokubanzi ibandakanya: umthombo osisiseko kunye nowesibini wombane, uguqulo, iitshaja, kunye nolawulo oluzenzekelayo.
Iisathelayithi zemozulu
Kwakhona zibekwe kwi-orbit engaphantsi okanye ephantsi, ezi sathelayithi zenza kube lula ukuqikelela, ngokugxininisa imilinganiselo kunye nezifundo zabo kwi-atmosfera, imozulu ngqo kunye nemozulu embi eMhlabeni kunye nokufunda imozulu kunye nokuvela kwazo. Ezi sathelayithi zisebenzisa i-infrared kunye neekhamera eziqhelekileyo, ukongeza, kuxhomekeke ngokuchanekileyo okufunwayo, zibekwe ngakumbi kwi-geostationary orbit (engaphantsi kokuchaneka) okanye kwi-polar orbit (ichaneke ngakumbi).
izikhululo zasemkhathini
Sisakhiwo sokwenziwa esibekwe kwi-orbit, enamandla, izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokusingqongileyo eziyimfuneko ukuxhasa ukuhlala kwabantu ixesha elide. Ngokuxhomekeke kubume baso, isikhululo sendawo sinokusebenza njengesiseko semisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
Oku kuquka ukuqwalaselwa kweLanga kunye nezinye izinto zeenkwenkwezi, ukufunda ngobutyebi boMhlaba kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukuphinda kuqwalaselwe emkhosini, kunye nophando lwexesha elide lokuziphatha kwemathiriyeli kunye neenkqubo zebhayoloji, kubandakanywa nefiziyoloji yomntu kunye nebhayoloji, kwimeko yobunzima okanye imicrogravity. .
Izikhululo zesithuba ezincinci ziqaliswe ngokudityaniswa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa izikhululo ezikhulu zithunyelwa kwiimodyuli kwaye zidityaniswe kwi-orbit. Ukwenza eyona ndlela isebenzayo yomthamo wesithuthi sakho, isikhululo sendawo esingenanto siyasungulwa kwaye amalungu abasebenzi bakho, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izixhobo ezongezelelweyo, landela. kwizithuthi ezahlukeneyo.
Iisathelayithi ngohlobo lwe-orbit
Ngokwendlela yazo, iisathelayithi zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukuhlelwa ngokweziko
- I-Galactocentric orbit: Umjikelo osembindini womnyele, iLanga lilandela olu hlobo lokujikeleza kumbindi womnyele okwiMilky Way.
- Umjikelo we-Heliocentric: Ukujikeleza ilanga, i iiplanethi zesixokelelwano selanga, ii-comets kunye ne-asteroids zikwii-orbits ezinjalo, njengama-satellites amaninzi okwenziwa kunye ne-debris debris yendawo, ii-satellites, ngokuchaseneyo, azikho kwi-orbit heliocentric, kodwa kwi-orbit yento yabo yomzali.
- I-Geocentric orbit: Yi-orbit ekufutshane neplanethi enguMhlaba, njengakwimeko yenyanga okanye iisathelayithi ezenziweyo.
- Ukujikeleza kwenyanga: Ukujikeleza komhlaba kwiNyanga.
- I-Areocentric orbit: I-orbit ejikeleze isijikelezi-langa iMars, njengaleyo yeenyanga zayo okanye iinyanga ezenziweyo.
Ukuhlelwa kobude
- Umjikelezo woMhlaba oPhantsi: Yiyo, njengoko igama libonisa, i-orbit esondele kakhulu kumphezulu woMhlaba, ngokuqhelekileyo kwindawo yokuphakama engaphantsi kwe-1000 km, kodwa inokuba ngaphantsi njenge-160 km ngaphezu koMhlaba, ephantsi xa ithelekiswa nezinye ii-orbits. kodwa usengaphezulu kakhulu kumphezulu woMhlaba.
- Intsingiselo yoMjikelezo woMhlaba: Iquka uluhlu olubanzi lweendlela ezijikelezayo naphi na, kufuneka ithathe iindlela ezithile ezijikeleze uMhlaba, kwaye isetyenziswa ziindidi zesathelayithi ezinezicelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.
Isetyenziswa kakhulu ziisathelayithi zokuhamba, njengenkqubo yeGalileo yaseYurophu. IGalileo inika amandla unxibelelwano lokujonga kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwaye isetyenziselwa iintlobo ezininzi zokuhamba, ukusuka ekulandeleni inqwelomoya enkulu ukuya ekufumaneni umkhombandlela kwi-smartphone yakho. UGalileo usebenzisa iqela leenkwenkwezi zeesathelayithi ezininzi ukubonelela ngogubungela iindawo ezinkulu zehlabathi ngaxeshanye.
- Umjikelo woMhlaba oPhezulu: Xa isathelayithi ifikelela kanye kwiikhilomitha ezingama-42.164 ukusuka kumbindi woMhlaba (malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-36.000 ukusuka kumhlaba woMhlaba), ingena kuhlobo "lwendawo emnandi" apho i-orbit yayo ihambelana nokujikeleza koMhlaba.
Ngenxa yokuba i-orbit yesathelayithi ngesantya esifana nesoMhlaba esijikelezayo, isathelayithi ibonakala ihleli kwindawo yobude obunye, nangona inokukhukuliseka ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, le ndlela ikhethekileyo ye-Earth orbit ibizwa ngokuba yi-geosynchronous.
Kubaluleke kakhulu kuhlolo lwemozulu ukuba iisathelayithi ezikulo mjikelezo zibonelela ngembono ezinzileyo yomphezulu ofanayo, xa usiya kwi-intanethi kwiindawo zemozulu kwaye ujonge imbonakalo yesathelayithi yedolophu yakho, umfanekiso owujongileyo wehla usuka kwisathelayithi. kwi-geostationary orbit.
Ukuthambeka kuhlelo
- I-Orbit eNyekelelweyo: I-orbit kabani ayityekanga ngokubhekiselele kwinqwelomoya ye-ikhweyitha.
- i-polar orbit: Iisathelayithi kwi-polar orbit akufuneki zidlule ngokuchanekileyo izibonda ezisemantla nakumazantsi, nokuba ukutenxa phakathi kwama-20 ukuya kuma-30 degrees kusahlelwa njenge-polar orbit.
- Umjikelo wepolar olungelelanisiweyo welanga: I-orbit ekufutshane ne-polar enqumla i-ikhweyitha ngexesha elifanayo lelanga lendawo kwindawo nganye. Iluncedo kwiisathelayithi ezithatha imifanekiso, njengoko isithunzi siya kufana kwipasi ngalinye.
Ukuhlelwa ngokweeccentricity
- umjikelo ojikelezayo: I-orbit ine-eccentricity ka-0 kwaye i-trajectory yayo izoba isangqa.
- Umjikelo we-elliptical: I-orbit ene-eccentricity enkulu kuno-0 nangaphantsi ko-1, i-orbit ilanda indlela eya ku-ellipse.
- I-Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit: Yi-elliptical orbit apho i-perigee ibekwe kwindawo esezantsi ye-orbit altitude kunye ne-apogee kwi-geostationary orbit altitude.
- I-Geostationary Transfer Orbit: Luhambo olujikelezayo olushukumisa isiphekepheke sisuka kwenye isangqa sisiya kwenye sisebenzisa iinjini ezimbini zokuqhubela phambili.
- I-hyperbolic orbit: Yi-orbit ene-eccentricity enkulu kuno-1. Loo ndlela yokujikeleza nayo inesantya esidlula isantya esibalekayo kwaye ngenxa yoko, iya kunqanda umxhuzulane weplanethi kwaye iqhubeke nokuhamba ngokungenasiphelo de kukhabe omnye umzimba onobunzima obaneleyo.
- I-Parabolic orbit: Yi-orbit ene-eccentricity elingana no-1. Le ndlela yokujikeleza nayo inesantya esilingana nesantya sokubaleka kwaye ngoko ke, ukuze kuthintelwe ubunzima beplanethi, ukuba isantya se-parabolic orbit siyenyuka, siya kuba yi-hyperbolic orbit.
https://youtu.be/ldFjh1Rqmr4
Ukuhlela ngongqamaniso
- Ulungelelwaniso lwe-Orbit: Yiyo nayiphi na i-orbit apho inqanaba le-orbital ye-satellite okanye i-united of skystal likhulu kunenqanaba lokujikeleza lomzimba elibambe i-orbital barycenter.
- I-Semi-synchronous orbit: Yi-orbit enexesha le-orbital elilingana nesiqingatha sexesha eliqhelekileyo lokujikeleza komzimba, ojikelezayo kwicala elifanayo lokujikeleza njengalo mzimba.
- I-Geosynchronous orbit: Banesiqingatha se-axis enkulu eyi-42,164 km (26199 mi). Isebenza kumphakamo weekhilomitha ezingama-35,786 (iikhilomitha ezingama-22,236).
- I-Geostationary orbit: Ziindlela ezijikeleza uMhlaba ezihambelana nexesha lokujikeleza kweenkwenkwezi zoMhlaba.
- I-Graveyard Orbit: Yi-orbit ekude kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza.
- I-Areosynchronous orbit: Yi-synchronous orbit ebekwe kufutshane neplanethi iMars kunye nexesha lokujikeleza elilingana nesigxina sosuku olusecaleni lweMars, iiyure ezingama-24.6229.
- I-Areostationary orbit: Iyafana ne-geostationary orbit, kodwa ifumaneka kuMars.
ezinye iindlela
- Umjikelo weHorseshoe: Yi-orbit ebonakala kumntu obukele uMhlaba ukuba yiplanethi ethile ye-orbital, kodwa eneneni kwi-orbit edibeneyo kunye neplanethi.
- Indawo yeLagrangian: Zingamanqaku akufuphi nemizimba emibini emikhulu kwi-orbit, apho into encinci iya kugcina indawo yayo ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezinkulu ezihambayo.
Ukuhlelwa kweesathelayithi ngokobunzima bazo
Ngokobunzima bazo sinokuzihlela Iisathelayithi zokwenziwa ngoku Landelayo:
- Iisathelayithi ezinkulu: ngaphezulu kwe-1000 kg
- Iisathelayithi eziphakathi: phakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-1000 kg
- Iisathelayithi ezincinci: phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-500 kg
- Iisathelayithi ezincinci: phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-100 kg
- Iisathelayithi zeNano: phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-10 kg
- Incopho yesathelayithi: phakathi kwe-0,1 kunye ne-1 kg
- Isathelayithi ye-Femto: ngaphantsi kwe-100 g
Amazwe anomthamo wokuphehlelelwa
Kukho amazwe amaninzi anamandla okuzisa isathelayithi emajukujukwini, njengale:
Russia
Inkokeli kwindawo yezorhwebo iqalisa, iRashiya isebenza kwiindawo ezininzi ze-spaceports, isizwe sihlawula i-Kazakhstan i-115 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngokusetyenziswa kweyona ndawo ixakekileyo yokuqalisa.
EUnited States
Iinkampani zabucala kunye noorhulumente bamazwe bahlala beseka izikhululo zasemkhathini eUnited States ezixhasa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ishishini lokuqaliswa kwesathelayithi.
EFransi
Eli lizwe lakha iindawo zalo zokuphehlelelwa eFrench Guiana ngeminyaka yoo-1970, lisebenzisa i-equatorial spin ye-Earth ukuqalisa amakhulu eeponti ezongezelelweyo zomthwalo wokuhlawula kumjikelezo.
EJapan
Ukugxothwa kokuqala kwakungoMeyi 2012 kwisathelayithi yaseMzantsi Korea kwaye kwakungaphezulu kwemishini ephumelelayo; iqalise ukukhululwa ngokusesikweni kweshishini lokusungula ngesathelayithi ye-Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
Brasil
Ukungena okunzima kweBrazil kumzi mveliso wokuphehlelelwa sisikhumbuzo sendlela enobunzima kwaye iyingozi ngayo eli shishini, ukuqaliswa kwesathelayithi kabini kusilele ukuqaliswa.
Zingaphi iisathelayithi ezijikeleza uMhlaba?
“Ngokutsho kweOfisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeMicimbi yaMaphandle (UNOOSA), zizonke izinto eziyi-8378 4928 ziye zafakwa emajukujukwini kwimbali. Okwangoku, i-7 isekwi-orbit, nangona i-4921 kubo ikwi-orbit ejikeleze izidalwa zasezulwini ngaphandle koMhlaba; Oko kuthetha ukuba kukho iisathelayithi ezingama-XNUMX ezinyakazelayo yonke imihla. ”
Ingakanani ubungakanani besathelayithi?
Ukususela kubukhulu bemoto encinci ukuya kubukhulu besixhobo esincinci, iisathelayithi zazo zonke iimilo kunye nobukhulu zisetyenziselwa ukubeka iliso ubume bomhlaba ukusuka emajukujukwini, ukusuka kwisathelayithi ye-3.238 kg ukuya kwi-570 kg yesathelayithi.
Ngoku, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwetekhnoloji yesathelayithi luvumela neesathelayithi ezincinci ukuba zibonelele ngezakhono ezifanayo, ezi satellite zincinci zibonelela ngamaxesha amafutshane okwakha kunye neendleko ezincitshisiweyo.
Yintoni umsebenzi wesathelayithi?
Isathelayithi ngumzimba osesithubeni ojikeleza kufutshane nenye into, inokuba yendalo, njengenyanga, okanye eyenziweyo. Isathelayithi eyenziweyo ifakwa kwi-orbit ngokuncamathisela kwirokethi, ithunyelwe emajukujukwini, ize yahlulwe xa ikwindawo eyiyo, zonke Iisathelayithi zokwenziwa Zikwasetyenziselwa ukuphanda ezinye iindawo zesixokelelwano sethu selanga, kubandakanya iMars, Iplanethi Jupiter kunye nelanga.
Ihlala njani isathelayithi kwi-orbit?
Umxhuzulane, udityaniswe nesantya sesathelayithi ukusuka ekuqalisweni kwayo ukuya emajukujukwini, ibangela ukuba isathelayithi ingene kwi-orbit ngaphezulu koMhlaba, endaweni yokuba iwele emhlabeni.
Ngoko eneneni, ukukwazi kweesathelayithi ukugcina i-orbit yazo kwehla kwibhalansi phakathi kwezinto ezimbini: isantya sazo (okanye isantya eziya kuhamba ngaso kumgca othe tye) nomtsalane womxhuzulane phakathi kwesathelayithi kunye nesijikelezi-langa esiyijikelezayo.
Ngaba iisathelayithi zingangqubana?
Zininzi iisathelayithi ezikwi-orbit, xa kuqwalaselwa amawaka eesathelayithi ezindala nezingasebenziyo ezingasakwaziyo ukunxibelelana noMhlaba, iyamangalisa indlela ezingqubana ngayo kancinci; kodwa ungquzulwano olunjalo ngokungathandabuzekiyo lunokwenzeka.
Ngubani olawula iisathelayithi?
Zonke Iisathelayithi zokwenziwa zilawulwa kumaziko olawulo lwesathelayithi abekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eMhlabeni. Ngokubhekiselele kwiisathelayithi ze-geosynchronous, zixhotyiswe ngeekhomputha kunye nesofthiwe ezinikele ekugcineni i-satellite ibambelele eMhlabeni kwaye isebenze ngokufanelekileyo ukuzalisekisa uthumo oluqaliswe ngalo.
Iisathelayithi zithumela i-telemetry kumaziko olawulo lwesathelayithi ngokuqhubekayo, ukwenzela ukuba abasebenzi bezobugcisa banokujonga isimo se-subsystems ezahlukeneyo ebhodini nangaliphi na ixesha losuku.
Ngaba umntu unokuthumela isathelayithi emajukujukwini?
Ewe eneneni, kufuneka ufumane kuphela ilayisenisi kwi-Arhente yoNxibelelwano lwe-Federal, kuba kungenjalo ungaphela uphazamisana nezinye iisathelayithi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yamaxesha onxibelelwano okanye uhambo lwe-orbital.
