Zininzi abangcwele beSanteria kwaye nganye kuzo ineempawu ezithile ezahlulayo. Yazi kuMandla oMoya yonke into enxulumene nalo mxholo wenkcubeko, wemveli kunye nowenkolo weSanteria yaseCuba.
abangcwele beSanteria
Kuqhelekile ukuva amagama athile eengcwele zobuSanteria, kodwa inyaniso ikukuba baninzi ngakumbi kunabo bagqalwa njengezona ziphambili. Ngamnye kubo wahlulwe ngokwemiba ethile kwaye, emva koko, uninzi lwale miba lunikwa abantwana babo.
ISanteria inxulunyaniswa nokunqula abangcwele kwaye ngoku isenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi zeCaribbean kunye neLatin America, apho iCuba igqamile. Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zolu nqulo kukuba lwahlulwe kwabanye, nokuba yindlela abawenza ngayo amasiko neenkolelo zabo.
ICuba yenye yeendawo eziphambili ezinxulumene nale nkolo, ngenxa yeempawu ezidibanisa ubuSanteria, kukuhlonelwa kwezinyanya kunye nobuKatolika bale ndawo.
Omnye ummandla wesi siqithi unesithethe samaKatolika, ngelixa elinye linabantu abanemvelaphi yaseAfrika abakholelwa koothixo. Ngoxa kukho abo bakholelwa kuzo zombini ezi nkonzo, oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-syncretism. Okanye abo bangakholelwayo kuyo nantoni na.
Oku kuvelise umxube weentlanga kunye nemvelaphi yeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezenza izenzo zonqulo, ukuhlonelwa kunye neenkolelo. Eye yasasazeka kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwaye ezi zenzo zisenziwa ngoku kumakholwa kwihlelo lobuSanteria.
ISanteria eCuba
Umxube wamacandelo enza olu qheliselo lwenkolo lubandakanya inkcubeko yaseSpain enxulumene nobuKatolika kunye nenkcubeko yaseAfrika, eyaziwa ngokuba yiYoruba. Ukuphuhliswa kolu hlaselo ukususela ekubeni abathinjwa baseNigeria kunye nezinye iindawo zelizwekazi laseAfrika baqhuba inkolo yaseYoruba.
Apho baqala khona ukuchonga izithixo zabo zaseAfrika, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-orishas, kunye nabangcwele abangamaKatolika, inkolo esemthethweni yesi siqithi selizwekazi laseMelika. Kwaqaliswa ukusekwa unxulumano ngokuphathelele imbonakalo nezenzo, oko kukuthi, ulwalamano phakathi kwezi nkonzo zimbini.
Oku kwabangela ukuba abaninimzi bakholelwe ukuba aba bathinjwa baguqukele kubuKristu, kodwa eyona nto yenzekayo kukuba babephila ngokwesithethe sabo.
Emva kokuba amaCuba aqala ukuya kwamanye amazwe, asasaza lo mkhuba wenkolo kwaye namhlanje ufumaneka kumazwe ahlukeneyo aseLatin America. Apho ukufezekiswa kwala mahlelo kuye kwanda kwiindawo ezithile.
Ukuba ungowaseLatin America, usenokuba ukhe weva ngobuSanteria. Kwiindawo ezininzi ezikhankanywe ngasentla, idla ngokubonakala kubantu abathile abanqula izithixo zabo nabanxulunyaniswa nenkcazelo ethile ngabo.
Inkolo yesiYoruba kunye nee-orisha zayo
Iingcwele zobuSanteria zidla ngokunxulunyaniswa nawona magama aziwayo, kodwa kukho izithixo ezininzi ngakumbi kunokuba ukhe weva ngazo.
Ngokunxulumene nenkolo yaseYoruba, ivela eNigeria nakumazwe angabamelwane, ngakumbi kwindawo esentshona yelizwekazi laseAfrika. Olu nqulo belubonakala apho ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezili-12. Apho iinkolelo zabo zihlanganiswe kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Rule of Osha-Ifá.
Ngale ndlela, yaziwa ngokuba yiSanteria yaseCuba, ihlelo elimiweyo namhlanje, ekubeni inkoliso yabantu ibiza abo bakolu nqulo ngokuba zii<em>santeros. Ngamnye kwabangcwele bobuSanteria unophawu oluthile lokuchonga nokwahlula. Enyanisweni, maninzi, kodwa kukho amazwe akuMbindi Merika apho lawo agqalwa njengawona aphambili adla ngokuziwa, ngakumbi.
Nangona kunjalo, abangcwele baseSanteria bayaziwa ngokubaluleka kwabo kunye nobudlelwane nophuhliso lwale nkolo.
Ngapha koko, le nkolo ikwabizwa ngokuba yinkolo ye-orishas, kodwa ukuze uqonde ngakumbi lo mbandela, kubalulekile ukwazi ngemvelaphi yayo kunye nezithixo ezikuyo. Noko ke, iCawa yamaKatolika ayibugqali ubuSanteria njengehlelo lamaKristu kodwa lelobuhedeni. Ngoko ke kwenziwa liqela labantu ababa santeros.
Olodumare
Phakathi kwezona zinto ziphambili, i-Olodumare ivelele, abacinga ukuba nguthixo wendalo yonke, oyinyaniso kunye nonamandla onke. Yonke into ekhoyo ivela kuyo, kuba yinto ebonakalayo kunye neyomoya yezinto zonke ezidaliweyo. Ngoko akanakumelwa, ngenxa yokuswela kwakhe iimpawu zobuntu, ngoko akukho mnikelo unikelwa kuye.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iminikelo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu enikwa abangcwele baseSanteria. Eyona nto idla ngokwenziwa ngokweempawu zothixo ngamnye nangamaxesha athile.
Olofi okanye Olofin
Uthathwa njengenzala ka-Olodumare, kunye nenye yemiboniso yakhe. KwiSanteria yaseCuba inxulunyaniswa noKrestu wenkolo yamaKatolika. Igama livela kwiYoruba Olofin, oku kuthetha ukuba umnini webhotwe.
Apho ibhotwe lakhe lisezulwini kunye nenkundla yakhe yasebukhosini iOrishas. Oko kukuthi, yena kunye nesizinda sakhe nguye owadala i-Orishas ukuba ikwazi ukunxibelelana ngokungathanga ngqo namadoda, ibakhokele kwaye ibajonge. Ngamathuba ambalwa ehla kwihlabathi njengamandla. I-Orishas okanye i-Oshas ziyaziwa ngokuba oothixo abongamela amandla endalo kunye nayo yonke into enxulumene noluntu.
AmaYoruba acinga ukuba umntu ngamnye uzalelwe ukuzalisekisa injongo ethile ebomini bakhe. Nangona zininzi iziganeko eziyitshintshayo. Kulapho i-Orishas ingena khona, ezalisekisa umsebenzi wokusombulula.
Zininzi iingcwele zobuSanteria, eneneni zizonke zingama-401. Noko ke, kwilizwekazi laseMerika bambalwa kakhulu abadla ngokuziwa, kubo inkolelo yolu nqulo isasazwa kumazwe athile eli lizwekazi.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba abangcwele baseSanteria bahlukile, kuba ngamnye unombala othile, inani kunye nomhla wokuzidumisa.
I-Orishas eyaziwa kakhulu yaseCuban Santeria
Phakathi kwabangcwele beCuban Santeria abaziwa kakhulu kwaye bahlonelwa kakhulu eLatin America, oku kulandelayo kugqamile:
obbatalá
Le orisha yimbonakaliso ephambili yobulungisa, impilo, ubunyulu, ubulumko, ukunyaniseka noxolo. Ngenxa yoko, yenye yezona zihlonelwa kakhulu ngamakholwa ale nkonzo. Ukongeza kuloo nto, yeyona inkulu kwi-orishas, ke ikwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Uyinzala ka-Olofin kunye no-Oloddumare. Wathunyelwa eMhlabeni ngu-Olofin, ukuze enze okulungileyo kunye nokulawula njengomlawuli weplanethi. Yiyo loo nto inokuqonda kwaye inika uxolo nemvisiswano. Usasaza ukuziphatha kakuhle, ngoko ke i-orishas iyonke iya kumfuna njengegqwetha.
Lubonakala ngokuba sisithixo esihlonelwa kakhulu, umnini wobukrelekrele neemvakalelo zabantu. Enyanisweni, bamgqala njengalowo wadala abantu nayo yonke into esehlabathini.
Umbala esichongwe ngawo lo thixo umhlophe. Okufuzisela uxolo nobunyulu. Ikwadityaniswe nenani lesi-8 kunye nokuphindaphindwa kwalo. Usuku ahlonelwa ngalo nguSeptemba 24. Iintsuku zabo zeveki ngooLwesine neeCawe. Indlela yowesifazane emele ngayo i-Virgen de las Mercedes.
Lo ngomnye wabangcwele baseSanteria ophethe yonke into emhlophe, kunye nentloko, iingcamango kunye namaphupha. Ukwanguye kuphela u-Orisha oneendlela zamadoda nabasetyhini.
Inzala yabo inentlonipho, izolile kwaye ithanda ukubekelwa bucala kakhulu. Uninzi lwabo ludla ngokuba ziinkcuba-buchopho, ababhali okanye amagcisa. Akavumeli nokuba umntu akhulule apho akhoyo okanye kubizwe amabinzana aqatha okanye angenambeko.
Shango okanye Chango
Ukwangomnye wabangcwele abaziwayo baseSantería, yiyo loo nto edla ngokuba ngomnye wabaphambili.
Ibonakala ngokuba ngoyena mmeli uphezulu wolonwabo lokuphila. Enyanisweni wayengukumkani waseNigeria yaye eligorha elalingoyiki nto, ngoko wayekhaliphile. Wayekwathanda abafazi, ethanda ukusela kwaye enomtsalane kakhulu.
Uyaziwa ngokuba ngukumkani wesixeko saseOyo, ilizwe laseYoruba elalikwindawo ngoku eyintshona nakumantla eNigeria. Phakathi kwabangcwele baseSanteria, ungomnye weyona orishas idumileyo kwi-pantheon yaseYoruba.
Ugqalwa njengothixo wemfazwe, umnini wombane, iindudumo nomlilo. Kwakhona kumdaniso kunye nomculo, omelwe ngamagubu eBatá. Ngaphandle nje kokuba ligorha, ungumxeli nexhwele. Inika uloyiso phezu kwabachasi kunye nokungahambi kakuhle. Unxulunyaniswa noSanta Bárbara, nangona kulawulo luka-Ocha, umelwe njenge-virile orisha engenazo iindlela zabasetyhini.
Ngaloo ndlela, inzala yabo ngabavumisi ngemvelaphi. Ngaphezu koko, banamandla amakhulu, bakrelekrele, banekratshi, banekratshi nomsindo.
Amadoda anxulumene naye adla ngokuthanda abafazi kunye namadoda. Ngoxa abafazi bekhaliphile, besebenza nzima yaye bengaxoleli xa bengathembekanga.
Umelwe ngenombolo yesi-4, imibala ebomvu nemhlophe kwaye usuku ahlonitshwe ngalo yi-4 kaDisemba. Usuku lwakhe lweveki nguMgqibelo. Ngokunjalo, imele imfuno, ubunzulu bobomi, ubuhle bomntu, inkanuko, ubukrelekrele kunye nobutyebi.
Yemaya
Phakathi kwabangcwele abaphambili bobuSanteria, lo thixo ukwabalaseleyo. Eyayanyaniswa nemibandela ebaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi kubafazi.
Uthathwa njengonina wabo bonke orishas, kunye nomzekelo kamama wendalo yonke. Ikwanxulunyaniswa nokhuseleko lwabantwana kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo.
Kwangaxeshanye uchazwa njengokumkanikazi wolwandle, umthombo wobomi, ubukrelekrele, ubugqwirha kunye nengqiqo. Inxulumene nemilambo kunye nomlomo, kunye nokuzala kwabasetyhini, ukuba ngumama kunye nokuqhubeka kobomi. Kwangokunjalo ulawula ukuloba nokuvuna.
Ungudadewabo ka-Oshun kunye nomama kaShangó. Unxulunyaniswa neNtombi Enyulu yaseRegla. Njengomgcini wabo bonke ubutyebi, ukuba kukho into elahlekileyo, inokufezekiswa ngoncedo lwakhe. Indlela yokuyijonga kwindalo kukudlula elwandle, kwincopho yamaza angqubana namanxweme namawa.
Inzala yabo yomelele kakhulu, ingqongqo yaye yenziwa ngabom. Nangona kunjalo, nabo bangoomama kunye nootata kakhulu, ababonakala ngokuba neempawu eziguqukayo njengolwandle. Baphakathi kwabo bangazilibali iziphoso, nokuba sele bezixolele. Ngapha koko, ungumama weshumi elinesine lee-orishas ezibalaseleyo.
Ngokufanayo, bathanda yonke into enxulumene nobunewunewu kunye nobuhle. Kukho amadoda athanda ukuba nesimilo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha enze ngeempawu zabasetyhini. Ubalwa ngenani lesi-7 kunye nokuphindaphindwa kwalo, kunye nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umhla ahlonelwa ngawo nguSeptemba 7. Usuku lwakhe lweveki nguMgqibelo. Funda ngakumbi malunga Yemaya.
Oshun
Kwakhona enye yezona ngcwele zibalaseleyo zeSanteria kwaye imele uninzi lweempawu abanazo abafazi.
Uthathwa njenge-orisha emele iimvakalelo ezinzulu zabantu, uthando, ngokomoya, ubuhle, ubuhle, ubufazi kunye nokuzala. Ngoko ke ineempawu ezintle zabasetyhini. Ewe, mhle kakhulu kwaye uyahenda.
Ungudadewabo omncinci kaYemayá kunye ne-orisha encinci, ngoko uyisithandwa sakhe wonke umntu. Ikwanguye kuphela ongena apho u-Olofin ekhona, ukuze abongoze izidalwa ezihlala emhlabeni. Ngoko ke yenye yezona zinto zixatyiswa kakhulu zizo zonke izinto kunye nabantu.
Kuthiwa wayehlala kumqolomba oseNigeria, kummandla osemantla, ngasemlanjeni ongumNayile.Enyanisweni, abona bantu baninzi abakholelwa kuye bafumaneka apho umlambo wakhe useNigeria. Badla ngokuzisa iminikelo apho kwaye bacele ubabalo. Uchongwa kunye noVirgen de la Caridad del Cobre, oyingcwele engumxhasi waseCuba.
Unconywa ngokuba ngumnini wothando, ubusi kunye negolide. Ke ngoko, ilawula kumanzi amatsha ehlabathi liphela, nakwimilambo, kwimithombo, emithonjeni nakwimilambo. Xa abafazi befuna ukukhulelwa baya kuye, ekubeni ekwazi ukulawula ukuzala.
Inzala yabo ilungile, yonwabile kwaye iyakuthanda ukuhlalisana. Nangona kunjalo, bayakuthanda ukunika imiyalelo. Bakwanomdla kakhulu, bayahenda, bathanda ubucwebe, iimpahla kunye neziqholo ezisemgangathweni. Bade batyekele ekunikeleni ukubaluleka okukhulu koko kuthethwa ngabanye abantu.
Inani elimele yona ngu-5 kunye nokuphindaphinda kwayo, kunye nombala wayo utyheli. Umhla ahlonelwa ngawo nguSeptemba 8. Usuku lwakhe lweveki nguMgqibelo. Abaninzi badla ngokuya kuye xa befuna inkxaso yemali, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Eleggua
Omnye wabangcwele ababizwa kakhulu kwaye ke baziwa kakhulu beSanteria. Ebonakala ngokunxulunyaniswa namagorha.
Ngapha koko, uthathwa njengoyena ubalaseleyo kumagorha kunye noyena orishas woyika kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ungumnikazi we-destiny, ngoko unokuzisa nokuzisa okulungileyo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle okwenzeka ngokungalindelekanga.
Ubonakala ngokuba yinkwenkwana ekhohlakeleyo awathi uOlofi wayinika isitshixo, emenza umnikazi we destiny, emva kokuba eyiphilisile. Ngoko nguye ojongene nokuvula okanye ukuvala iindlela neendawo zokungena ukuze abantu bonwabe okanye bangonwabi. Ikwathathwa ngokuba ngumlindi weengcango, kuquka naleyo yabafileyo.
Uthathwa njengonolwazi kunye nomkomishinala wezithixo, kuba uOrisha ngamnye usebenza ne-Elegguá. Igama lakhe liyafuziselal isithunywa prince. Ngaphandle kwayo akukho nto inokufezekiswa. Ngoko ke ungoyena thixo wokuvumisa.
Uchongwa kunye noSaint Anthony wasePadua, uMntwana wasePrague okanye uAtocha kunye noSanta Martin de Porres. Ngokunjalo, ungomnye woothixo abasixhenxe abaphambili beYoruba Pantheon, ngoko ungowokuqala ukubizwa xa kusenziwa isenzo sonqulo kwaye ukwangowokugqibela ukuthi ndlela ntle.
Inzala yabo ibonakala ngokuba krelekrele kwaye iyakwazi, nangona belumkile kwaye uninzi lwabo luthanda abafazi, bayathanda ukuba sestratweni. Bayakuthanda ukuthetha kakhulu kwaye banxulunyaniswa nendawo yorhwebo kunye nezopolitiko.
Inani elichongwe ngalo ngu-3 kunye nemibala echongiweyo ngombala obomvu nomnyama, kunye nomhlophe nomnyama. Iintsuku apho kunikwa imbeko kuye nguJanuwari 6 noJuni 13. Usuku lwakhe lweveki nguMvulo. Funda ngakumbi malunga Khetha.
Ezinye ii-orisha ezibalaseleyo
Ukongeza kwezi ngcwele zeSanteria ezikhankanywe ngasentla, ezi zilandelayo zikwagqamile:
Babalu Ayé
Ubongwa ngokuphilisa abagulayo, kuba uOlofi wamhlangula ekufeni. Ngoko ke ucelwa ngokukodwa kwizifo. Ngale ndlela, ithathwa njengento emangalisayo kakhulu, kuba iphilisa kwaye inika iminqweno.
Noko ke, ungqongqo gqitha ekuzalisekeni kwezithembiso awazenza kuye yaye ukuba akazizalisekisi, unokohlwaya ngokubangela izifo zolusu. Uyi-orisha yeqhenqa, i-smallpox, izifo ze-venereal, izibetho kunye nosizi. Ubandakanywa noLazaro oNgcwele.
Inzala yabo ngabantu abasoloko beyiqonda intlalo-ntle yomzimba, yengqondo neyomoya yabo basondeleyo kubo. Ngale ndlela, balumkile ukunika uthando, ubumbano, uncedo, inkxaso kunye nokuqonda kwabo bayifunayo, nangona bengathandi ukuthetha kakhulu. Enyanisweni, badla ngokuba ngamalolo kakhulu kwaye bangabantu abazicingelayo.
Inani echongwe ngalo ngu-17 kunye nokuphindaphindwa kwayo. Umbala umfusa. Umhla awongwa ngawo yi-17 kaDisemba. Usuku lwakhe lweveki nguLwesihlanu.
Oggun
Ungomnye weengcwele zobuSanteria, naye ogqalwa njengomphumi-mkhosi.
Ngale ndlela, kukubonakalisa amandla, amandla, umsebenzi kunye nokuchasana. Ke yena kuzo zonke iimfazwe kwaye uyazi malunga neemfihlo ukuba Mt.
Uzukiswa ngokuba nguthixo wezixhobo nezixhobo, yiloo nto efuziselwa ngentsimbi. Ngoko uyi-orisha yabo basebenza nengcibi. Kwakhona kwiimfazwe, itekhnoloji, oogqirha botyando, amajoni kunye neearhente. Ifumaneka ezintabeni nakwimizila kaloliwe.
Ungumzalwana kaShangó no-Elegguá. Enyanisweni, akaphumli kwaye unobuchule njengo-Elegguá kodwa uzimisele ngakumbi. Imele iziqalo, intsasa nentlakohlaza. Uchongwa noPetros oNgcwele, uPawulos oNgcwele, uYohane uMbhaptizi oNgcwele kunye noMikayeli ingelosi enkulu.
Inzala yabo inesimilo esindlongo-ndlongo, esikhohlakeleyo kwaye ayixoleli lula iziphoso zabanye.
Noko ke, badla ngokuba ngabahlobo abasenyongweni, yaye nabo bayonwabile. Enyanisweni, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba batsaleleke kumntu wesini esahlukileyo, nangona bengathandi ukuba kunye nomntu omnye.
Inani elimele yona ngu-3 kunye neziphindaphindo zayo. Imibala echongayo iluhlaza, mfusa kunye nomnyama. Umhla ahlonelwa ngawo nguAprili 23 kwakunye noJuni 29. Usuku lwakhe lweveki nguMvulo.
Ezinye iingcwele eziphambili zeSanteria zezi:
- Orula okanye Orunmila: U-Orisha wokuvumisa kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili okuphezulu. Imibala yakhe iluhlaza kwaye ityheli.
- ochosi: Ngomnye wokuqala we-Orishas kunye no-Osha ukuba nawuphi na umntu ufumana. Inxulumene nobulungisa. Imibala yakhe ibhlowu natyheli.
- Hayi: Ithathwa njengenenekazi lomnyama, i-whirlpool kunye nomfi. Imibala yakhe yonke ngaphandle emnyama.
- Aggayu: Imele intaba-mlilo kunye nengaphakathi lomhlaba, kunye namandla endalo. Imibala yayo imnyama ebomvu namhlophe okanye imibala esi-9 thabatha emnyama.
- Osuna: Umgcini kunye nomlindi wabo bakholelwa kule nkolo. Umbala wayo umhlophe.
Ukuba uthande ulwazi olukweli nqaku, unokuba nomdla wokwazi malunga ne oonyana bakaShango.