USawule waseTarso ligama lobuYuda lalowo wathi emva kokuguquka kwakhe waba nguMpostile oNgcwele uPawulos. Wayengenguye omnye wabafundi abasondeleyo bakaYesu, kunoko watshutshisa amaKristu de uYesu Kristu wabonakala phambi kwakhe, ukuze abone isizathu sokuba abatshutshise abalandeli bakhe, kodwa ukuba ufuna ukwazi ubomi bakhe, qhubeka ufunda eli nqaku.
NguPaul oyiNgcwele umpostile
Igama lakhe lokuqala yayinguSawule waseTarso, indoda enemvelaphi yobuYuda, ekukholeleka ukuba yazalelwa eKilikiya malunga nonyaka we-5 okanye we-10 emva kukaKristu, kwisixeko saseTarso, esizakuba yiTurkey namhlanje. Nangona enemvelaphi yobuYuda, wakhulela kwilizwe lamaRoma, kwaye njengayo yonke into ngexesha lakhe wasebenzisa uhlobo lwepraenomen enguSawule, igama lakhe lesiYuda elithetha "ukucengwa" kunye ne-cognomen, awalisebenzisayo kwiileta zakhe, uPawulosi. , owayeligama lakhe lesiRoma.
Wakhetha ukuzibiza ngegama lakhe lesiRoma elithi Pawulos, elithetha “Omncinane.” Xa kuguqulelwa kwisiGrike, kubhalwe kwathiwa nguPaulos, apho igama lingazange liguqulwe, kodwa kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa amagama amabini, njengoko kwakunjalo ngaye. Igama lesiRoma likaPaulos, lihambelana nezizukulwana zaseRoma zikaEmilia, kukholelwa ukuba wayengummi waseRoma ngenxa yokuba wayehlala eTarso okanye omnye wookhokho bakhe walithatha elo gama. KwiZenzo zabaPostile kubhekiselwa kuye ‘njengoSawule, okwabizwa ngokuba nguPawulos.
Inyaniso yeyokuba, akuba egqibe ekubeni sisixhobo okanye umkhonzi kaThixo, wagqalwa njengomntu omncinane phambi koThixo, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wawumkhulu kumsebenzi kaThixo. Xa wayesentolongweni, wabhala incwadi eya kuFilemon malunga nomnyaka wama-50 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu apho wayesele ezibhengeze njengexhego, ngelo xesha eRoma umntu oneminyaka engama-50 okanye engama-60 wayesele egqalwa njengomdala, ngoko uphila ngaxeshanye noYesu. waseNazarete.
ULuka oNgcwele wangqina ukuba wayengowaseTarso, ulwimi lwakhe lweenkobe yayisisiGrike, ekubeni wazalelwa apho yaye wayeluthetha ngokutyibilikayo olu lwimi. UPawulos wasebenzisa i<em>Septuagint, inguqulelo yesiGrike yemibhalo yeBhayibhile, umbhalo owawusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumaYuda amandulo. Zonke ezi mpawu zibonisa ukuba unenkangeleko yomYuda waseDiaspora owazalelwa kwisixeko saseGrisi.
ITarso ngelo xesha yayisisixeko esityebileyo nesibalulekileyo, yayilikomkhulu laseKilikiya ukusukela ngo 64 BC. Wawumi emazantsi eentaba zeTaurus nakwiindonga zomlambo iCidno, owawuqukuqela ukuya kuLwandle lweMeditera nalapho wawunokuba nezibuko laseTarso.
Njengesixeko sasibaluleke kakhulu kwezorhwebo njengoko yayisesinye sezixeko ezikwiindlela zorhwebo zaseSyria naseAnatolian, kwaye iziko okanye isikolo sentanda-bulumko yamaStoyike sasikwalapho. Esi sixeko safumana ilungelo lokuba ngummi waseRoma ngokuzalwa, ngenxa yoko wayengummi waseRoma kubazali abangamaYuda.
KwiZenzo zabaPostile kukuba obu bumi buvezwa, ngoko akunakuqinisekwa njengoko kweyesi-2 kwabaseKorinte eqinisekisa ukuba weza kubethwa, nto leyo engazange ibe phantsi kommi waseRoma. Ukuba wayengengomRoma, ngebangazange bamse eRoma xa wayevalelwe eYerusalem, kwabo babezibanga ngelokuba ubumi bakhe wayebuzuze njengelifa kumnombo owayekhululwe ebukhobokeni.
Ngokuphathelele imfundo yakhe, kukholelwa ukuba ekuqaleni wayefunde kwidolophu yakowabo, kodwa wathi esekwishumi elivisayo wathunyelwa eYerusalem waza wafumana umyalelo kuRabhi uGamaliyeli, yaye ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe kukwakholelwa ukuba wafumana imfundo yobuFarisi. . UGamaliyeli, wayesaziwa njengexhego, igosa lamaYuda elinengqondo ephangaleleyo, ngoko umele ukuba wayeqeqeshelwe ukuba ngurabhi.
Imithombo ecaphula iSaint Paul
Imithombo emibini eyaziwayo ekhankanya uPawulos waseTarso, omnye wayo ungqamana nompapiri apho kukhankanywa khona iNcwadi yesiBini eya kwabaseKorinte, lo mpapiri ungaphakathi kudidi lokuqala yaye ususela phakathi kweminyaka ye-175 ukusa kowama-225 emva kukaKristu. Zonke iincwadi zakhe ziyinyani, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba zabhalwa kwiminyaka engama-50 emva koKristu.
Agqalwa njengeyona mithombo iluncedo nebangel’ umdla ekubeni abhalwa nguye ngokwakhe, yaye abonakalisa ubuntu bakhe buphela njengomntu, njengendoda eneeleta nanjengomfundisi wezakwalizwi. Ukususela kwisahluko 13 seZenzo zabaPostile, sithetha ngazo zonke izenzo ezenziwa nguPawulos, kungenxa yabo ukuba sinolwazi oluninzi ngaye, ngakumbi ukususela ekuguqukeni kwakhe xa babesendleleni eya eDamasko kwada kwafika yena. wafika sele enuka ibanjwa. Kwiincwadi zakhe ezininzi ubuKristu bubonakaliswa ukuba wayeshumayela egxininisa ukugwetyelwa ngobabalo hayi ngemisebenzi yomthetho, ngamanye amazwi ukushumayela kwakhe kwakungeendaba ezilungileyo zobabalo lukaThixo.
Imithombo yesibini yile ebizwa ngokuba yi-pseudepigraphic okanye iincwadi ze-deutero-Pauline, ezibhalwe ngegama lalo mpostile, kodwa ekukholelwa ukuba zivela kubafundi bakhe abaliqela kwaye ziya kubhalwa emva kokufa kwakhe, zibandakanya:
- Incwadi yesiBini eya kwabaseTesalonika
- Ileta eya kwabaseKolose
- Incwadi eya kwabase-Efese
- Iileta ezi-3 zobufundisi
- I ne-II Incwadi eya kuTimoti
- Incwadi eya kuTito.
Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ezi leta zakhatywa njengombhali kaPawulos kwaye zathi zabhalwa ngabafundi bakhe abaliqela kamva, nokuba umahluko kumxholo nesimbo sokubhala ubangelwa lixesha lembali ezibhalwe ngalo.
Ngokuphathelele imeko yakhe yomtshato, akukho nto ibonisa ukuba yayiyintoni na, kucetyiswa ukuba wayengatshatanga xa wayebhala iileta zakhe, ngoko wayeya kuhlala engatshatanga kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, okanye mhlawumbi wayetshatile kodwa wayeya kuba yindoda. Umhlolokazi, ekubeni ngelo xesha ngelo xesha indoda nganye ifanele itshate, ingakumbi ukuba injongo yayo yayikukuba ngurabhi.
Ngoku kwincwadi yakhe yokuqala eya kwabaseKorinte wabhala wathi amadoda angatshatanga nabahlolokazi, kwakufanelekile ukuba ahlale enjengoko wayekuye, nto leyo ethetha ukuba wayenokungatshati ngenxa yokuba engumhlolokazi, nokuba yena ngokwakhe akazange aphinde atshate. Kwangokunjalo kukho abaphengululi abayithethelelayo yonke into yokuba uPawulos wahlala engatshatanga ubomi bakhe bonke. Kwabanye ababhali abakhusela oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-Pauline nyhweba awayimisela ngokwakhe, wayeya kuhlukana nomfazi wakhe, kuba elinye lamaqela lalingathembekanga kwaye babengenakuhlalisana ngoxolo.
Yonke imithombo esisiseko ejongene nobomi bukaPawulos oNgcwele ikwiTestamente eNtsha, njengoko sele sikhankanyile yincwadi yeZenzo zabaPostile kunye neencwadi ezilishumi elinesine ezazibhekiswa kuye kwaye zabhekiswa kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo zamaKristu. Amacandelo amaninzi ayigxekayo iBhayibhile ayathandabuza ukuba iincwadi zokwalusa ezingqamana neyoku-I neyesi-II Incwadi eya kuTimoti nencwadi eya kuTito, zibhalwe nguPawulos.
Kwinto ehambelana ne-Epistle eya kumaHebhere kwaye bakholelwa ukuba inombhali owahlukileyo, nokuba nayo yonke le mithombo, idatha kwinqanaba lokulandelelana kweziganeko zihlala zingacacanga kwaye kukho ukungafani okuninzi phakathi kweZenzo zabaPostile kunye neZincwadi. Yitsho, kuba oko kuthatyathelwe ingqalelo njengenyani oko kuthethwa ngulo mva.
Sasisele sithethile ngemeko yakhe njengomHebhere, umYuda, evela kwintsapho yamagcisa azizityebi owakhuliswa kwinkcubeko yamaGrike, ngoko ke wayenewonga lokuba ngummi waseRoma, izifundo zakhe kwizakwalizwi, ifilosofi, umthetho, imicimbi yezentengiselwano. kwaye kwiilwimi zazigqibelele kwaye ziqinile, zikhumbula ukuba wayeyindoda ekwazi ukuthetha, ukufunda nokubhala ngesiLatini, isiGrike, isiHebhere nesiAramiki.
UPawulos umFarisi noMtshutshisi
Imeko kaPawulos yokuba ngumFarisi ivela kwimbali yembali ebhalwe kwiNcwadi eya kwabaseFilipi apho athi waluswa ngomhla wesibhozo, ephuma kumlibo kaSirayeli, kwisizwe sakwaBhenjamin, umHebhere, wayengunyana kaHebhere, ngoko umthetho womFarasi, ekubeni elitshutshisa ibandla ngokomthetho woMthetho, ebengenakubekwa bala.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndinyana zale ncwadi ziyinxalenye yencwadi ekukholelwa ukuba yabhalwa emva kokufa kwakhe, malunga nonyaka wama-70, kodwa kukho abaphengululi bakaPawulos abathi yena ngokwakhe akanakuba ngumFarisi ekubeni kungekho bungqina boorabhi. akukho nakunye kuzo iincwadi zakhe.
Eli hlelo lisenokuba laqanjwa nguye ebutsheni bakhe, kwincwadi yeZenzo zabaPostile yena ngokwakhe uthi ngobomi bakhe onke amaYuda ayemazi kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, eseJerusalem. Into yokuba babemazi kangangexesha elide yaye babengamangqina akhe ngoxa wayephila njengomFarisi yaye ewulandela ngokungqongqo umthetho wonqulo lwakhe, oko kukuthi, umYuda owayebambelele ngokuqinileyo kwiinkolelo zakhe nowayewuthobela ngokupheleleyo uMthetho kaMoses.
Imithombo ikholelwa ukuba wayengekho eNazarete ngexesha uYesu awayeshumayela ngalo waza wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni, nokuba ngokuqinisekileyo wayeya kufika kwisixeko saseYerusalem ngonyaka wama-36, xa umfeli-nkolo ongumKristu uStefano waxulutywa ngamatye wafa. Yiyo loo nto, ekubeni wayenemfundo eyomeleleyo kwaye engumlandeli ongqongqo wezithethe zamaYuda nezabaFarisi, wayeya kuba ngumtshutshisi wamaKristu, awayesele egqalwa njengenkolo yobuYuda ngelo xesha njengenkolo yobuhedeni, ngelo xesha wayengumtshutshisi. ngokungaguquguqukiyo kakhulu kunye nendoda ye-orthodox.
UPawulos wayengamazi uYesu
Le ndlela isenokuba yayinokwenzeka ekubeni ukuba uPawulos wayeseYerusalem efundisisa noRabhi uGamaliyeli, ngewayemazi uYesu, xa wayekubulungiseleli bakhe kwanakwixesha lokufa kwakhe. Kodwa akukho nanye kwiincwadi ezibhalwe ngesandla sakhe ethetha nantoni na ngako, yaye kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba, ukuba oko kwakunokwenzeka, uPawulos ngewayeyikhankanye ngaxa lithile ebomini bakhe, waza wayishiya ibhaliwe.
Ukuba le yindlela nokwazi ukuba uPawulos wayengumFarisi kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, kwakungafane kwenzeke ukuba umFarisi abe ngaphandle kwePalestina, ngaphandle nje kokuba uPawulos wayesazi isiHebhere nesiAramiki kuphela, kodwa wayekwathetha nesiGrike, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwiminyaka yama-30 emva kukaKristu ukuba waya eYerusalem ukuya kwenza isifundo esinzulu seTorah.
Intshutshiso Yokuqala YamaKristu
KwiZenzo zabaPostile, kubaliswa ukuba ixesha lakhe lokuqala waya kubafundi bakaYesu, kwakukwisixeko saseYerusalem, xa iqela lamaYuda-amaGrike kaStefano kunye nabahlobo bakhe babelapho, kubundlobongela obuthile. mzuzu uPawulos ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba uStefano axulutywe ngamatye, emenza omnye wabafeli-nkolo bokuqala bokholo lobuKristu, ukubulawa ngokuxulutywa ngamatye kwakuya kwenzeka kwisiqingatha sokuqala seshumi leminyaka engama-30 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu, oko kukuthi, iminyaka embalwa emva kokuzalwa kukaKrestu. ukufa kukaYesu.
Kwabanye babaphengululi bakhe, ukuba nenxaxheba kukaPawulos koku kubulawelwa ukholo kwakulinganiselwe, ekubeni ubukho bakhe babungeyonxalenye yesithethe santlandlolo sencwadi yeZenzo, abakholelwa nokuba uPawulos wayekho ekuxulutyweni ngamatye. Abanye bacinga ukuba akukho mathandabuzo ukuba naye ngokwakhe waba nenxaxheba ekubulaweni kukaStefano, kwiZenzo kubaliswa ukuba amaninzi amangqina abeka iingubo zawo ezinyaweni zikaSawule oselula, njengoko wayesaziwa ngoko, nokuba wayeya kuba. malunga nama-25 eminyaka ubudala.
Kwisahluko 8 sencwadi yeZenzo zabapostile, kukho imiboniso yokubulawa komKristu okokuqala kwisixeko saseYerusalem kuxutyushwa kwezinye iindinyana, yaye uSawule ubizwa ngokuba ngumphefumlo wezi ntshutshiso, apho abafazi babengahlonelwa, kuba babetshutshiswa. bonke basiwa entolongweni.
USawule wavumelana nokubulawa okunjalo, ekutshutshisweni okukhulu kwebandla laseYerusalem, kwanyanzeleka ukuba wonke umntu achithakale ngaphandle kwabapostile, baya kwelakwaYuda naseSamariya. Amanye amadoda awayenosizi ngabo bangcwaba uEsteban olihlwempu baza bamlilela. Ngoxa uSawule wayelichitha ibandla lakhe, wangena ezindlwini, wathabatha amadoda nabafazi abavalela entolongweni. Ngokwako, ukubulawa kwamaKristu akuchazwanga ngamagama, kodwa kukuvalelwa entolongweni nokubethwa kwabo babekholelwa kuYesu waseNazarete.
Ngazo babekhangela kuphela indlela yokuboyikisa ngokufa abo babethembekile kuYesu, kwanakwiZenzo, indinyana 22,4:XNUMX ithi uPawulos wayesithi iintshutshiso zaziya kufa, evalela entolongweni amadoda nabafazi ababekhonkxiwe. Kwabanye, indlela yokubona uPawulos ngaphezu komtshutshisi yayiyeyokutshutshiswa ngokoqobo, ngenxa yenzondelelo awayenayo ngoYesu kungekhona ngenxa yokuba wayengumFarisi, ngoko ubomi bakhe ngaphambi kokuba ngumKristu babuzaliswe likratshi elikhulu. inzondelelo ngoMthetho wamaYuda.
Ukuguquka kukaPawulos
Kwincwadi yeZenzo zabapostile, kubhalwe ukuba emva kokuba uStefano waxulutywa ngamatye wafa, uSawule wayesendleleni eya eDamasko, kuba iingcali zeBhayibhile kufuneka ukuba olu hambo lwenzeka kunyaka emva kokufa kukaStefano. USawule wayesoloko esongela ngokufa bonke abalandeli nabafundi bakaYesu, waya kuMbingeleli Omkhulu ukuze acele kuye iincwadi eziya kusiwa kwizindlu zesikhungu eDamasko.
Olu yayiluthumo olwaluphathiswe ngababingeleli ngokwabo baza bona ngokwabo bamcela ukuba abavalele entolongweni abalandeli bakaYesu. Ngoko ukuba babenokufunyanwa endleleni babeza kusiwa eYerusalem bevalelwe.
Kodwa xa wayesendleleni, ukukhanya okumfamekisayo okwakuphuma ezulwini kwamngqonga, yaye wawa emhlabeni laza ilizwi lathi kuye: “Sawule, unditshutshiselani na?” Wambuza ukuba ungubani na, yaye ilizwi lathi kuye: “Sawule, unditshutshiselani na? Ilizwi laphendula lathi, nguYesu lo wayemtshutshisa. Wamxelela ukuba avuke aye esixekweni apho uya kuxelelwa into amakayenze.
Amadoda awayehamba naye, ayenoloyiko olukhulu engakwazi ukuthetha, ayeva nelizwi, kodwa akazange abone mntu. USawule waphakama emhlabeni yaye nangona amehlo akhe ayevulekile, wayengaboni, eyimfama. Warholwa ngesandla, wangena eDamasko, iintsuku ezintathu engaboni nto, engadli, engaseli. UYesu wamcela ukuba aguquke aze abe ngumpostile weeNtlanga kungekhona wamaYuda, oku kumele ukuba kwenzeka ngonyaka wama-36 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu.
UPawulos wachaza la mava njengombono okanye imbonakalo kaYesu Kristu ovusiweyo ngokwakhe nevangeli yakhe, kodwa akazange athethe ngala mava njengenguquko, ekubeni eli gama kumaYuda laliyindlela yokulahla izithixo zawo nokukholelwa kuThixo oyinyaniso. , kodwa uPawulos akazange anqule izithixo, ekubeni wayengumYuda yaye akazange aphile ubomi boburheletyo. Eli gama lisetyenziswa kuPawulos ukuze akhulise ubunzulu bokholo lwakhe lobuYuda ekubeni ubuKristu njengonqulo babungekho ngelo xesha.
Ngoxa wayeseDamasko, wakwazi ukubona kwakhona waza wafumana iqela elincinane labalandeli bakaKristu, waya entlango kangangeenyanga ezimbalwa, ecamngca ngokunzulu ethe cwaka yaye eyedwa kwiinkolelo awayenazo kubo bonke ubomi bakhe. Ubuyela eDamasko kwakhona waza wahlaselwa ngogonyamelo ngamaYuda anenzondelelo yempambano, yayisele ingunyaka wama-39 yaye kwafuneka asabe kweso sixeko kungekho mntu waziyo, esihla ngengobozi enkulu eyayithotywe ngeendonga.
Wehla waya eYerusalem, ethetha neentloko zebandla likaKristu, noPetros, nabapostile; USan Bernabé uyamamkela ecaleni kwakhe, kuba wayemazi kakuhle kwaye esisizalwane sakhe. Ukusuka apho uya kwidolophu yakowabo iTarso, apho waqalisa ukuhlala nokushumayela de uBharnabhas wamkhangela malunga nonyaka wama-43 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu. UPawulos noBharnabhas bathunyelwa kwa-Antiyokwe, ngoku eyiSiriya, apho kwakukho abalandeli abaninzi bakaKristu, nalapho igama elithi amaKristu laqala ukusetyenziswa khona, baze bazise uncedo lwezihlobo zalo mmandla ukuya kulowo useYerusalem, owayedlula kukutya okubuhlungu. ukunqongophala.
Eli bali linemiba emininzi kunye nokwahluka kodwa ngokwenyani liyafana kwaye ilizwi eliphuma ezulwini limbuza ukuba kutheni emtshutshisa. Kwiincwadi zakhe zikaPauline iinkcukacha zesi siqendu azixoxwa, nangona ukuziphatha kwakhe ngaphambi nasemva kwesiganeko kubonakala kuzo. Kwenye yazo wabhala ukuba akazange ayifunde nakubani na, kodwa uYesu Kristu ngokwakhe wayibonisa kuye. Ukwathi wonke umntu wayeyazi indlela yokuziphatha kwakhe njengomYuda, nomtshutshisi webandla likaThixo, nto leyo eyayitshabalalisa.
Ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na ngenxa yokuba wayebugqwesa ubuYuda, kungoko kwazalwa inzondelelo ngezithethe awayenazo kwimfundo yakhe. Kodwa ikwabonisa ukuba lowo wamahlulayo kunina, wambiza ngobabalo, wamtyhila uNyana wakhe kuye, ukuba abe ngumshumayeli weentlanga, ngoko uya kwelaseArabhi, abuyele eDamasko. Umphumo waloo mava anamandla eDamasko watshintsha indlela yakhe yokucinga neyokuziphatha kwakhe.
Uthetha njengomYuda kwixesha langoku, kungoko kwafuneka athobele imimiselo yoMthetho wamaYuda kunye namagunya awo, mhlawumbi akazange azishiye iingcambu zakhe zamaYuda, kwaye wayethembekile kumava awayephila kuloo ndlela, leyo. ithathwa njengenye yezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo kwimbali yebandla lamaKristu. Ubumfama awabuvayo kuloo ndlela nobuye bathabatha iintsuku ezintathu baphiliswa nguHananiyas, xa wabeka izandla zakhe phezu kwentloko yakhe, naye wabhaptizwa waza wahlala kweso sixeko kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa.
Ngonyaka we-1950 kwaqala kwaveliswa iingcamango zokuba uPablo de Tarso wayenesifo sokuxhuzula, nokuba imibono yakhe namava achulumancisayo yayiyimbonakaliso yesi sifo, ukuba ubumfama bakhe busenokuba ngenxa yesisu esisembindini esasinokubangela iretinitis yelanga xa wayekwintliziyo yakhe. indlela eya eDamasko, okanye ukuba inokuba ibangelwa ukuvalelwa kwemithambo ye-vertebrobasilar, i-occipital contusion, i-vitreous hemorrhage ebangelwa ngumbane, i-digitalitis poisoning okanye izilonda ze-cornea, kodwa zonke ezi zingqikelelo nje.
ubulungiseleli bokuqala
Ubulungiseleli bakhe baqalisa kwisixeko saseDamasko naseArabhiya, apho ubukumkani bamaNabataea babukhona, kodwa weva intshutshiso evela kuAretas IV, malunga neminyaka engama-38 nowama-39 emva kukaKristu. Kungeso sizathu le nto kwafuneka asabele eYerusalem kwakhona apho wayetyelele khona yaye ethetha ngokuthe ngqo noPetros noYakobi, abapostile bakaYesu. NguBharnabhas ngokwakhe owamzisa phambi kwabo, apho bamnika iimfundiso ezithile awayezilungiselele nguYesu.
Ixesha awalichitha eYerusalem lalifutshane, ekubeni kwafuneka asabe apho ngenxa yamaYuda athetha isiGrike, emva koko waya eKesareya yaseMariti waza wasabela kwidolophu yakowabo iTarso eKilikiya, apho kwafuneka achithe iminyaka eliqela. UBernabé waya kumkhangela ukuba aye kwa-Antiyokwe, apho wachitha unyaka efundisa ivangeli, esi sixeko saba liziko apho abahedeni baguqukela kubuKristu. Emva kohambo oluthile ubuyela eYerusalem kwiminyaka kamva.
Ukubanjwa nokufa kukaPablo
Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lobukho bukaPawulos, liqala ekubanjelweni kwakhe eYerusalem de asiwe eRoma, yonke le nxalenye ichazwa kwiZenzo zabapostile ukusuka kwisahluko 21 ukuya kwesama-31, nangona engathethi ngokufa kwakhe. ababhali eli bali alinambali kodwa linika iindaba zobomi bakhe ezithathwa njengeyinyani.
Kweli nqanaba uYakobi unika uPawulos icebiso lokuba ngokuziphatha kwakhe xa wayeseYerusalem kufuneka azibonakalise ethembekile ngakumbi kwaye esebenziseka, uyavuma ukwenjenjalo, xa isithethe seentsuku ezingama-70 sele siza kuphela, kwakukho amaYuda amaninzi aphuma kumaphondo ElaseAsiya lathi labona uPawulos eTempileni laza lamxelela izityholo zokwaphula iMithetho nokuhlambela itempile engcwele, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba amaGrike aguqukileyo eze kuye.
Phakathi kwabo bazama ukumbulala, kodwa wasuswa apho ngokubanjwa kweTribune yenkundla yaseRoma, eyayizinze kwiNqaba yaseAntonia, wasiwa kwiSanhedrin apho wakwaziyo ukuzithethelela kodwa. kwangaxeshanye wabangela impikiswano phakathi kwabaFarisi nabaSadusi, ngombandela wovuko. Kodwa amaYuda ayesele eceba indlela yokumbulala uPawulos, kodwa umthetheli-waka umthumela kuMthetheli wakwaYuda uMarco Antonio Félix, kwisixeko saseKesareya iMaritima, apho azithethelela khona kwizityholo.
Igqwetha lihlehlisa ityala kwaye uPablo uchitha iminyaka emibini entolongweni, ityala libuye lihlaziywe xa kufika igqwetha elitsha uPorcio Festo. UPawulos wenza isibheno sokuba abe phambi koKesare, ngoko uthunyelwa eRoma, kumele kukhunjulwe ukuba wayenamalungelo okuba ngummi waseRoma.Kukweli xesha lokuvalelwa apho kubhalwe khona iincwadi eziya kwabaseFilipi nekaFilemon.
Kolu hambo lokuya eRoma njengebanjwa, kufunyanwa imithombo enokuthenjwa engohambo lwakhe, owamkhaphayo nendlela awachitha ngayo ixesha kwiSiqithi saseMalta malunga neenyanga ezintathu. Kwincwadi yeZenzo zabaPostile, ukubaluleka kokufika kukaPawulos eRoma kubaliswa njengendlela yokuzalisekisa amazwi kaYesu okusa iindaba ezilungileyo kuzo zonke iintlanga.
Ufika eRoma kungekhona ngokuthanda kwakhe, njengoko wayefuna ukwenjenjalo kwiminyaka eli-10 ngaphambili, kodwa njengebanjwa elaliphantsi kotyekelo lukaKesare, esenza amaRoma ngokwawo abe ngabameli ngokuthe ngqo bendlela ubuKristu obabuza kubambelela ngayo kubukhosi baseRoma. ixesha laliza kuthatha iminyaka emibini apho wayengavalelwanga kodwa egadiwe.
Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukususela ngowama-61 ukusa kowama-63 uPawulos wayehlala eRoma, kuhlobo oluthile lwentolongo nenkululeko enemiqathango, kungekhona entolongweni kodwa kwindlu yangasese, wayesoloko ebekwe phantsi kweliso elibukhali. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba wakhululwa, ekubeni ebudeni betyala akuzange kubekho kuvisisana kuzo naziphi na izityholo awayetyholwa ngazo, ngoko uqalisa ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe wobuvangeli kwakhona, kodwa akukho kuchana kweli xesha.
Kwakule ncwadi inye yeZenzo zabapostile akukhankanywa ngokufika kwakhe eRoma, ngoko kukholelwa ukuba wayeseKrete, eIliria naseAkhaya yaye mhlawumbi kwanaseSpeyin, yaye kwiincwadi zakhe ezininzi kuphawulwa ukuba apho. yayingumsebenzi omkhulu kumbutho wecawe yobuKristu. Ngonyaka wama-66 usenokuba wayeseTréade, apho watyholwa ngobuxoki ngomnye wabantakwabo.
Apho ubhala eyona ncwadi ichukumisayo, iNcwadi yesiBini eya kuTimoti, apho, sele ediniwe, ekuphela kwento ayifunayo kukuva ubunzima ngenxa kaKristu aze anikele ngobomi bakhe ukuze bube secaleni kwakhe ngenxa yebandla elitsha elalisekwa. Wasiwa kwenye yezona ntolongo zimbi, apho kwiinyanga zokugqibela zobomi bakhe wayenethemba lokufumana olo khanyiso lokuba kunye noKristu, umele ukuba waziva elahliwe ngabo bonke abalandeli bakhe nangabanye abapostile.
Isithethe sisixelela, kwanezifundo zembali nengcaciso, ukuba uPawulos wafela eRoma xa umlawuli wayenguNero yaye yayinogonyamelo olugqithiseleyo. UIgnatius wakwa-Antiyokwe wachaza intlungu awayekuyo uPawulos xa wayebhala incwadi eya kwabase-Efese XII, ngenkulungwane yesibini. Kukholelwa ukuba uPawulos wafa ngexesha elinye lokufa kukaPetros phakathi kowama-64-67 AD. UNero wayengumlawuli ukususela ngowama-54 ukusa kowama-68, uEusebius waseKesareya ubhala kuxwebhu ukuba uPawulos wanqunyulwa intloko kwisixeko saseRoma nokuba uPetros wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni, konke oko ngomyalelo kaNero.
Kwalo mgqabazi ukwabhala ukuba uPawulos wabandezeleka ngokufa okufanayo noYohane uMbhaptizi. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe uNero waba ngomnye wabona batshutshisi bangamaKristu bakhohlakele ngokukodwa abapostile bakhe. Iimeko zokufa kwakhe zimnyama kakhulu, zimgwebela ukufa, kodwa ngenxa yemeko yakhe yokuba ngummi waseRoma, kwafuneka anqunyulwe intloko ngekrele, mhlawumbi yayiza kuba ngunyaka wama-67 emva koKristu.
Ingcwaba likaPawulos
UPawulos wangcwatywa kwiVia Ostia eRoma. ERoma, i-Basilica yaseSaint Paul Ngaphandle kweendonga yakhiwe apho kukholelwa ukuba umzimba wakhe wangcwatywa. Ihlelo likaPawulos lakhula ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elaseRoma, lanwenwela kweminye imimandla yaseYurophu nakuMntla Afrika. UPresbyter Caius ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX okanye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX unxulumanisa ukuba xa uPawulos wafayo wangcwatywa eVia Ostiensis kwaye olu lwazi lukwafumaneka kwikhalenda yenkonzo ethetha ngokungcwatywa kwabafeli-nkolo abasusela kwinkulungwane yokuqala. Inkulungwane yesi-XNUMX.
I-Basilica ye-Saint Paul Ngaphandle kweendonga yayingokwemibhalo emininzi kwi-mayile yesibini ye-Via Ostiensis, kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Hacienda de Lucina, i-matron yobuKristu. Kwangenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX kwafunyanwa umbhalo ongaphefumlelwanga kaPseudo Marcelo, onegama leZenzo zikaPetros noPawulos, apho uthi ukubulawa kukaPawulos nokunqunyulwa kwakhe intloko kwenzeka kwiAcque Salvie ekwiVia Laurentina apho ifumaneka khona. ngoku iDelle Tre Fontane Abbey, ikwachaza intloko yakhe ibetha kathathu, ibangela ukuvuza okuthathu ukuvula kwisiza.
I-Basilica ye-Saint Paul Ngaphandle kweendonga yabandezeleka kuthotho lokumba ngo-2002 kwaye ngo-2006 bafumana iintsalela zomntu ngaphakathi kwe-marble sarcophagus eyayiphantsi kwesibingelelo esikhulu, ingcwaba lalibhalwe ngonyaka we-390, kodwa iintsalela ezazingaphakathi. i-sarcophagus yavavanyelwa i-carbon-14 kwaye yabhalwa phakathi kwe-2009st kunye ne-XNUMXnd yenkulungwane. NgoJuni ka-XNUMX, uPope Benedict XVI wabhengeza ukuba ngokophando olwenziweyo ngenxa yomhla wokuthandana, indawo yayo kunye nazo zonke ezandulela ezaziwayo, inokuba yintsalela kaSaint Paul uMpostile.
Iihambo zobuthunywa
Ngonyaka wama-46 emva kokuba uKristu eqalise ukuthabatha ungcelele lohambo lobuvangeli basemazweni, abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuba olu hambo lwaqala ekuqaleni konyaka wama-37. Zaziqhutywa ngeenyawo, nto leyo eyayifuna umgudu omkhulu, ngenxa yeekhilomitha ezininzi ekwakufuneka zihanjwe eAsia Minor.
- Eyokuqala kubo yayisuka eSipro okanye eAtalia ukuya eDerbhe, kwindlela eziikhilomitha ezili-1000 XNUMX.
- Uhambo lwesibini lwalusuka eTarso ukuya eTróades, uhambo lweekhilomitha ezili-1400, ukusuka apho ukuya eAncyra luziikhilomitha ezingama-526 ngaphezulu.
- Uhambo lwesithathu ukusuka eTarso ukuya e-Efese lwaluziikhilomitha ezili-1150 1700, yaye uhambo lokutyhubela lo mmandla lwaluza kuba malunga neekhilomitha ezili-XNUMX XNUMX.
Waphinda wenza ezinye iihambo emhlabeni eYurophu naselwandle ngeendlela ezinzima, apho kwakukho umahluko omkhulu ekuphakameni, yena ngokwakhe wabhala kwiincwadi zakhe ukuba wayehamba ngexesha lokufa, amaYuda ambetha ngeentambo neentonga. waxulutywa ngamatye, waphukelwa yinqanawa elwandle, wada waphumela enzonzobileni, iingozi zemilambo, iingozi zemilambo, abahlaseli, kunye namaYuda, kunye neentlanga, phakathi kwezixeko, ndalamba, ndinxanwa, andizange ndilale izihlandlo ezininzi. ngenxa yokubanda, umsebenzi, ngamafutshane, konke oko kungenxa yoxanduva lwabo nokuxhalabela iicawa zabo.
Kuhambo lwakhe wayengenabakhaphi ukuze abe lixhoba elilula lezihange, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni apho kungekho ndawo yokumisa iintente nalapho abantu babengayi rhoqo. Kodwa ukuhamba ngolwandle akukhuselekanga nako. Yaye ukuba wayesiya kwizixeko zamaGrike namaRoma, akazange ayeke ukuba ngumYuda, owayethandabuza isithethe esasigqalwa njengendoda esaphuli-mthetho nokuba wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni. Wonke umntu wamvumela waza wamkhalimela, nkqu namaYuda ngokwawo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha umsebenzi wakhe awuzange uphele emva kokuba egqibile ukushumayela ivangeli likaYesu Krestu ukuze enze uluntu.
Uhambo lokuqala
Uhambo lwakhe lokuqala luhamba noBernabé kunye noJuan Marcos, umzala kaBernabé, owayengumncedisi, bonke bethunyelwe yiCawa yakwa-Antiyokwe. UBernabé nguye owayekhokela ubuthunywa ekuqaleni, balishiya izibuko laseSelukiya ngesikhephe, ukuya kwisiqithi saseSipro, apho uBernabé wayevela khona. Banqumla isiqithi bedlula eSalamis ukuya ePafo, oko kukuthi, ukusuka ngasempuma ukuya kunxweme olusentshona.
Xa babesePafos, uPablo uyakwazi ukuguqula ibamba laseRoma, uSergio Paulo. Bakunye nabo uElimas, igqirha, elingafuni ukuba ibamba lilandele olu nqulo lutsha. UPawulos wathi wayengumkhohlisi ozele bubungendawo, ukuba wayengunyana kaMtyholi notshaba lobulungisa, wathi oku, uElimas waba yimfama. Xa ibamba lakubona oku, lakholelwa kukholo lobuKristu. Ukusuka apho badlulela ePerga, ummandla wasePamfiliya, ngaselunxwemeni olusemazantsi kumbindi weAsia Minor. Ukususela ngaloo mzuzu uSawule uyayeka ukubizwa ngokuba yiPablo, igama lakhe lesiRoma, yaye ukususela ngoko uyintloko yolo thumo, uJuan Marcos ohamba nabo uyabashiya aze abuyele eYerusalem, ebangela ukucaphuka kukaPablo.
Landela uhambo lwakhe noBharnabhas emhlabeni waseAnatoliya, betyhutyha elaseGalati, kwa-Antiyokwe yasePisidi, eIkoniyo, eListra naseDerbhe, ingcamango yakhe yayikukushumayela kuqala kumaYuda, ekubeni wayecinga ukuba ayekulungele ngakumbi ukusiqonda isigidimi. oku kwakuchasene nezibhengezo zakhe zevangeli yobuKristu, xa zabonakalisa ukungalwamkeli ubulungiseleli bakhe emva koko wahlabela mgama waya kushumayela kwiiNtlanga, bambi kubo bamamkela ngovuyo. Bandula ke bathabathe inqanawa eAtaliya ukuya kwa-Antiyokwe eSiriya, apho achitha ixesha namaKristu. Olu hambo lokuqala lwaluphambi kweBhunga laseYerusalem yaye waxulutywa ngamatye wafa kwisixeko saseListra.
ibhunga laseYerusalem
Emva kolu hambo lokuqala okanye uthumo nokuchitha ixesha kwa-Antiyokwe, amaYuda athile eza kuye, esalatha imfuneko yolwaluko ukuze asindiswe, nto leyo ebangela ingxaki kuPawulos noBharnabhas. Bobabini bathunyelwa kunye nabanye abantu ukuba baye eYerusalem baze babonisane namadoda amakhulu nabanye abapostile. Olu yayiza kuba lutyelelo lwesibini lukaPawulos eYerusalem, emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesine xa waba ngumKristu, yayingonyaka wama-47 okanye wama-49, waza weza nolwakhe uguquko kwingxoxo-mpikiswano njengendlela yokwenza imiyalelo malunga nomngcipheko obandakanyekileyo kwisigqibo sokuvuma ukuxolelwa kwezono. ulwaluko.
Oku kwakhokelela kwicabal ebizwa ngokuba liBhunga laseYerusalem apho isikhundla sikaPawulos sasoyisayo, nalapho isiko lamaYuda lolwaluko lalingayi kunyanzeliswa kubantu beeNtlanga ababeguqukele kubuKristu. Oku kwamkelwa kwesikhundla sakhe kwakulinyathelo eliya phambili kwindlela ubuKristu bokuqala obakhululwa ngayo kwiingcambu zamaYuda ukuze bube ngumpostile omtsha.
Kamva uPawulos wakhalimela ukuba izithethe zamaYuda zazingento yanto, yaye oku kwakungekuko ulwaluko kuphela, kodwa nako konke ukugcinwa kwalo, ukuze agqibezele ngesibakala sokuba umntu akangomntu ugwetyelwayo xa egcina uMthetho wobuthixo, kodwa oko kwakungeyomfuneko. kwakungedini elenziwa nguKristu elimgwebela ngokwenene kwaye ngendlela ekhululekileyo, ngamanye amazwi usindiso sisipho sesisa esivela kuThixo.
Lakuba liphelile ibhunga laseYerusalem, uPawulos noBharnabhas babuyela kwa-Antiyokwe, apho kuqalisa ingxubusho entsha. USimon Petros waye wadla kunye nabeeNtlanga waza wasishiya esi sikhundla xa amadoda aseSantiago afika aza aqalisa ukubonisa iiyantlukwano zawo kwizinto awayezenza, uPawulos wasamkela isikhundla sikaPetros, awayekholelwa ukuba uyintsika esisiseko yeBandla laseYerusalem.
Kodwa kwafuneka abonakalise ukuchasa kwakhe waza wamxelela ukuba ngoku wayesaphula imigaqo yakhe yaye wayengekho endleleni elungileyo ngokokusekwa yivangeli ababeyishumayela. Oku yayingekokungafani nje kwezimvo, kodwa kunoko uPawulos wabona ukuba uPetros wayewela kumthetho, ejikela ngokuchasene neendaba ezilungileyo noko kwakumiselwe eYerusalem, oko kukuthi, ukubaluleka kokukholwa kuKristu kwakuyekwa ecaleni. umthetho.
Enoba wawuyintoni na umphumo wesi siganeko, inyaniso ikukuba sayinqamla imiphumo ethile, ekubeni uBharnabhas wayenokuthethelela amadoda aseSantiago yaye oko kwakuya kuba ngunobangela wokwahlukana kukaPawulos noBharnabhas noPawulos bemka kwisixeko sakwa-Antiyokwe. nguSilas.
Uhambo lwesibini
Uhambo lwesibini lukaPawulos luhamba noSilas, bemka kwa-Antiyokwe baza banqumla amazwe aseSiriya naseKilikiya, eDerbhe naseListra, emazantsi eGalati. Ukufika kwabo eListra, uTimoti wabathelela, ukuze kamva uqhubekele eFrigi, apho bafika bafumana khona imimandla emitsha yamaKristu. Ababanga nako ukuqhubeka besiya eBhithiniya, ngoko bemka eMisiya naseTrowa, apho uLucas wayebalindile.
Bagqiba ekubeni baqhubeke eYurophu naseMakedoni, apho baseka ibandla lokuqala laseYurophu lamaKristu, uluntu lwaseFilipi. Kodwa bona batyakatywa ngeentonga baza bavalelwa entolongweni ngamagosa aseRoma akwesi sixeko.” UPawulos waya eTesalonika, echitha ixeshana elincinane apho, exhakamfula ithuba lokushumayela iindaba ezilungileyo kwabo wayenokuba nako, kodwa esoloko eneengxaki ezininzi namaYuda.
ETesalonika kwakukho ubutshaba obuninzi ngakubo, ngoko imbono yabo yokuqala yokuba kwakuza kufika eRoma iyatshintsha. Uhamba nge-Via Egnatía aze atshintshe indlela e-Thessaloniki ukuya eGrisi. UPawulos kwafuneka asabe enqumla eBhereya aze athabathe uhambo oluya eAtene apho wakhangela indlela yokufumana ingqalelo yabemi baseAtene, ababesoloko bekhangele izinto ezintsha, ezisa ivangeli yakhe engoYesu ovusiweyo.
Wandula ke aye eKorinte apho ahlala khona unyaka onesiqingatha, wamkelwa nguAkwila noPrisila, isibini esitshatileyo esingamaKristu angamaYuda esagxothwayo eRoma ngomyalelo omtsha woMlawuli uKlawudiyo saza saba ngabahlobo abasenyongweni noPawulos. Edlula e-Efese, apho uPawulos esiwa kwinkundla kaGaliyo, ibamba laseAkhaya, kungekho nto imbi ngaphandle kukaLucius Junius Anneus Gallio, umkhuluwa wesithandi sobulumko esibalaseleyo uSeneca.
Le nkcazelo ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kumyalelo owabhalwa eDelphi waza wafunyanwa ngowe-1905, yaye ugqalwa njengobungqina obungokwembali obubambekayo obasusela emva kwiminyaka yama-50 nowama-51 yobomi bukaPawulos nobukho bakhe eKorinte. Apho ngonyaka wama-51 uPawulos ubhala iNcwadi yokuqala eya kwabaseTesalonika, enye yezona ncwadi zindala kwiTestamente eNtsha, kwaye emva koko kunyaka olandelayo ubuyela kwa-Antiyokwe.
Uhambo lwesithathu
Olu yayiluhambo olunzima kakhulu lukaPablo kwaye lolona lwamphawula kakhulu kuthumo lwakhe, lolona lwabangela ukuba abandezeleke kakhulu, kulo wayenenkcaso eqatha kunye neentshaba ezininzi, watyhubela iimbandezelo ezininzi, wavalelwa entolongweni, izinto ezabangela ukuba uPablo abandezeleke kakhulu. waziva ecinezelekile, waza wongezelela koko iingxaki ezazikho kuluntu lwaseGalati naseKorinte, ezamnyanzela yena neqela labalandeli bakhe ukuba babhale iincwadi ezininzi baze benze utyelelo lobuqu, kodwa zonke ezi zithunywa zolu hambo zavelisa iziqhamo awayezilindele.
Olu hambo lwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-54 ukuya kwengama-57 emva kukaKristu, kwaye kulapho uninzi lweencwadi zakhe zivela khona. Emva kokuba ekwa-Antiyokwe, ebuyile kuhambo lwakhe lwesibini, watyhutyha emantla eGalati nelaseFrigi ukuze aqinisekise abafundi abatsha aze aqhubeke e-Efese apho wazimisela khona ukuze aphumeze uthumo lwakhe olutsha, elawula ukushumayela imimandla emininzi kunye. iqela elalihamba ecaleni kwakhe. Wathetha namaYuda ezindlu zesikhungu, waza emva kweenyanga ezintathu engakholwanga ngamazwi akhe, waqala ukufundisa kwisikolo sikaTira.
Akukho datha ekhoyo kweso sikolo, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba yinyani, mhlawumbi bekuya kuba sisikolo se-rhetoric, endiyiqeshileyo indawo kuPablo xa ingasetyenziswa. Kuyabonakala ukuba wanikela iimfundiso zakhe apho ukususela ngentsimbi ye-11 kusasa kwada kweyesi-4 emva kwemini, yinto eyayiza kugqalwa njengohlobo lokuqala lwecatechesis, olwalusenziwa rhoqo, apho kwanikelwa khona imfundiso yezakwalizwi kaPauline nendlela yokutolika. yezibhalo.
Xa efika e-Efese, ubhala incwadi yakhe eya kumabandla aseGalati, ekubeni kwakukho abathunywa bevangeli abangamaYuda ababebanga ukuba zonke iiNtlanga eziguqukileyo zifanele zaluke, babeyichasile ingcamango kaPawulos yokuba esi sithethe sasingeyomfuneko kwabo baguqukayo. ekubeni babengengomaYuda azalelweyo, le ncwadi iyindlela yokuvakalisa inkululeko yobuKristu ukuze ibekwe kwiimbono zamaYuda ezazisekho kula mabandla, umthwali wazo yayinguTito, yaye babenethemba eliphumelelayo lokuba yayiza kumiselwa. gcina kwaye ulondoloze ubuntu bukaPauline kuluntu lwaseGalati.
Kwakhona weva ngeengxaki ezavela kwibandla laseKorinte, apho kwakusekwa khona amaqela phakathi koluntu, amanye anxamnye noPawulos, kwakukho amahlazo amaninzi neengxaki ngenxa yeemfundiso, yaye konke oku kwaziwa kwiincwadi ezazithunyelwe nguPawulos. Wabhala iincwadi ezine kubo, abanye bakholelwa ezintandathu, apho ezimbini ziyaziwa namhlanje, kukholelwa ukuba zivela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala.
Iileta ezimbini zokuqala zadityaniswa koko siyazi ngokuba yiLeta yokuQala eya kwabaseKorinte, apho wenza izilumkiso eziqatha kulo lonke uluntu ngenxa yeyantlukwano eyavela kulo, amanyundululu awathi avela ingakumbi ngokulalana kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuhenyu. izenzo. Lo mmandla wawuneengxaki eziqhubekayo, ezazilungelelaniswe ngabavangeli basemazweni ababengavisisani noPawulos.
Kungenxa yoko le nto wabhala incwadi yesithathu, leyo ichazwa eBhayibhileni njengeyesi-2 kwabaseKorinte. Eyesithathu neyesine yayikutyelelo lukaPawulos oluzele yintlungu ekubeni ibandla lalinxamnye naye kwaye limphethe kakubi esidlangalaleni. Xa ebuyela e-Efese, ubhala incwadi yesine eya kuluntu lwaseKorinte, ebizwa ngokuba yiLeta yeenyembezi, ekubeni ingesosigidimi sokudumisa kuphela sokuzikhusela kwiintshaba zakhe, kodwa yayizaliswe ziimvakalelo zakhe ezininzi. .
E-Efese bayamqinisekisa ukuba uya kukhuseleka iminyaka emi-2 okanye emi-3, kwincwadi yeZenzo kukho intetho yokruthakruthwano olunamandla phakathi kukaPawulos noonyana abasixhenxe babakhupheli bemimoya bombingeleli ongumYuda, owayebizwa ngokuba yimvukelo yabakhandi besilivere . ngomzuzu wemvukelo yentiyo eninzi eyabangelwa nguDemetriyo yaza yalandelwa ngabakhandi begolide ababezinikele kuthixokazi uArtemis. Oku kushumayela kukaPawulos kwamcaphukisa uDemetriyo owayezinikele ekwenzeni iingcwele zesilivere yaye wayengavelisi ngeniso.
UDemetriyo wathi ngenxa kaPawulos abantu abaninzi baphambuka, ekubeni wabaphembelela ukuba baguquke ngokuthi izithixo azenziwanga ngazandla, yaye ngako oku ukushumayela kwakhe kwaba semngciphekweni nokungahlonelwa nokuba netempile kathixokazi uArtemis owathi. IAsiya yayinqulwa eAsiya kwaye kulo lonke ihlabathi lingawa ngobungangamsha bayo. Ababhali abaninzi bacinga ukuba uPawulos wayevalelwe e-Efese yaye kungenxa yoko le nto iinzima zakhe ezininzi kuthethwa ngazo kule ndawo, bakholelwa nokuba usenokuba wabhala iincwadi eziya kwabaseFilipi nekaFilemon apho, ekubeni yena ngokwakhe ekhankanya ukuba wayelibanjwa. xa wayezibhala .
Akwaziwa enoba emva kokuba ese-Efese uPawulos uye ngokukhawuleza waya eKorinte, eMakedoni naseIliriko, ukuze aqalise ukushumayela ngokufutshane, inyaniso ikukuba olu yayiza kuba lutyelelo lwakhe lwesithathu eKorinte ibe wahlala iinyanga ezintathu eAkhaya. Apho wayeya kubhala incwadi yakhe yokugqibela eseleyo namhlanje, eyincwadi eya kwabaseRoma ekukholelwa ukuba yabhalwa ngonyaka wama-55 okanye wama-58 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Obu bungqina indala ebhekisela kuluntu lwamaKristu eRoma kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kubhekiselwa kuyo njengomnqophiso Pablo kaThixo, kulapho ithi uya kutyelela eRoma yaye ukusuka apho wayeza ukuya Hispania naseNtshona.
UPawulos waphinda wacinga ngokubuyela eYerusalem, ezama ukuba amabandla akhe eeNtlanga aqalise ukuqokelelela amahlwempu esixeko, xa wayesenza isigqibo sokukhwela inqanawa eKorinte aye eSiriya, amanye amaYuda afuna indlela yokumbamba, ngoko ke uPawulos wayesithi: ugqiba kwelokuba acande eMakedoni. Wayehamba nabafundi bakhe bevela eBhereya, eTesalonika, eDerbhe nase-Efese, ngoko wakhwela isikhephe waya kuFilipu, eTrowa, naseAsus naseMitilene.
Ucanda eziqithini zaseKiyo, eSamos, naseMileto, apho athethe kakuhle namadoda amakhulu ebandla lase-Efese, awayehlanganisene khona apho, wemka ngomkhombe waya eKos, eRodo, ePatara yaseLikiya, naseTire, kwelaseFenike, eTolemayi, nelaseFenike. EKesareya yaselwandle, uhamba emhlabeni ukuya eYerusalem apho ekwazi ukuhambisa imali eqokelelweyo.
Ngokusuka kwincwadi awayithumela kumaRoma, kubonakala ukuba uPawulos wayekhathazeke kakhulu kukubuyela kwakhe eYerusalem, okokuqala ngenxa yentshutshiso yamaYuda nangenxa yokusabela kwalo lonke uluntu ngakuye nangenxa yemali awayenayo. eqokelelwe kwezinye iindawo zamaKrestu awathi wawaseka. Into ekungaziwayo yeyokuba le ngqokelela yahanjiswa na, ekubeni kukho intetho yongquzulwano phakathi koPawulos angazange akwazi ukuyicombulula ngenxa yekhwele elalisekho kuluntu lwaseYerusalem ngendlela awayeshumayela ngayo iindaba ezilungileyo.
Ixatyiswa njani iSão Paulo?
Ekubeni waphila waza waqhubeka ukutyhubela zonke ezinye izizukulwana, umntu nezigidimi zikaPawulos waseTarso ziye zaba ngunobangela weengxoxo eziye zavelisa izigqibo ezingokwexabiso eziye zahluka kakhulu neziye zabangela ungquzulwano olukhulu. UPopu uClement waseRoma wade wathi ngexesha lakhe ukufa kukaPawulos kwakubangelwa ngumona nomona awayewubangela kubalandeli bakhe.
Ootata abathathu bokuqala abangabapostile beBandla lenkulungwane yokuqala neyesibini, uClement waseRoma, uIgnatius wakwa-Antiyokwe noPolycarp waseSmirna bathetha ngoPawulos yaye bamoyika, kwanoPolycarp ngokwakhe wathi akanakuze aphile ngokuvisisana nobulumko bobulumko. le ndoda isikelelekileyo. Ukuba yena okanye nawuphi na omnye umntu onjengaye wayenokuba nako ukukhuphisana nobulumko bakhe, ekubeni ngoxa wayesaphila wakwazi ukufundisa abantu nokuzisa ilizwi lenyaniso, xa wayengekho wayebhala iincwadi zakhe yaye ngokufunda kwakhe wayenokunzulu ngazo. nize nenze izakhiwo egameni lokholo.
Umsinga wobuYuda nobuKrestu kwibandla lokuqala wawunemvukelo kancinane ngokushumayela kukaPawulos, owathi wagqalwa njengotshaba lukaYakobi kunye noPetros ngokwakhe, ababeziinkokeli zebandla laseYerusalem. Incwadi ekuthiwa yabhalwa nguPetros ebizwa ngokuba yiNcwadi yesiBini kaPetros eyabhalwa ngonyaka we-100 ukusa kowe-150 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu, yabonisa ukuba ubani umele azilumkele iincwadi zikaPawulos.
Yaye nangona emkhankanya njengomzalwana oyintanda, lo mbhalo uvakalisa ukuthandabuza kwakhe ngeengxaki ezinokuvela ngokuphathelele indlela yokuqonda imibhalo yakhe, ngokukodwa kwabo babegqalwa bebuthathaka okanye ababengaqeqeshwanga kwimfundiso yamaYuda namaKristu; nto leyo enokuguqula ukuqonda kwemfundiso ize ibakhokelele entshabalalo.
Aba bawo bebandla balandelayo bazixhasa iincwadi zikaPawulos baza bazisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo. UIrenaeus waseLyons ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini, wada wabonisa ngokulandelelana kwabapostile emabandleni, ukuba uPetros noPawulos babesisiseko seCawa yaseRoma. Wacebisa ukuba iingcinga kunye namazwi kaPawulos kufuneka ahlalutywe, emisela ukuba kwiZenzo zabaPostile, iileta zikaPauline kunye nezibhalo zesiHebhere, kwakukho ubudlelwane.
Bafanele bacaciswe malunga nokutolikwa kwabo babebizwa ngokuba ngabaqhekeki, abangamqondiyo uPawulos, nababezizidenge nabaphambeneyo, amazwi kaPawulos, ukuba babonakale bengamaxoki, ngoxa uPawulos wayesoloko ezibonisa ngenyaniso yaye wayefundisa zonke izinto. ngokushunyayelwa kwenyaniso yobuthixo. KwakungoAugustine waseHippo ukuba impembelelo kaPawulos yabonakaliswa koobawo beCawa, ngakumbi kwiPelagianism yakhe, kodwa umsebenzi kunye nomfanekiso kaPawulos wahlala ixesha elide.
URomano Penna wathi kwiincwadi zakhe iSt. John Chrysostom wakhokelela uPawulos kumntu ophakamileyo onjengeengelosi nezithunywa zezulu, uMartin Luther wacinga ukuba ukushumayela kukaPawulos kwakunenkalipho. KuMigetius, umqhekeki wenkulungwane yesibhozo kuPawulos wayethabathe uMoya Oyingcwele yaye umfundi owaziwayo wemfundiso yezakwalizwi wenkulungwane yamashumi amabini wayemgqala uPawulos njengomseki wobuKristu bokwenyaniso.
Indlela imibhalo yakhe enokuchazwa ngayo, njengoko uMartin Luther noJohn Calvin wenzayo, yiyo eyakhokelela kwinkqubo yoHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Kamva, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, incwadi kaPauline ithathwa njengendlela yokuphefumlela intshukumo eyayiza kusekwa eNgilani nguJohn Wesley kwaye ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba iphinda ijike ngokuchasene neengcamango zikaPawulos ngomfanekiso kunye nemisebenzi kaFriedrich. Nietzsche, xa eyikhankanya kwincwadi yakhe ethi Umchasi-Kristu apho izityholo ezinxamnye naye nanxamnye noluntu lokuqala lwamaKristu ngenxa yokuba bagqwetha isigidimi sokwenyani sikaYesu.
UNietzsche wathi emva kwamazwi kaYesu kwafika awona mazwi amabi ngoPawulos, kungoko ubomi, umzekelo, imfundiso, ukufa nayo yonke into ngokwengqiqo yeendaba ezilungileyo zayeka ukubakho xa ngoPawulos, ekubeni ngenxa yentiyo waqonda ukuba wayenaye. ukulisebenzisa, ukuba yaba sisizathu sokuba ixesha elidlulileyo lobuKristu lacinywa ukuze kuqalwe imbali entsha yobuKristu bamandulo, eyathi kamva icawa yaxoka njengembali yoluntu, iyenza imbali yobuKristu.
Kodwa ngaphezu koko, uPaul de Lagarde wavakalisa unqulo lwaseJamani necawa yelizwe lonke ecinga ukuba ubuKristu buye bavela kwindaleko eyintlekele, ngenxa yokungabi nabuchule kukaPawulos nendlela awayenokuyiphembelela ngayo ibandla. Eyona nto iyinyani kwizikhundla zikaPetros, uYakobi noPawulos ngokwakhe kukuba bonke babenokholo olufanayo.
Imixholo kaPauline
UPawulos wajongana nezihloko ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiileta nakwiileta zakhe, imfundiso yobuthixo yentlawulelo yayiyeyona nto iphambili awayethetha ngayo uPawulos. Oku kwafundisa amaKristu ukuba ayekhululwe eMthethweni nasesonweni ngokufa kukaYesu nokuvuswa kwakhe okwalandelayo. Ngokufa kwakhe kwacanyagushelwa yaye ngegazi lakhe kwabakho uxolo phakathi koThixo nabantu yaye kungobhaptizo athi amaKristu abe yinxalenye yokufa kukaYesu nendlela awakuzuza ngayo ukufa, kuba kamva lamkela igama loNyana kaThixo.
Ubudlelwane bakhe nobuYuda
UPawulos wayeyimvelaphi yobuYuda, wafunda noGamaliyeli, wabizwa ngokuba ngumFarisi, nto leyo yena ngokwakhe awayengenabhongo ngayo. Esona sigidimi sakhe sasikukuba kwakungeyomfuneko ukuba abeeNtlanga baluke njengamaYuda. Inkoliso yeemfundiso zakhe yayinomdla kwiiNtlanga ezaziqonda ukuba usindiso lwalungaxhomekekanga ekwenzeni izithethe zamaYuda, kodwa yayikukuba amaYuda nabeeNtlanga babenokusindiswa ngobabalo olungokobuthixo, olufumaneka ngokholo.
Ababhali abaninzi namhlanje bayaphikisana enoba oko uPawulos wayekucinga ngokholo, ukuthembeka kuKristu okanye kuKristu, wayebhekisela kubo bonke abo banokholo kuKristu njengendlela efunekayo yokuzuza usindiso, kungekuphela nje abeeNtlanga kodwa kwanakumaYuda, okanye ukuba kunoko, wayebhekisela kubo bonke abo banokholo kuKristu. yayibhekiselele kukunyaniseka kukaKristu emadodeni ukuba abe sisixhobo sosindiso lwabo kwaye kule meko bobabini ngokulinganayo.
UPawulos waba nguvulindlela ekusiqondeni isigidimi sosindiso lukaYesu, saqala ngoSirayeli saza sadluliselwa kuso nasiphi na isidalwa esasiphila emhlabeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sivela phi na. Ngokokuqonda kwabo, abeeNtlanga abalandela uYesu akufuneki balandele imiyalelo esekwe kwiTorah yamaYuda ekhethekileyo kwaye ilungiselelwe abantu bakwaSirayeli kuphela, oko kukuthi, amaYuda.
Kungenxa yeBhunga laseYerusalem ukuba lalikho, apho kwakusekwe ukuba abeeNtlanga bafanele balandele kuphela imimiselo yeeNtlanga okanye imimiselo ye-Noahide. Kwiimfundiso zakhe, xa zisiwa kwabeeNtlanga ngamanye amaxesha babengaqondwa kwaye babetyekele ekuqondweni. AmaYuda amaninzi exesha lakhe ayecinga ukuba wayefuna ukufundisa amaYuda ukuba ayilahle iTorah kaMoses, nto leyo eyayingeyonyaniso, yaye uPawulos ngokwakhe wayikhanyela kwisityholo ngasinye awasivayo. Kwakukho nentlaninge yeentlanga ezazitolika ukuba usindiso ngobabalo lubanika igunya lokona, kwaza kwayiphikisa loo nto.
Kwabaninzi babaphandi bakhe, uPawulos akazange akhangele indlela yokuba ngongamileyo, engasathethi ke ngohlaziyo lobuYuda, kodwa nokokuba iiNtlanga zadityaniswa nabantu bakwaSirayeli ngoKristu ngaphandle kokulahla ubume babo njengeeNtlanga.
Indima yabasetyhini
Kwincwadi yokuqala eyathunyelwa kuTimoti, eye yabalelwa kwinto yokuba yabhalwa nguPawulos, ithathwe njengomthombo wokuqala wegunya lebhayibhile ngokwayo, apho abafazi babethintelwe kwisakramente yocwangco, ubunkokeli kunye nomthetho. isikhundla ngaphakathi Ukusuka kubulungiseleli bobuKristu, le ncwadi isetyenziselwa ukukhanyela ivoti yabasetyhini kwimicimbi yecawe kunye nokubalela isikhundla sokufundisa abantu abadala kunye nemvume yokwenza umsebenzi wobuvangeli.
Kuyo kubhaliwe kwathiwa, umfazi ufanele afunde ngokuthula aze azithobe, ekubeni kungekho namnye kubo onako ukufundisa okanye unegunya okanye igunya phezu kwendoda, ekubeni uAdam wadalwa ngaphambi koEva, kwaye wakhohliswa ukuba adle isenzo sakhe semvukelo aze athabathe. UAdam naye.
Kungenxa yesi sicatshulwa ukuba kuthiwe abafazi abanakuba necawe, kungasathethwa ke ukuba nendima ephambili phambi kwamadoda, abafazi babengakwazi nokufundisa abanye abafazi okanye abantwana, ekubeni babethandabuza, kungoko iicawa zamaKatolika zabalela ubufundisi. abafazi, abbesses bavunyelwe ukuba bafundise kwaye babambe isikhundla solawulo phezu kwabanye abafazi. Ngoko nakuphi na ukutolikwa kwesi sibhalo kwakungafanele kujongane nezizathu zezakwalizwi kuphela, kodwa kwanomongo, isintaksi, nesichazi-magama samagama aso.
Indima yabasetyhini kwibandla lamaKristu lokuqala ibonwa kuphela kubantu bakaFibhi noJuniya abanconywa nguPawulos ngokwakhe, owesibini kubo ngumfazi kuphela okhankanywe kwiTestamente eNtsha ophakathi kwabapostile. Kwabanye abaphandi, indlela abafazi abanyanzelwa ngayo ukuba bathule ebandleni yayingenxa yokongezwa kamva ngomnye umbhali owayengeyonxalenye yencwadi yokuqala kaPawulos eya kwibandla laseKorinte.
Kanye njengokuba kukho abanye abakholelwa ukuba lo mqathango ungokwenyani kaPawulos, kodwa ukubuza imibuzo nokuba neencoko kuphela kwakwalelwe yaye kwakungavumelekanga ukuba abafazi bangakwazi ukuthetha, ekubeni kwincwadi yokuqala eyathunyelwa nguPawulos kwabaseKorinte wathi abafazi wayenelungelo lokuprofeta. Ukongeza, kwiTestamente eNtsha abafazi ababefundisa kwaye babenegunya kwicawa yamandulo bayakhankanywa kwaye babevunywe nguPawulos, ekubeni abafazi kufuneka baphile phantsi kombandela wezakwalizwi.
Ilifa likaPawulos
Ilifa kunye nesimilo sikaSaint uPawulos uMpostile sinokuqinisekiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, eyokuqala ngoluntu lwamaKristu awalusekayo kunye noncedo awayenalo kubalingane abohlukeneyo, okwesibini kuba iincwadi zakhe ziyinyani, oko kukuthi, zibhalwe kwincwadi yakhe. inqindi kunye nonobumba. Kwaye okwesithathu, ngenxa yokuba iileta zakhe zikaDeutero-Pauline zavela kwisikolo esazalelwa kwaye sakhulela kulo mpostile, kwaye kuvela kweli lifa apho yonke impembelelo yakhe yamva yavela.
UMpostile weeNtlanga
Walinikwa eli gama kuba yayingabo awayebalathise kakhulu ekushumayeleni kwakhe ukuba baguqukele ebuKristwini. Ephelekwa nguBernabé, waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe wobuvangeli kwa-Antiyokwe apho waqalisa khona uhambo lwakhe lokuqala lobuvangeli basemazweni, ngonyaka wama-46, esiya eSipro nakwezinye iindawo zaseAsia Minor. Isiqhamo sohambo lwakhe kunye nomsebenzi wakhe njengomshumayeli waba yinto ecacileyo.
Ugqiba kwelokuba alishiye igama lakhe lesiHebhere likaSawule, owayeza kubizwa ngokuba nguPawulos, ekubeni engummi waseRoma wayenokuba nengenelo elunge ngakumbi ekuphuhliseni uthumo lwakhe njengompostile aze akwazi ukufikelela kwiiNtlanga, ukususela ngaloo mzuzu wayeya kulithabatha ilizwi. kwilizwe labahedeni, ngaloo ndlela isigidimi sikaYesu sasinokuwushiya ummandla wamaYuda namaPalestina siye kufika ehlabathini ngendlela evuleleke ngakumbi.
Kulo lonke uhambo nokushumayela kwakhe, wayebonakala kuzo zonke izindlu zesikhungu zamaYuda, kodwa apho akazange alufumane uloyiso, ambalwa amaYuda angamaHebhere awayelandela ukholo lobuKristu ngokwelizwi lakhe. Ilizwi lakhe lamkelwa kakuhle ngakumbi phakathi kweeNtlanga nakwabo babengenalwazi ngemithetho yamaYuda kaMoses nonqulo lwabo lokunqula uThixo omnye.
Yiyo loo nto wakwaziyo ukudala uluntu olutsha okanye amaziko amaKrestu kwiidolophu awayendwendwela kuzo, nto leyo ichazwa njengempumelelo enkulu, kodwa ekwamele ubunzima obuninzi, eListra waxulutywa ngamatye wade wafa, bamshiya abantu. elele esitratweni ecinga ukuba ufile, emnika ithuba lokusaba.
Xa wayesiya kwiBhunga labaPostile, yayikukujongana nemibandela enzulu ngokwenene eyayingayi kuthelekiswa nanto namhlanje, babeza kuxubusha enoba abahedeni bafanele babhaptizwe kusini na yaye, okona kubalulekileyo, enoba kufanele kumiselwe okanye kwaliwe kusini na. Isinyanzelo sokulandela imigaqo yemithetho yamaJuda kwabo bantu baguqukayo besuka kubuhedeni. Wakwazi ukuyibethelela imbono yakhe yokuba abeeNtlanga abaguqukele ekubeni ngamaKristu bafanele babe neengcinga ezifanayo nezo zamaYuda baza bagcina imbono yakhe yokuba intlawulelo eyanikelwa nguKristu yayisisiqalo sokuba lo mthetho kaMoses upheliswe uze ugatye uqheliselo nezithethe ezithile ezaziza kunikelwa ngabo kuphela. zazizezabo bazalwa ngamaYuda.
Ngoxa wayeseAtene, wanikela intetho eAreyopago apho waxubusha ngemibandela emininzi yentanda-bulumko yamaStoyike. Ndikwathetha ngokuza kwesibini kukaKristu nokuba uvuko lwenyama luya kuba njani. Ngoxa wachitha iminyaka emithathu e-Efese, kunokutshiwo ukuba yayingoyena mpostile wayenengeniso kwivangeli yakhe kodwa ikwayeyona yambangela ukuba adinwe kakhulu, ngakumbi xa uDemetriyo wabangela imvukelo yabakhandi begolide nxamnye naye. Kulapho abhala khona incwadi yokuqala eya kwabaseKorinte nalapho kuboniswa khona ukuba wayetyhubela iinzima ezinzulu kubuKristu ekubeni imekobume yehambo evakalala neyobufefe yayigcinwa kweso sixeko.
Uluntu kunye nabaSebenzisi
Ulwimi awayelusebenzisa kuluntu lwakhe kunye namaqabane akhe lwalunenzondelelo, wabhalela abaseTesalonika ukuba balithemba lakhe, uvuyo lwakhe, isithsaba sakhe nozuko lwakhe, waxelela abaseFilipi ukuba uThixo wayebathanda ngothando lukaYesu Kristu nokuba babeya kuba nethemba. akhazimle okwezibane ezinkulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwibandla laseKorinte wemka ukuba angabi nakuziyekela kubo, nokuba wabhala ngaphambili eneenyembezi ukuze baluqonde uthando olukhulu awayenalo ngabo.
Ngokusuka kwindlela awabhala ngayo kuqondwa ukuba uPawulos wayenamandla okuvuselela iimvakalelo ezinkulu zobuhlobo, kubo unokukubona ukunyaniseka inani elikhulu labantu elalinalo kuye, ekukho phakathi kwabo uTimoti, uSilas noTito, ababekunye nabo. yeqela lakhe labasebenzi, ephethe iileta nemiyalezo yakhe kwezona meko zinzima.
Kwakhona kwakukho indoda nomfazi onguPrisila noAkwila, isibini esingamaKristu esalondoloza ubuhlobo obude noPawulos, babenamandla okuthabatha iintente zabo baze baqhubeke naye ukusuka eKorinte ukuya e-Efese baze ke baye eRoma apho babesele begxothiwe khona. kwiminyaka engaphambili, ukulungiselela nje ukufika kwakho.
Kukwakholelwa ukuba uPawulos wakhululwa ngabo e-Efese. UPawulos ngokwakhe wabhala wathi bafanele bakhahlele kuPrikiya noAkwila ababengabasebenzi abangamadlelane akhe kuKristu Yesu nababeka ubomi babo esichengeni ukuze bamsindise yaye akazange anele nje ukubulela kubo kodwa nawo onke amabandla eeNtlanga. U-Lucas naye wayeyinxalenye yeqela lakhe labasebenzisana naye, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba wabhala iVangeli ebizwa ngegama lakhe kunye nencwadi yeZenzo zabaPostile, kwincwadi yesibini eya kuTimoti kukhankanywa ukuba uLucas wayeya kuhamba noPawulos de kube. ekupheleni kwemihla yakhe.
Iileta zikaPauline eziyinyaniso
Iileta okanye iincwadi eziyinyaniso zikaPawulos, ezibhalwe nguye ngokwakhe kwiseti yemibhalo yeTestamente eNtsha ebandakanya le misebenzi ilandelayo iyaqwalaselwa:
- Ileta eya kwabaseTesalonika
- Ndibhalela abaseKorinte
- Incwadi eya kwabaseGalati
- Incwadi eya kuFilemon
- Ileta eya kwabaseFilipi
- Incwadi yesibini eya kwabaseKorinte kunye
- Incwadi eya kwabaseRoma.
Zibonwa njengobunyani obukhulu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, okokuqala ngenxa yokuba zizo zodwa umbhali wazo owaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo, ubunyani bazo buqinisekisiwe kwaye baye baba ngumphelelisi omkhulu kuhlalutyo lwesayensi kunye noncwadi namhlanje. Ukongezelela, umhla wokubhalwa kwayo ngowona mdala kuyo yonke imibhalo yeTestamente eNtsha, malunga neminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-25 emva kokufa kukaYesu waseNazarete yaye ngaphambilana kunemibhalo yeencwadi zevangeli ezaziwa namhlanje, esixelela ukuba le mibhalo-ngqangi yeencwadi zevangeli yamandulo yabhalwa ngoku. Ziimibhalo yokuqala kobuKristu.
Akakho omnye umntu kwiTestamente eNtsha owaziwa kumgangatho omkhulu njengemibhalo yakhe. UPawulos wayenolwazi lwenkcubeko yamaGrike, wayesazi kakuhle isiGrike nesiAramiki, nto leyo eyayinokumnceda ukuba athwale ivangeli ngemizekelo kunye nothelekiso olwaluxhaphakile kwezi nkcubeko, kungoko isigidimi sakhe sasinokufikelela eGrisi. Kodwa le ngenelo yabangela ukuba isigidimi sakhe singaqondwa ngamanye amaxesha kwaye wayenobunzima obuninzi.
Wayekwazi ukubhenela kwiingcamango zamaGrike ezazikude kakhulu kwinto eyayithethwa bubuYuda yaye wayekwazi ukuthetha ngendlela engqongqo nengqongqo ngolo hlobo yemithetho yomYuda. Yiyo loo nto kwihlabathi lamandulo amanye amazwi akhe ayegqalwa njengokuguqulelwa, oko kukuthi, kunzima ukuqondwa yaye nanamhla oku kusaqhubeka kubangela impikiswano enkulu njengoko kwakunjalo ngexesha lokubhalwa kwawo, ngakumbi ekutolikweni kweendinyana ezithile nemixholo ethile. ezinjengobudlelwane beeNtlanga namaYuda, obulubabalo, uMthetho, njl.
Kucacile ukuba incwadi nganye yakhe inesihlandlo kunye nomzuzu othile, wokuba yimpendulo, kuyo nganye kuzo kuyenzeka ukuba kuphononongwe ukuba zeziphi na iinzima kunye neenkcukacha ezithe zachazwa ngumbhali kwaye ukusuka apho kuphononongwa. , zihlalutywe kwaye zixoxa ngokuthembeka komsebenzi wakhe.
Nangona ezi leta zazizama ngelo xesha ukulungisa iingxaki ezithile kwiimeko ezithile kakhulu, kusenokwenzeka ukuba olu luntu luye lwazigcina njengobutyebi yaye kamva zaziza kwabelana ngazo nabanye abahlali basePauline, kungoko kukho amathuba amaninzi okuba ekupheleni Ngenkulungwane yokuqala le mibhalo sele inomzimba, isiphumo somsebenzi wesikolo sikaPauline esaqokelela zonke iileta zakhe ukuseka ilifa elipheleleyo lamazwi kunye neengcamango zakhe.
Iileta zePseudo-epigraphic
Kukwakho neqela lemibhalo ye-epistolary ethiwe thaca njengombhali kaPawulos, kodwa abahlalutyi abaninzi bale mihla bayichaza kubabhali ababenxulumene noPawulos kodwa abangazange bazibhale. Phakathi kwazo kukho:
- Incwadi yesiBini eya kwabaseTesalonika
- Ileta eya kwabaseKolose
- Incwadi eya kwabase-Efese
- Incwadi yokuqala neyesibini eya kuTimoti
- Nencwadi eya kuTito.
Babizwa ngokuba yi-pseudo-epigraphic okanye i-deutero-Pauline, ekubeni abazange basuse udumo lwakhe kodwa bandandise, kuba bekufanele ukuba kukho isikolo, esakhiwe nguPawulos ngokwakhe kwaye apho ilifa lakhe lonke liya kuntywiliselwa, kwaye oko Kwangelo xesha ngewayesebenzise igunya lalo mpostile ukuze abenze basebenze.
Ngokusuka kuhlalutyo lwezi ncwadi zikaPauline ezigqalwa njengeziyinyaniso, kunokushwankathelwa ukuba uPawulos waseTarso waqokelela kungekuphela nje iingcambu zakhe zobuYuda kodwa kwanempembelelo yamaGrike kunye nentsebenziswano awayenayo kwilizwe lamaRoma, nokuba ngokuba ngummi wakhe wayesazi ukuba umthambo. Wayeyazi indlela yokusebenzisa zonke ezi zinto ukuze enze iimeko eziyimfuneko aze enze iziseko zamaziko ahlukeneyo obuKristu aze abhengeze umzobo kaYesu Kristu kungekuphela nje kumaYuda kodwa nakwiiNtlanga.
Isibakala sokuba wayengekho kwiqela labafundi bakaYesu abalishumi elinesibini nokuba nguye yedwa ohambe iindlela ezininzi ezazizele bubunzima nokungaqondi okuninzi kwelizwi lakhe, kwenza uPawulos abe sisixhobo sokwakha nolwando olukhulu lobuKristu kwilizwe elikude. uBukhosi baseRoma owomeleleyo, nto leyo emenza abe yindoda enesiphiwo esinesiphiwo esinamandla kunye nesimilo esihle sobuvangeli basemazweni.
Ingcinga yakhe yayiye yabumba ubuKristu bukaPauline, omnye wemisinga emine esisiseko sobuKristu bamandulo neyinxalenye yoluhlu lwebhayibhile esilwaziyo namhlanje. Kungeencwadi zakhe kunye neencwadi kunye neNcwadi yeZenzo zabaPostile ukuba benze umthombo obalulekileyo wokuseka ubalo-maxesha lobomi bakhe kunye nayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, uninzi lwamaxwebhu akhe amkelwa libandla njengombhali wakhe, ebhaliweyo. ngokwakhe, kungekhona njengoko kusenzeka kwiincwadi zevangeli eziphefumlelweyo ezibhalwe ngabalandeli babapostile, ezabhalwa iminyaka emininzi emva kokufa kwabo.
UPauline Theology
Imfundiso yobuthixo kaPauline ibhekisa kwizifundo ngokuqiqa, ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo nengundoqo yayo yonke ingcamango kaPawulos waseTarso, isicatshulwa sophuhliso olubanzi notshintsho njengoko kwakutolikwa imibhalo yakhe. Intetho yakhe eshwankathelayo inzima kakhulu njengoko wayenobunzima obuninzi ezama naluphi na uhlobo lwenkqubo yengcamango yalo mpostile, njengoko uPawulos waseTarso wayengengomfundisi wezakwalizwi ocwangcisiweyo, ngoko naluphi na udidi okanye ulungelelwaniso olusetyenziswayo luphendula imibuzo ngaphezu kokuba umguquleli ephendula. yenziwe kunenkqubo esetyenziswe ngumbhali.
Kangangexesha elide kukho ingxoxo emandla, kumaLuthere amandulo, umxholo ophambili wemfundiso yezakwalizwi kaPauline wawukukuba ukholo lugwetyelwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imisebenzi esekwe kuMthetho.Kusukela koku kuqiqa okwathi le mfundiso yezakwalizwi yaqala ukuthethelelwa. eqondwa embindini webandla lamaKristu. Kwangenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwasetyenziswa umgaqo wenkolelo enye ukuze kugcinwe imvelaphi kunye nokuqhelaniswa nemfundiso yakhe yezakwalizwi.
KubuKatolika kukugwetyelwa okuyinxalenye yengcamango kaPawulos kodwa ayingomthombo wayo ongundoqo, ngokwesithethe kwakukholelwa ukuba uThixo, ngaphezu kokuvakalisa umntu olilungisa, umenza abe lilungisa. Esi sikhundla sakudala samaLuthere kutshanje siqalise ukugxekwa ngabaphengululi bamaProtestanti, ngakumbi kwisikhundla saso esichasa inkolo yobuKristu ezele lubabalo nenkululeko ngokuchasene nenkolelo yobuYuda ecingelwayo, malunga nemithetho kunye nokuphakanyiswa kokuba imithetho kaMoses igcinwe ngokuthembekileyo. .
UJames Dunn weza ukucebisa ukuba uThixo nabantu, xa bephantsi kothintelo, iindaba ezilungileyo zikaYesu Kristu ezisisiqalo sosindiso, inkqubo yosindiso ehambelana necawa kunye nokuziphatha. Ngoku ababhali bamaKatolika baye bagxininisa imfundiso yezakwalizwi kaPauline kwindlela acinga ngayo ngoKristu, ukufa kwakhe nokuvuka kwakhe. Le nto yayibizwa ngokuba yiChristocentric theology, oko kukuthi, uKristu ungundoqo xa efile waza wavuka, kodwa kukho abanye ababhali abacinga ukuba imfundiso yakhe yobuthixo yayisekelwe kuThixo yaye yonke into ibuyela kuye.
Ukuba uqwalaselo lwenziwa kuzo zonke iincwadi zikaPauline eziyinyani, ingcinga yoMpostile inokubonwa kunye nendlela eyavela ngayo, ngoko umntu akanakuthetha ngeziko elinye lokuqwalaselwa ekushumayeleni kwakhe. Kumfundi kaPablo Barbaglio, lo Mpostile wabhala imfundiso yezakwalizwi ekwimo yeencwadi, ngoko ke wanikela ngemfundiso yezakwalizwi yencwadi nganye yakhe esenza ubalo-maxesha lwencwadi nganye kuzo waza ekugqibeleni wenza ukuthungelana kwayo yonke imfundiso yakhe yezakwalizwi. ebizwa ngokuba yihermeneutics yevangeli.
Kuyavunywa ukuba ingcamango kaPauline igxile kwiziganeko zikaKristu, isiphetho kwi-theology yakhe, kuba ezi ngxoxo zigxininise kuzo zonke iziphumo zeencwadi zakhe ezibonwa kwiingongoma ze-anthropology, i-eschatology kunye ne-ecclesiology, kubo bonke. kuzo kunokongezwa ukuba zonke ziqulethe inyaniso enkulu, ethatyathwe kwizigwebo zohlalutyo ezalandelayo kuPawulos.
Ingcamango kaPauline
Umsebenzi kaPawulos oNgcwele uye waqwalaselwa ngabaninzi njengomsebenzi womseki wokwenene wobuKristu kwaye kwabanye nguye owaxokayo ngeemfundiso zikaYesu Krestu. Kubo bonke abapostile abalandela uYesu ebomini, nguPawulos ongazange amazi oyena wayesebenza kakhulu nowathi ngeencwadi zakhe wakwazi ukubeka iziseko zemfundiso nezakwalizwi zobuKristu, kodwa umsebenzi awawenzayo unokufaneleka ngakumbi. kukuba wayengoyena msasazi ubalaseleyo wesigidimi sikaYesu.
Kwakungenxa yakhe kwaye kungekhona ngenxa yabanye abapostile, ukuba ukwahlukana kobuKristu kunye nobuYuda kwaphunyezwa, ukwahlukana okwafika ngexesha elifanelekileyo neliyimfuneko, akuyonyaniso ukuba oku kwahlula kuphunyezwe ngenkqubo entsha yenkolo eyayikho. icacisa intanda-bulumko yamaGrike okanye ngokumanyanisa izithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kulo lonke uhambo lwakhe wakwazi ukusasaza ingcamango yakhe yezakwalizwi yobuKristu, eyayisekelwe kwintlawulelo nakumnqophiso omtsha owamiselwa nguKristu owawungaphezu kwemithetho yakudala yamaYuda okanye umthetho kaMoses.
Icawe yasekwa ngokubulela kuwo onke amaKristu abumba umfanekiso womzimba kaKristu kwaye kwafuneka ihlale imanyene ukuze ilizwi likaThixo lisasazeke emhlabeni wonke. Ilizwi lakhe lizele ngamandla kunye nobutyebi kwaye oku kubonakaliswe kwiincwadi zakhe eziye zagcinwa ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ezi azizimisele ukwenza isicatshulwa esipheleleyo, kodwa ziyingqungquthela yazo zonke iimfundiso zevangeli ezivakalisa inyaniso. indlela ecacileyo kwaye ifikelela kwiziphumo zokugqibela.
Njengomsebenzi woncwadi, ukufaneleka kolwimi lwesiGrike olungeniswa okokuqala kwiinkulungwane kwiingcamango ezintsha kuyaqondwa, oku kuphunyezwa ngenxa yolwazi lwakhe lweelwimi ezininzi, apho wakwazi ukuphikisa imixholo yakhe, ngaphezu kokuba Umoya ongaqondakaliyo endimthatha ukuba awuqwalasele kwaye akwazi ukufikelela encotsheni xa ebhala iculo lothando kwileta yokuqala okanye incwadi eya kwabaseKorinte.
Yimibhalo yakhe eyasilungelelanisa kakuhle isigidimi sikaYesu nenkcubeko yamaGrike yexesha leMeditera, nto leyo eyenza kwalula ukuba sisasazeke ngaphaya kwelizwe lamaHebhere apho wazalelwa khona. Le yayiyeyokuqala imibhalo apho utoliko lwesigidimi esiyinyaniso sikaYesu lwenziwa, igalelo kubuKristu buphuhla ngcono njengemfundiso yezakwalizwi.
Kuye kuvela ezona mbono zilungileyo nezicacileyo malunga nesono sokuqala, kutheni uKrestu wafa emnqamlezweni ngenxa yezono zabantu nokuba kutheni ukubandezeleka kwakhe yayikukukhulula uluntu kwaye kwakutheni ukuze uYesu Krestu abe nguThixo ngokwakhe ingenguye nje umprofeti ongaphezulu.
UPawulos wamisela ukuba uThixo uhlala egcina phantsi koyilo lwakhe usindiso loluntu lonke ngaphandle kokwenza ucalucalulo ngobuhlanga. Bonke abantu abawuzuz’ ilifa kuAdam umzimba owonakalayo, isono nokufa, babenokuba, ngoKristu, onguAdam omtsha, ukuzalwa ngokutsha baze bafumane uvuko, umzimba ongenakonakala nozukileyo, ukukhululwa kwezono zabo nokoyisa uvuko olunzima. ukufa ngesiqinisekiso sokuba nobomi obonwabisayo nobungenasiphelo.
Kwimfundiso yakhe yobuKristu waba ngowokuqala ukugatya isini nokuthotywa kwamabhinqa, iingcamango ezazingekho kwiimfundiso zikaYesu waseNazarete. Lolo lwalamano lubonisa umahluko phakathi kolutsha lukaPawulos njengomFarisi ongaguqukiyo, owayemfanyekiswe ngokupheleleyo kumbono wakhe wonqulo yaye evaleleke kwiintswelo zokomoya zabantu, kangangokuba kamva wazinikela ekudilizeni zonke ezo ndonga ezazizahlula kuphela abantu ebandleni. iintlanga kunye nabantu abangamaYuda. Yiyo loo nto wazinikelayo ekuthwaleni isigidimi sikaYesu kwindalo iphela.
Ukuphuma kwizithethe ezomeleleyo zamaYuda ezazigxininisa ukuba uMthetho kaMoses nayo yonke imiyalelo yawo esebhayibhileni ufanele ukuzaliseka, ekubeni yayingeyiyo loo nto yayiza kusindisa umntu ezonweni zakhe, kodwa yayikukukholwa kuKristu. Ingxabano yadalwa kunye nabanye abapostile, ukuze iintlanga zikhululeke kwiimbophelelo zala masiko, kungekhona nje ngokwasemzimbeni kodwa kunye nesondlo, esasungulwa buYuda, apho ulwaluko lufunyenwe.
Ukumelwa kobugcisa
UPawulos waseTarso, kwanabapostile abaninzi, babebalasele kancinane kwimisebenzi yobugcisa, ngokukodwa ngokuphathelele ukuguquka kwakhe kwindlela eya eDamasko. Ukusuka kuMichelangelo, uCaravaggio, uRaphael noParmigianino, benza imisebenzi emihle yobugcisa ukusuka kumaxesha ahlukeneyo obomi bakhe.
Akabonakali ekunye nabafundi bakaYesu abalishumi elinesibini kodwa uye wamelwa ecaleni kukaSimon Petros, xa uPetros wayemelwe kunye bamtsalela ngezitshixo zesimilo, esingumfuziselo wokuba wayenyulwe nguYesu ukuba abe yintloko. yebandla, kunye noPawulos ikrele elingumqondiso wokufel’ ukholo kwakhe yaye ebhekisela kwikrele lomoya elikhankanyiweyo kwileta yakhe eya kwabase-Efese, oku kubonisa ilizwi likaThixo.
Kweminye imibhalo umelwe ngencwadi ukungqina ukuba wayengumbhali wemibhalo eliqela yeTestamente Entsha, inkoliso yemifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo inemvelaphi yayo kwiinkalo ezithile ezaziphindwaphindwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ukusuka kwimizobo yePaleo-Christian. Eyona nto iyinyaniso kukuba, ngenxa yemigudu yabo yokuba necawa yehlabathi, ngabo abathe bagqiba kwelokuba basasaze ubuKristu baza babumanya njengonqulo, akukho namnye kubalandeli bakaYesu Kristu oye wachazwa njengoPablo, ekubeni wayenjalo. lowo waseka iziseko ezisisiseko zemfundiso yakhe noqheliselo lwakhe lobuKristu.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=641KO9xWGwM
Ukuba esi sihloko sibonakala sinomdla kakhulu kuwe, sicebisa ukuba ufunde ezi ezinye ngokulandela la makhonkco:
USaint Therese woMntwana uYesu