Ukujikeleza yintshukumo eyenziwa nguMhlaba kunye neeplanethi ezininzi, apho banokujikeleza kwi-axis yabo kwaye ukuba unomdla wokwazi yonke into enxulumene nale ntshukumo ye ukujikeleza komhlaba Siyakumema ukuba ulifunde eli nqaku kwaye ufumane ulwazi ukuze uqonde ukuba lingantoni kwaye yintoni imiphumo eliyivelisayo.
Yintoni ukuJikeleka koMhlaba?
Ngenye ye Iintshukumo zomhlaba eliphumeza kwinguquko yalo emajukujukwini, ebonakaliswa ngokujikeleza kwiaxis yesijikelezi-langa sethu. I intshukumo yokujikeleza komhlaba iqhutywa ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma, kanye njengoko zonke iiplanethi ezikwinkqubo yethu yelanga, ngaphandle kweVenus, eyenza ngenye indlela, yiyo loo nto kwiplanethi yethu ilanga lihlala liphuma empuma kwaye lizifihle ngasentshona. .
Ukuba isibonda esisemantla sithathwa njengereferensi, siya kuqwalasela ukuba uMhlaba uhamba ngendlela echasene newotshi. Intshukumo epheleleyo ye ukujikeleza komhlaba ngokunxulumene inkwenkwezi yethu esisigxina, elilanga, kuthatha iiyure ezingama-23, imizuzu engama-56 kunye nemizuzwana emi-4.
Le ntshukumo inokubonakaliswa ngovavanyo lwe-Foucault pendulum, obunzima bayo obumiselweyo bunqunyanyiswa ukusuka kwindawo kwindawo ephakamileyo ukuze kuhlulwe intshukumo yayo kulowo wenziwa nguMhlaba ngokujikeleza, oku kuthetha ukuhlula emhlabeni, kodwa hayi Inokwahlulwa ngokupheleleyo kwintshukumo yendawo yobude obunqunyanyisiweyo, kodwa imiphumo yokujikeleza komhlaba inokuxatyiswa.
Umhlaba ujikeleza ngesiphi isantya?
Isantya sokujikeleza komhlaba yi-1670 yeekhilomitha ngeyure kwi-ikhweyitha yayo, kodwa esi santya siyancipha njengoko sisondela kwiipali, apho isantya singu-zero, kuba iindawo zokubhekisela kwi-axis yoMhlaba.
Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba, kwizigidi zeminyaka, isantya se intshukumo yokujikeleza komhlaba iye yancipha, ngenxa yesiphumo sokutshintshiselana kwamandla omxhuzulane kunye ne Iintshukumo zenyanga.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iziganeko zenzeke eziziphumo zabo zichasene ngokupheleleyo, oko kukuthi, baye bandisa intshukumo ye ukujikeleza komhlaba kwimizuzwana emithathu, njengenyikima enkulu eyenzeka ngonyaka wama-2004 kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya.
Enye inyani echaphazela ukujikeleza koMhlaba luhlengahlengiso olubonakalisiweyo lwasemva komkhenkce, oluye lwenzeka ukususela kwi-glaciation yokugqibela, kwaye ethanda ukuguqulwa kwendawo yobuninzi bomhlaba kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kuchaphazela umzuzu wokungazinzi kunye nesizathu. womthetho wolondolozo lwesantya se-angular, uye walungisa kwakhona ixesha lokujikeleza.
Umlinganiselo womhla womhlaba
Imalunga noosonzululwazi bakwazi ukulinganisa usuku oluchanekileyo lwentshukumo yokujikeleza. Ngenxa yokuba eli xabiso litshintshiwe, libe lifutshane ixesha ngalinye, nto leyo ebangele imfuneko yokulungelelanisa rhoqo umlinganiselo wexesha ngewotshi yeathom, eyona ichanekileyo kwaye ayidibanisi nesantya sokujikeleza. Zomhlaba.
Ngokuqinisekileyo asinako ukuhambelana nokuzingisa kokujikeleza komhlaba kwiwotshi yeathom, kuba ayixhomekekanga kwixesha lokujikeleza, kunokuba kwenzeke okuchaseneyo, okuthetha ukuba xa iwotshi yeathom iphawula ixesha umzuzwana omnye phambi kwentshukumo. yokujikeleza komhlaba, okwenzeka ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2017, siqhubeka nokuphelisa eso sibini somlinganiselo ochanekileyo wentshukumo yokujikeleza komhlaba.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukuchaneka ngokugqithiseleyo ngoku kufuneka sikwazi ukulinganisa ukujikeleza koMhlaba akunanto yakwenza nemiphumo kunye nemiphumo eyenziwa yile ntshukumo.
kuthetha usuku lwelanga
Lo mlinganiselo ubalwa phakathi, ngoko ke umndilili wosuku lwelanga kwisithuba sonyaka wonke lusuku oluqhelekileyo lwelanga, oluqulunqwe ngama-86,400 athetha imizuzwana yelanga. Okwangoku, nganye kwezi mizuzwana yelanga inde ngokungenasiphelo kunesekondi ye-SI eqhelekileyo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba usuku oluqhelekileyo lwelanga eMhlabeni lude kancinane namhlanje kunokuba lwalunjalo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, olubangelwa kukungqubana okubangelwa ngamaza.
Umyinge wokuphila wemini yelanga ephakathi, ekubeni isibini esidibeneyo saziswa ngonyaka we-1871, ibe yi-0 ukuya kwi-2 ms ubude kunemizuzwana ye-86,400 SI. Iinguqu eziveliswa yi-core-mantle coupling inokwandiswa malunga ne-5 ms.
Inxalenye yesibini yelanga phakathi kweminyaka ye-1750 kunye ne-1892 yakhethwa ngo-1895 nguSimon Newcomb njengeyunithi yokuzimela yexesha enkosi kwiTables of the Sun. Kungoko lo wesibini wabhaptizwa ngegama leephemeris zesibini. Ngonyaka ka-1900, isibini se-SI salinganiswa nesesibini se-ephemeris.
Usuku lwe-Stellar kunye ne-sidereal
Ixesha le ukujikeleza komhlaba ngokunxulumene neenkwenkwezi ezisisigxina, yanikwa igama le-stellar day, yiNkonzo yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoKujikeleza koMhlaba kunye neeNkqubo zoReferensi.
Ngokufanayo, ixesha le ukujikeleza komhlaba eyayanyaniswa nokulandelwa kwe-equinox ye-vernal eshukumayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-sidereal day, yi-86,164.09053083288 yemizuzwana yexesha eliqhelekileyo lelanga (UT1) (23h 56m 4.09053083288s). Ngenxa yeziphumo zale milinganiso, kuvela ukuba usuku olusecaleni lujika lube lufutshane kunosuku lweenkwenkwezi malunga ne-8,4 ms.
Zombini iintsuku zeenkwenkwezi kunye ne-sidereal zimfutshane kunosuku oluqhelekileyo lwelanga malunga nemizuzu emi-3 kunye nemizuzwana engama-56. Ukuba unomdla, iitheyibhile zobude bemini yelanga yelanga kwimizuzwana ye-SI zipapashwa yi-International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), kwixesha le-1623-2005.10 kunye ne-1962-2005.11.
Iziphumo zokujikeleza koMhlaba
El intshukumo yokujikeleza komhlaba inefuthe elintsonkothileyo kwimizimba eshukumayo kumphezulu womhlaba. Ngokubanzi, kunokuchazwa ukuba izinto ezikhethekileyo zesi siphumo zezi zilandelayo:
iziphumo ezibonakalayo
Eyangaphambili ziintlobo ngeentlobo zeziphumo ezibonakalayo okanye ezingezizo ezenyani. Nangona le ngcamango ibonakala ingekho ngqiqweni, iya kusinceda sicacise indlela oveliswa ngayo umphumo oveliswa kukujikeleza komhlaba, nto leyo eyachazwa nguA. Gil Olcina kwincwadi ethi General Geography I, xa wayebhenca iimpawu zeCoriolis. isiphumo esinxulumene nomoya.
Xa le nkcazo yenziwe, kunokuqondwa ukuba akusiyo impembelelo eyinyani, kodwa kunokuba yinto ebonakalayo, ekubeni into ehambayo ngokwenene ngumhlaba womhlaba, ngexesha lokujikeleza kunye nomoya we-atmospheric; amanzi amachibi, imilambo, Iilwandle kunye neelwandle bahamba kuphela nge-inertia, oko kukuthi, ephuma kule ntshukumo yokujikeleza, kodwa kwelinye icala.
Ezinye iziphumo
Intshukumo ye ukujikeleza komhlaba ineempembelelo ezintathu-ntathu ngokunxulumene nemizimba ehamba phezu komhlaba, ngakumbi, kulwelo (imilambo, ulwandle, ulwandle, amachibi) kunye nezixhobo zegesi ezikhoyo kwiatmosfera, njengoko kwenzeka ngomoya ongaphezulu, indibano , ukuphila kunye nezinye iziganeko.
Kukwaphawulwe ukuba esi siphumo senzeka kwimizimba ethile eqinileyo, efana ne-oceanic, fluvial, lacustrine okanye umkhenkce osemhlabeni. Kuyimpembelelo ye-inertia, eyenzeka kwi-atmosphere kunye ne-hydrosphere, kubandakanywa namanzi elizwekazi kunye nolwandle. Imizekelo yolu nxibelelwano kunye nemimoya yimimoya yeplanethi, iNorth Equatorial Current, i-Antarctic Circumpolar Current kunye nabanye.
Ukulandelelana kwemini nobusuku
Njengoko umhlaba ungumzimba ongqukuva, yonke indawo efumaneka kumphezulu wemihla ngemihla iya kudlula ekukhanyeni iye ebumnyameni, oko kukuthi, iya kuhamba imini ukuya kubusuku, ngaphandle, ewe, kwiindawo ezimhlophe. , apho ukuthambeka kweasi yomhlaba kulilungisa eli xesha, kuba iinyanga ezintandathu zokukhanya zichitha iinyanga ezintandathu zobumnyama.
Esi siphumo sibaluleke kakhulu, kuba silawula umjikelo oqhelekileyo wobomi bezilwanyana, izityalo kwaye ingakumbi abantu. Ngapha koko, ukuqhubeka kwemini nobusuku kuseka ixesha lokuvezwa kwemihla ngemihla komphezulu woMhlaba kwimitha yelanga.
Baphinde bavelise inani leenkqubo zembuyekezo phakathi kwendawo eqinileyo, engamanzi, kunye negesi yeplanethi yethu enciphisa kakhulu iziphumo ezinokuthi zenzeke ukuba ukuvezwa ngokuthe ngqo kwimitha yelanga kusisigxina, kunye nokungabikho kwayo kwi-hemisphere emnyama.
Inyani kukuba iatmosfera kwaye, ngakumbi, i-hydrosphere, ifumana indawo enkulu yobushushu emini kwaye ikhulule ngokuyinxenye ebusuku, ngaloo ndlela iququzelela isigxina kunye nenguquko yobomi emhlabeni. Impembelelo eyenzeka nakwiLithosphere yoMhlaba.
I-equatorial bulge kunye ne-polar flattening
Esinye isiphumo sokuhamba kwe ukujikeleza komhlaba kukudalwa kwamandla aphakathi avelisa amandla awo amakhulu kummandla we-ikhweyitha, nto leyo eye yavelisa umphumo wokuqina kwi-ikhweyitha yesi sijikelezi-langa sethu, kwi-geosphere, nakwi-hydrosphere kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, kwi-atmosfera .
La mandla e-centrifugal abangele ukuba iplanethi yethu ibe nokumila okungaqhelekanga, ngenxa ye-equatorial bulge ebonakalayo, equka inxalenye eqinile kwaye ivelise ukucandwa kwezibonda.
Inyani yeyokuba le milo, ithe tyaba kwiipali kunye ne-ikhweyitha, ilawula ii-oceanic dynamics, ilawula imisinga yolwandle kunye neelwandle, kunye ne-dynamics ye-atmosfera. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqhuma kwamanzi olwandle kunye nomoya kwi-ikhweyitha yeplanethi yongezwa ekuqhumeni kwendawo eqinile yomhlaba.
Kwangaxeshanye, iziphumo zolu qhushululu zibonakaliswa kuxinaniso olusezantsi lwemizimba eshukumayo, xa ibekwe kumgca we-equatorial nakwindawo enkulu yommandla we-intertropical, ivelisa amandla angaphakathi kuwo onke. imizimba ukuba ikwintshukumo. Makhe sinike imizekelo:
iwotshi ye-pendulum
Ubungqina boku baqinisekiswa xa urhulumente waseFransi wathumela iwotshi ye<em>pendulum elungiswe ngokucokisekileyo eFrench Guiana, ukuze ilinganise ixesha ngokusemthethweni. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba ixesha lihamba phambili kakhulu ngosuku ngalunye.
Isizathu salokhu kukuba iwashi ye-pendulum ine-gradation evumela ukuba ilawule ukuphakama kwayo okuphantsi okanye okuphezulu, kunye nesiphumo esicacileyo, inverse ukuya kwi-metronome, xa ubunzima be-pendulum buphakanyisiwe, i-oscillation yayo iba ngokukhawuleza kwaye xa iyehla, iyacotha.
Ngoko ke, ukuba umlinganiselo wexesha wabandezeleka kwiwotshi ye-pendulum eyathweswa isidanga eParis, oku kwakuthetha ukuba yonke iwotshi ye-pendulum ekwiFrench Guiana yayikwindawo ephakamileyo, ngokunxulumene nombindi woMhlaba, obekwe kumda we-ikhweyitha. , kunezo zifumaneka eFransi.
imisinga yolwandle
Kwi-hypothesis yokuba amazwekazi awazange abekho, siya kuba ne-equatorial marine current kuphela kwi-intertropical zone, ngenxa ye-inertia kunye ne-centrifugal force, iya kuhamba kunye ne-ikhweyitha yomhlaba, kwicala elichaseneyo nentshukumo yokujikeleza, oko kukuthi. , ukusuka eMpuma ukuya entshona. Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuba amazwekazi ase-Asiya, i-Afrika kunye neMelika, ngenxa ye-morphology yamanxweme abo, ahluke kwaye aguqule le yangoku kunye nezinye ezifanayo.
Umsinga omkhulu we-ikhweyitha uya kufolokoza, ngokulandelelana, ube yimisinga emibini ye-hemispheric, eya kuthi ibe yindlela yembuyekezo kwicala lasentshona-mpuma, njengoko kunjalo kwiGulf kunye ne-Kuro Shivo currents, emazantsi, ezidibanisa I-Antarctic circumpolar current.
Imimoya
Ngokuqinisekileyo yonke imimoya esemhlabeni inemvelaphi yayo kwintshukumo yokujikeleza kweatmosfera yoMhlaba. Kodwa imimoya ayinayo imvelaphi yayo kuphela kwintlukwano yoxinzelelo phakathi kobuninzi bomoya ohlukeneyo, kodwa kunokuba intshukumo yabo kunye nesizathu sendlela, kumlinganiselo omkhulu, ukuhlukana koxinzelelo phakathi kwabo.