El Umlambo weRin Ingumlambo onokuthi uthathwe njengomncinci, xa uthelekiswa neminye imilambo yaseYurophu, kodwa uye waba yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zomlambo kwintshona yelizwekazi laseYurophu, uwela amazwe angama-6 kwaye wenze uhambo oluhle esiya kulwenza. oku kufunda .
Umlambo weRin
I-Rhine ngowona mlambo mde eJamani, kwaye nangona ubude bayo bufutshane, xa ithelekiswa neminye efana noMlambo iNayile kunye nomlambo. KuMlambo i-Amazon, yenye yezona ndlela zifanelekileyo zomlambo eNtshona Yurophu. Ngumlambo ontywiliselwe ngokupheleleyo kwinkcubeko yaseJamani, iintsomi kunye nentsomi. Kubaluleke kakhulu kumaJamani ukuba kukho amabali, iintsomi, iintsomi kunye neengoma apho i-protagonist yayo, njengengoma ethi Clock on the Rhine ( Die Wacht am Rhein ).
Ngomnye weendlela zamanzi ezibalulekileyo eYurophu, ngenxa yokuba Umlambo weRin Iye yaba yeyona ndlela isetyenziswayo yomlambo kwiManyano yaseYurophu. Eli gama livela kulwimi olwaluthethwa kuloo mmandla, isiCeltic ngokoqobo sithetha ukuqukuqela. I Umlambo weRin yaye uMlambo iDanube wawunendima ebalulekileyo embalini, ngenxa yokuba babelwe uthumo lokuba ngumda osemantla, oko kukuthi, umda womda woBukhosi baseRoma.
Kukho impikiswano eninzi malunga xa i Umlambo weRin kwakucatshangelwa njengokuba kunjalo namhlanje, ngenxa yokuba, ngokwezifundo eziye zenziwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngenxa yale njongo, akuzange kwenzeke ukufumana ulwazi oluqinisekileyo. Oko kuye kwagqitywa kukuba kucingelwa ukuba ukubunjwa kwayo kwakusisiphumo semvelo sokuphakama komhlaba kunye nokusekwa kweentaba kunye Iintaba.
Umthombo woMlambo iRhine, njengoko siwazi namhlanje
Enyanisweni, kuthiwa xa bevuka IiAlps, kwabakho intanda eyayisuka emantla isiya emazantsi yaye ngenxa yaloo ntandaphu iinxalenye ezininzi zamanzi ezazisele zikho zadilika. Ngaloo ndlela, i Umlambo weRin Iqala njengomsinga. Kuye kwenzeka ukufumana olu lwazi ngokubonga kwizifundo eziye zenziwa kwi-sedimentation yamandulo ye-epoch ye-Miocene.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, umlambo owawuyiyo Umlambo weRin, yayikwandisa ukuhamba kwayo ngenxa yamanzi eyayiqala ukuwafumana kweminye imisinga emincinane kwaye Imilambo. Xa ixesha lomkhenkce lafikayo, amanzi ayo ayebaleka kwicala elingasentshona, enomlomo wawo kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, ngokukodwa kwiStrait yaseCalais.
Iimpawu zoMlambo iRhine
El Umlambo weRin Ngumzimba wamanzi amatsha akwilizwekazi laseYurophu. apho i-rhine yomlambo iqala khona, kummandla weCanton yaseGraubünden, yingingqi eyaziwa ngokuba ziiAlps zaseSwitzerland, kwaye ifikelela nanamhlanje. umlomo womlambo irhine kuLwandle lwaseNyakatho, ukuwela indlela yeekhilomitha ezili-1,230.
Amanzi ayo ahamba ukusuka emantla ukuya kumntla-ntshona kwaye ome kwi-hydrographic basin ejikeleze i-185,000 km2. Inokukhutshwa kwamanzi okuphakathi kwama-2,900 m3/s. Imilambo ehambisa amanzi kuyo yimilambo emincinane, njengeLahn, iRuhr, iTamina, iMoselle, iRein da Medel neNeckar.
ILake Toma ithathwa njengomthombo osemthethweni womlambo, kodwa awuqali ukubizwa Umlambo weRin de ikhosi yayo ifikelele kwindawo apho i-Vorderrhein kunye ne-Hinterrhein imilambo idibana khona. Ngaphambi koko kuhlangana, umlambo iRhine udlula kwintlambo yomkhenkce kwiiAlps, ebizwa ngokuba yiNtlambo yeRhine.
Endleleni yayo inqumla emantla eSwitzerland, ineengxangxasi ezintle ezimalunga neemitha ezingama-23 ukuphakama, ekuthi kuyo kusekwe oko kwaziwa ngokuba ziiNgxangxasi zeRhine yaye ukusuka apho iqhubeka nendlela yayo ukuya elwandle. Ekubeni ikufuphi nolwandle, idibanisa imilambo yaseMeuse kunye ne-Scheldt, apho benza i-delta eneendlela ezininzi.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo echibini, ukusa kuLwandle oluMntla, iRhine idlula kumazwe amathandathu ize ityhutyhe izixeko ezikhulu eziliqela, njengoko siza kubona kula macandelo alandelayo eli nqaku.
Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amane aphambili: i-Upper Rhine, ehamba ukusuka eLake Constance ukuya kwisixeko saseBasel; iUpper Rhine, ikhosi yayo iphakathi kwezixeko zaseBasel neBingen eJamani; iRhine Embindini, ikhosi yayo iphakathi kwezixeko zaseBingen, eCologne naseBonn; kwaye ekugqibeleni iLower Rhine, eqala kwizixeko zaseCologne naseBonn kwaye ifikelele ekuyilweni kwe-delta.
Uqeqesho
Ngexesha le-Eocene, i-alpine orography yavelisa i-crack eyenza amanzi aqulethwe kwezinye iindawo aqhube ezantsi, eqala imvelaphi yawo, kungekhona ngaphandle kokuphikisana, ukuya kwixesha leMiocene. Ngexesha eliphakathi kwePliocene kunye nePleistocene, umlambo wokuqala ukhule ngomthamo kunye namanzi emilambo eyaba yimimandla yayo kwaye ngexesha le-Weichselian glaciation yaya ngasentshona, ifikelela kuLwandle lweAtlantiki.
Kodwa kumawaka eminyaka alandelayo, izinga lolwandle lenyuka kwingingqi yaseNetherlands kwaye iRhine yatshintsha indlela yayo yaya kule ikhoyo ngoku ngexesha leHolocene.
Izilwanyana kunye neFlora
El Umlambo weRin Likhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana. Ukuba sifuna ukwenza uluhlu lweentlanzi ezifunyenwe emanzini ayo, kufuneka sikhankanye i-trout eqhelekileyo ( Salmo trutta ), i-lamprey yomlambo ( Lampetra planeri ), i-lamprey yomlambo ( Lampetra fluviatilis ), i-barbel eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu ( I-Barbus barbus), i-carp yegolide (i-Carassius auratus), i-roach (i-Rutilus rutilus), i-eel eqhelekileyo (i-Anguilla anguilla) kunye ne-carp yengca (i-Ctenopharyngodon idella).
Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, zingaphezu kwama-50 iintlobo zeentlanzi ezihlala kulo mlambo, apho ezinye ezingama-37 ziphuma emlanjeni kwaye ezinye zaziswa ngumntu.
Kodwa ayisiyondawo yokuhlala yeentlanzi kuphela, kodwa iRhine likhaya leentlobo ezininzi zeentaka, kunye nezinye iintaka ezibhabhela kuyo ebusika, njenge<em>mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ), irhanisi elingaphambili elimhlophe ( Anser albifrons ) , i-Eurasian pochard (Aythya ferina), i-Eurasian pochard (i-Aythya fuligula), i-Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), i-Great Crested Grebe (i-Podiceps cristatus), i-Osprey (i-Pandion haliaetus) kunye ne-Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), ngokunjalo. njengamadada
Isitya sayo sikwayindawo yokuhlala yezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, njengesele lengca (iRana temporaria), ixoxo eliqhelekileyo (Bufo bufo) kunye nenyoka enekhola (Natrix natrix).
Uhlaza lweRhine lwenziwe zizityalo zasemanzini ezinjengeengcongolo, ezikhula elunxwemeni lwawo, nezinye izityalo ezihlala ixesha elide ezikwaziyo ukuhlala kumhlaba ofumileyo, njengeenyibiba. Kungqonge umlambo kuqhelekile ukubona iindawo ezinengca emfutshane kunye namathafa engca, kodwa kwezinye iindawo amahlathi ashinyeneyo akhula.
Ngawaphi amazwe kunye nezixeko uMlambo iRhine uhamba kuwo?
Ngumlambo otyhutyha ummandla onabantu abaninzi kunye noxhatshazo olukhulayo lwemizi-mveliso, omnye weyona mikhulu ehlabathini, ngakumbi kwingingqi apho icandelo lokugqibela likhona. Ukuhamba nokuhamba kweenqanawa kuxinene kangangokuba iRhine igqalwa njengeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yomlambo ehlabathini. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, i-Rhine isetyenziselwe ubuninzi bokuhamba ngezorhwebo.
Olu phawu luzimisele ukuba kwiNgqungquthela yaseMannheim, eyenzeka ngo-1868, kwasekwa ukuba Umlambo weRin Yayiza kusekwa njengommandla wamanzi wamazwe ngamazwe, ubungakanani bayo buhamba ukusuka kwiBhulorho yaseBasel ukuya kuLwandle lwaseMantla, enika ukhuseleko lokufikelela ngokukhululekileyo eLwandle kwingingqi yaseSwitzerland.
KwakuyiNkongolo yaseVienna, ngonyaka we-1815, ukuba iKomishoni ePhambili yokuNavigation ye-Rhine (CCNR) yasekwa, ikomkhulu layo lihlala kwisixeko saseStrasbourg, kwaye ithathwa namhlanje njengowona mdala uMbutho weZizwe ngezizwe.
Kwikhosi efanelekileyo ukuba i Umlambo weRin, ikwidike eyazalelwa kulo de ifike kuLwandle lwaseMantla kwaye inqumle la mazwe alandelayo:
- ESwitzerland
- Likhtensteyin.
- Ostriya.
- EJamani
- EFransi
- ElamaDatshi.
Ngokukwanjalo, sinokufumana kwiibhanki zayo izixeko zibaluleke ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Basel.
- Mainz.
- Düsseldorf
- IStrasbourg.
- ICologne.
- Vaduz.
- I-Arnhem
- IRotterdam.
Indawo yoMlambo iRhine
Kwimephu yendlela yamanzi, unokubona ubungakanani kunye ulwandiso lomlambo werhine, kunye nomgama weekhilomitha ezili-1.233, kodwa icandelo layo lokuhamba ngenqanawa ligubungela malunga ne-883 km, kwaye likwiindawo eziphakathi kweBasel, eSwitzerland, kunye ne-delta yayo eNorth Sea.
Ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho
I-Rhine yindlela yamanzi esisiseko kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, kwaye mhlawumbi ibaluleke kakhulu kwintshona yeYurophu. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ziikhilomitha ezingama-880 kuphela zolwandiso lwayo ezinokuhamba. Idityaniswe noMlambo iDanube ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yemisele kwaye ecaleni kweendonga zayo oololiwe abaninzi kunye noohola bendlela abahambahambayo.
Ngejelo layo, iimpahla kunye neemveliso zithuthwa, kunye nabantu, ngenxa yesidingo sokuhamba okanye kuhambo lokuzonwabisa. Ndiyabulela kwindawo yayo enelungelo, kuyo yonke imbali umlambo uye wabandakanyeka kwiingxabano zezopolitiko, ngenxa yokuba izikumkani zamandulo ziye zaphikisana neendawo ezijikelezayo. Okwangoku, iRhine yenza omnye umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kwaye kukusebenza njengomda womda phakathi kwamazwe ewela kuwo.
Ikwangumthombo obaluleke kakhulu wamanzi amatsha okutya nokunkcenkceshela izityalo, kunye nokutya kweentlanzi zayo. Izixeko ezininzi zisekiwe, zakhuliswa kwaye zaphuhliswa kwiibhanki zayo. EJamani unokufumana izidiliya ezininzi ezikhula kunye neemveliso zinemfihlo yazo emanzini e-Rhine, kwaye iifektri ezininzi kunye nemizi-mveliso ibekwe kwiindawo ezikufutshane.
Kumantla eRhine, amanzi asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla ombane. Kukho iingenelo ezininzi kunye nembali ehambelana nalo mlambo mhle kangangokuba ngoJuni 2002, i-Upper Middle Rhine Valley yamkelwa njengeSiza seLifa leMveli le-UNESCO.
Imithombo yoMlambo iRhine
Ngenxa yendawo yayo yendalo kunye nokuphakama kwayo ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lolwandle, kunye namazwe apho i- Rin River, ezifana neJamani, iFransi, iBelgium, lo mlambo ubona ukuhamba kwawo kwanda kunye namanzi emilambo edibeneyo ebeka amanzi awo ukusuka kwelinye lala mazwe.
EJamani amacandelo ayo ngala:
- Dussel
- Umlambo Elz
- eyah
- umlambo wengcuka
- gutach
- Jagst
- Umlambo waseKinzig
- lahn
- Lippe River
- Ngaphantsi
- thabatha obomvu
- Moselle umlambo
- Nahe River
- entanyeni
- Umlambo wethu
- Umlambo iRednitz
- Umlambo iRuhr
- iruwer
- Umlambo waseAabach (Afte)
- Umlambo Regnitz
- Saale eFranconia
- Umlambo waseSaar
- Umlambo iSieg
- Ikhuselekile
- wupper.
Xa idlula eFransi amacandelo ayo alandelayo:
- Umlambo waseAlzette
- ibruche
- unodoli
- umlambo ogulayo
- Umlambo iMeurthe
- Moselle umlambo
- Umlambo weOrb
- Umlambo waseSaar
- Seille umlambo.
- Nje ukuba idlule eBelgium, amacandelo ayo alandelayo:
- eish
- Umlambo wethu
- Ikhuselekile
- Wiltz River.
- Ukudlula eSwitzerland amacandelo ayo alandelayo:
- Umlambo iAare
- Ichibi iBiel/Bienne
- Iintaka zomlambo
- Ichibi Brienz
- Ichibi leeCantons ezine
- emlanjeni
- Ichibi laseGruyere
- hallwil lake
- Ichibi laseJoux
- IsiKander (eSwitzerland)
- Umlambo waseLimago
- River Linth
- Ichibi laseMurten / iMorat
- Ichibi laseNeuchatel.
- Umlambo weOrb
- UMlambo uReuss
- Saane River
- Ichibi laseSarnen
- Ichibi laseSempach
- ingqiqo umlambo
- Sihl Lake
- sihl umlambo
- Sime River
- Staubbach
- ichibi thun
- Ichibi Turlen
- waleen lake
- echibini zug
- Ichibi laseZurich.
Ukongeza kule milambo, eziyimijelo ye- Umlambo weRin, sinokufumana amachibi awomisa amanzi awo kuwo kwaye athi:
- Ichibi lentengo
- samina
- IChibi le-Upper Sûre.
Ngokuphathelele izixeko apho i Umlambo weRin, ithathwa njengowona mthambo ubalulekileyo emhlabeni, njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, siye saqulunqa uluhlu lwazo ngezantsi, kunye namazwe aphantsi kwawo:
- Icawa yaseSwitzerland
- Vaduz waseLiechtenstein
- Lustenau evela eOstriya
- Constance yaseJamani
- Schaffhausen waseSwitzerland
- Basel yaseSwitzerland
- eStrasbourg eFransi
- Kehl waseJamani
- Karlsruhe waseJamani
- ilizwe laseJamani
- Mannheim yaseJamani
- Ludwigshafen am Rhein waseJamani
- iintshulube ezivela eJamani
- I-Mainz yaseJamani
- Wiesbaden waseJamani
- i-bingen evela eJamani
- Koblenz waseJamani
- Neuwied evela eJamani
- Andernach evela eJamani
- Bonn waseJamani.
- ikoloni yaseJamani
- Leverkusen evela eJamani
- Dusseldorf waseJamani
- Krefeld waseJamani
- Duisburg yaseJamani
- UWessel waseJamani
- U-Emmerich am Rhein waseJamani
- Cleves waseJamani
- ENetherlands Nijmegen (Waal)
- UTiel waseNetherlands
- (Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, Waal)
- IGorinchem evela eNetherlands (Waal)
- Wijk bij Duurstede ovela eNetherlands
- (Nederrijn, Amsterdam-Rhine Canal)
- ENetherlands Arnhem (Nederrijn, IJssel)
- Doetinchem evela eNetherlands (IJssel)
- Zutphen waseNetherlands (IJssel)
- I-Netherlands Deventer (IJssel)
- IKampen yaseNetherlands (IJssel)
- Utrecht waseNetherlands
- (Amsterdam-Rhine Canal)
- Rotterdam yaseNetherlands.
Ukuzalwa, indlela kunye nomlomo woMlambo iRhine
Njengoko siye sabalisa kwicandelo elidlulileyo leli nqaku, i Umlambo weRin yaye uMlambo iDanube yayingowomda woBukhosi baseRoma. Siphinde satsho ukuba yazalelwa kwiCanton yaseGrisons, eSwitzerland, kwindawo edibeneyo yeendawo eziye zabizwa ngokuba yi-Anterior Rhine kunye ne-Posterior Rhine.
Kungoku nje ingumda owahlula iSwitzerland kwiLiechtenstein, ikwahlula iSwitzerland kwiOstriya, kwaye ngokwejografi oku kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba yome eLake Constance, eyinxalenye yommandla waseJamani.
Emva kokushiya iChibi, idlula kwisixeko sase-Basel, emva koko iphinda iqalise indima yayo njengomgca womda phakathi kwamazwe aseFransi naseJamani. Emva kokudlula loo mda, i-Rhine ingena kwindawo yaseRuhr, edume kakhulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lemisebenzi yoshishino eyenziwa apho.
Kusemva kommandla weRuhr, xa umjelo wayo ufika eNetherlands, kwaye uqhubela phambili nohambo lwawo de uphume kuLwandle lwaseNyakatho, indawo apho i-delta enkulu yenziwa kunye noMlambo iMeuse.
umlambo irhine eFransi
Ayibalulekanga njenge Seine umlambo, kodwa ukususela kumaxesha akude kakhulu kwimbali, kuye kwakho phakathi kweFransi neJamani inani elikhulu lokuphazamiseka komda. Ngokwembali, amabango emimandla yaseAlsace naseLorraine athatha imisebenzi yasemkhosini yala mazwe mabini iminyaka emininzi. Ukuya kuthi ga kwixesha eliqinisekileyo le mimandla mibini ibe yiJamani okanye isiFrentshi, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani ophumelele ukhuphiswano ngelo xesha.
Enye yazo yenzeka ngonyaka we-1840, apho kwavela into eyayibizwa ngokuba yintlekele yaseRhine, ngenxa yoko uMnumzana Thiers, owayeyiNkulumbuso yaseFransi ngelo xesha, waqalisa ukubanga malunga nomda osemdeni Umlambo weRin.
Ngelo xesha kwakhululwa ingoma ethi The Guard Along the Rhine, kanye xa kwakuqalisa imfazwe phakathi kweFranco-Prussia, ingoma eyafikelela kudidi lomhobe wesizwe waseJamani. Kuloo ngoma abantu bakhuthazwa ukuba benze ukhuseleko lwe Umlambo weRin ngokuchasene neminqweno yeFransi kunye nokuthandwa kwayo kwaqhubeka kwada kwamaxesha apho iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala yenzeka, ibeka iFransi njengeKoloni yelizwe. Umlambo weRin e Jamani.
Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, isivumelwano senziwe, esafumana igama leSivumelwano saseVersailles, apho iFransi eyaphumelela yakwazi ukufumana iJamani eyoyisiweyo ukuba yamkele ukuchithwa okungapheliyo kummandla waseRhineland. Lo ngummandla owawuquka imimandla eyayiphakathi komda waseFransi kunye nelizwe Umlambo weRin, kubandakanywa neekhilomitha ezingama-50 kwimpuma yomlambo.
Ngombulelo kwi-plebiscite, ukudityaniswa kwendawo kwamiselwa kwaye ke iRhineland yaba ngummandla ohlalwa yimikhosi emanyeneyo yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ixesha elathatha iminyaka eli-15, de kwangowe-1930 imikhosi emanyeneyo yarhoxa eRhineland.
Isolotya elalivumela ukuba kuthathwe iRhineland lalingunobangela wobukrakra kwiJamani, eyathi yabona ummandla owawucinga ukuba ungowawo ngokwasemkhosini ngamagunya angaphandle, yaye kuthiwa le yenye yezinto ezabangela ukuba kubekho iHlabathi leSibini. Imfazwe.
Enyanisweni, esinye sezenzo ezenza iNgqonyela yaseJamani uAdolf Hitler yathandwa phakathi kwabemi bakowabo yayikukuthinjwa nomkhosi waseRhineland yimikhosi yamaNazi yamaJamani.
Isixeko esihlala kwiindonga ze- Umlambo weRin eFransi yiStrasbourg kwaye phakathi kweempawu zayo ezibalulekileyo, sinokugqabaza koku kulandelayo:
IStrasbourg
Ifumaneka kwindawo ngokwembali nangokwenkcubeko eyeyaseAlsace. Njengoko iStrasbourg sisixeko esiseFransi, iye yabizwa ngokuba likomkhulu leSebe leLower Rhine, kwaye ukusukela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2016 iye yaguqulwa yaba yindawo yolawulo yeGrand Est.
Ngo-2009 ibinabemi abayi-1.175.393, kwaye impembelelo yayo iye yasasazeka kakhulu kwiidolophu ezikufuphi zaseJamani. Ukuxinana kwabemi bayo kwenze ukuba ibe liphondo lesithoba elinabemi abaninzi eFransi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lelinye lawona makhulu akhoyo.
Ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, ngenxa yendawo esikuyo, esi sixeko siye saba liziko lonxibelelwano elibaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi emi kwindawo yomkhuhlane, ngenxa yesizathu sokuba inezibuko lesibini elibaluleke kakhulu elibekwe emanzini olwandle. Umlambo weRin, yingakho lo mlambo ube nesikhundla esifanelekileyo esivumele ukuba sithathwe njengenye yezona zinto zixakeke kakhulu kwihlabathi.
Ukongeza, iStrasbourg inabafundi abaninzi abangaphezu kwama-58.000 kwisiXeko sayo esikhulu nesembali yeYunivesithi. Kananjalo inenani elikhulu lezikolo zesizwe. Ngesi sizathu, iStrasbourg lelona ziko likhulu lokufunda kwibanga lesithathu eFransi.
Kwezorhwebo ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye kwinqanaba lenkcubeko iphuhliswe kakuhle kakhulu, kuba ineendawo zokuphinda ivelise ubugcisa obufana nethiyetha, ithala leencwadi, iokhestra kunye neopera kwinqanaba lesizwe. Ukuthelekiswa nenkunzi yelizwe ngokuba nenqanaba lamaziko enkcubeko.
IStrasbourg ikwagqalwa njengesixeko sesibini sebhanki eFransi, kuba sisihlalo sokutshintshiselana ngesitokhwe esisebenzayo kwaye sineeofisi zebhanki ezisibhozo. Kwindawo yoshishino, inenani elikhulu lemisebenzi enomda ogqwesileyo wokusebenza, oyenze ukuba ibe sesona sixeko sisebenzayo kulo mmandla, ukuba siqwalasela imveliso yasekhaya epheleleyo ngomntu ngamnye.
Ukongeza kuyo yonke le nto, iZiko leMbali laseStrasbourg labhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli le-UNESCO kwi-1988, elinike umsebenzi omkhulu kwicandelo lezokhenketho. Ime emva kwesixeko saseParis naphambi kwesixeko saseBarcelona, ebekwe njengesixeko sesibhozo sokuququzelela iindibano.
umlambo irhine eswitzerland
Esona sixeko sibalulekileyo eSwitzerland esimi kwiindonga ze Umlambo weRin, sisixeko saseBasel. Sisixeko esikumda waseSwitzerland kunye neFransi kunye neJamani. IBasel ibambe indawo yesithathu njengesona sixeko sinabantu abaninzi eSwitzerland, kwaye inani lesibini njengesona sixeko sikhulu saseSwitzerland ngokwedatha eboniswe ukusukela ngo-2003.
I-Basel
Ikummandla osemantla ntshona eSwitzerland, elunxwemeni lolwandle Umlambo weRin. I-Basel sisixeko esinomda kunye neJamani kunye neFransi. Ukusuka kwimbono yenkcubeko, impembelelo yayo ifikelela kwingingqi yaseJamani yaseBaden kunye nommandla waseFransi waseAlsace, ebonakaliswa kumazwe amathathu anegama likaRgio TriRhena.
IBhanki yokuHlaliswa kwaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neManyano yeHlabathi yeBhola yeHandball baseke ikomkhulu labo e-Basel. Kucingelwa ukuba i Umlambo weRin luphawu oluyimfihlo lwaseBasel. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni, bonke ubomi balapho bujikeleza iRhine namathambeka ayo. Abo bathanda ilanga, abatyeleli, abafundi kunye noosomashishini badibana ukuze bahlaziye iindonga zomlambo, oku kuyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yabemi balapha.
Amanzi omlambo iRhine ajongwa njengeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuphola ehlotyeni kwaye, mhlawumbi, ukukhwela isikhephe esinomtsalane kakhulu, enika olona lonwabo lukhulu kubo bonke abafikelela kunxweme lwayo, oluphantse lugqalwe njengeqhezu leMeditera. , kodwa ibekwe kwindawo yokuchama yeRhine.
I-Basel sisixeko esiphantse sibe namashumi amane amaziko olondolozo lwembali, athathwa njengelona nani liphezulu leemyuziyam ngommi welo lizwe. Uninzi lwazo lunodumo oluhle lwamazwe ngamazwe, njengeMyuziyam yoBugcisa baseBasel, iMyuziyam yeNkcubeko, phakathi kwabanye. Kunye neethiyetha ezincinci kunye neegalari ezihlala zityelelwa ngabakhenkethi abaninzi kunye nabantu abahlala kule ndawo.
Ukongeza, iBasel likhaya leBasel Symphony Orchestra kunye neChamber Orchestra, kunye neTheatre yoMculo, ebonisa iimveliso zamazwe ngamazwe rhoqo ngexesha lonyaka. Ngokukwanjalo, inamanqanaba amakhulu apho abakhoyo babonelelwa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi yakudala kunye neyangoku.
I-Basel iye yaba sisixeko esiluhlaza. Ineentlobo ngeentlobo zeegadi zezityalo, inani elikhulu leepaki kunye necala lomlambo elihle ngokumangalisayo Umlambo weRin. Zonke ezi mpawu zenza isimemo esingenakuphepheka sokuchitha iintsuku ezimbalwa sonwabele esi sixeko sihle kunye nobutyebi baso benkcubeko.
Ungcoliseko loMlambo iRhine
Iziphumo eziyingozi zongcoliseko ziye zasasazeka kwaye yenye ye Iimpawu zeYurophu, ukuya komnye wemimandla enowona msebenzi uphakamileyo wokufuywa kweentlanzi, kwaye nangona kubonakala ngathi yimeko yokwexeshana, oku kubangele igagasi elikhulu lokuxhalaba. Ungcoliseko lwe Umlambo weRin Kuya kuba nexabiso eliphezulu kunye neendleko kwiilahleko ezingenakubalwa namhlanje kumazwe asemanxwemeni alo mlambo.
Yaye ingozi yalonakalisa umsebenzi wokucoca owawusele wenziwe kangangeminyaka emininzi. Ngelishwa umsebenzi owawusele wenziwe iminyaka elishumi wehliswa waphela.
Intlekele yokusingqongileyo yaseSchweizerhalle
Umba awukho ukuba ukungabikho kokubona kwangaphambili kuye kwaqinisekiswa ngesiganeko sengozi enokwenzeka yesityalo sekhemikhali sase-Basel, ngenxa yeendlela ezininzi zokukhusela, nangona zazingqongqo kakhulu kwiplanethi, azikwazanga ukuthintela okwenzekayo.
Ukusilela okukhulu kuye kwabonakaliswa ngokungabikho kolwazi ebekufanele ukuba lunikelwe kwamanye amazwe abahamba ngawo. Rin River, malunga neengozi ezibandakanyekileyo, kwaye akazange aqonde ukuba kwenzeke ntoni de kubonakale umthamo omkhulu weentlanzi ezifileyo emanzini.
Yayiyingozi eyenzeka ngoNovemba 1, 1986, xa kwabakho umlilo kwindawo ye-agrochemical deposits yenkampani iLaboratorios Sandoz, eyakhokelela kwilifu leekhemikhali ezinetyhefu kakhulu.
Oku kwaba nomphumo wokuba abantu abali-14 ababekhe badibana neegesi ezinetyhefu kwafuneka bafuduselwe kumaziko ezonyango ukuze bafumane unyango. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wokucima umlilo, amanzi awayesetyenziselwa wona atyhutyha ukuya kuthi ga kwi Umlambo weRin ethwele ukuxinana okuphezulu kweekhemikhali eziyityhefu, umba othe, ngelishwa, wangcolisa ngokupheleleyo umlambo.
Loo ngozi yabangela ukuba iintlanzi ezingaphezu kwama-500.000 10 kunye nenani elikhulu leeel zife. Emva koqhanqalazo olusuka kwiidolophu ezichaphazelekayo, inkampani yanikela ngesixa-mali se-XNUMX yezigidi zeefranc kwingxowa-mali yokubuyisela. Umlambo weRin. Ukongeza koko, iqhube imali yophando ngempembelelo kwi-ecosystem, kwaye kwafuneka ihlawule i-45 yezigidi zeefrancs eSwitzerland, eJamani, eHolani naseFransi, ngomonakalo owenziweyo.
Ngenxa yoku, iprojekthi yaphunyezwa ngoko nangoko ukuze kubuyiselwe kwakhona Umlambo weRin. Kulo msebenzi, oorhulumente bamazwe achaphazeleke kule ngozi benze igalelo le-euro ezigidi ezingamashumi amathandathu. Kwaye umsebenzi ofunekayo wokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokubuyiselwa kwempilo yamanzi achaphazelekayo wenziwa.
Le misebenzi kwafuneka ukuba yenziwe kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini. Ngo-2006, amanzi omlambo aye abuyiselwa kwiimeko zokusela. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwaboniswa ukuba imikhondo yesinyithi esinzima yahlala emanzini, yiyo loo nto umsebenzi usaqhutywa nanamhlanje ukuwaphelisa ngokupheleleyo. Le ngozi yathiywa igama lentlekele yokusingqongileyo yaseSchweizerhalle.
Isinyithi esinzima esifunyenwe emanzini e-Rhine yi-cadmium, i-copper kunye ne-zinc, kunye nezitshabalalisi ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-nitrogen, yiyo loo nto umlambo usangcoliswa ukusa kwinqanaba elithile namhlanje. Yaye ezo ngcoliso ekugqibeleni ziya kuqhubeka zifikelela elwandle.
Ezinye izizathu
Ngokumalunga nezinye izizathu zokungcoliseka, kuboniswa ukuba ukufakelwa kwefriji okungenakubalwa, amaqondo okushisa aphezulu kunye nokucutshungulwa kwamanzi ashiyekileyo abantu bayaxhalabisa.
Omnye umba obambelelayo kwezi ntsilelo kukungcoliseka okukhulu okufunyanwa ngumsinga zizinto ezifana neehomoni, ukunika iipilisi zoqingqo-nzala njengomzekelo, umba ogqalwa njengonobangela wobulwelwe obufunyanwa ngoku kwiintlanzi. umlambo.
Ingozi yenqwelo yeoli
Ngo-2011 kwavakala enye ingozi. Ngeli xesha kwaxelwa ukuba inqanawa yabaleka iasidi yesulfuric Umlambo weRin, ngexesha xa lalitshona kwicandelo eligama linguLorely. Ngelishwa kuyinyani ukuba isixa seasidi sikhutshelwe emanzini eRhini.
Isiganeko senzeka xa inqanawa ye-oyile yayithwele iitoni ezingama-2.400 ze-asidi yesulfuric kwiitanki zayo, eyiasidi eyingozi kakhulu enetyhefu ngokupheleleyo kwaye iyingozi kwindawo echithekela kuyo. Kwakukho uloyiko olukhulu ngemiphumo eyayinokuba nayo le ngozi, kodwa kwiSebe lezoBume beNdawo eRhineland, kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba imekobume ayiyi kuphazamiseka ngenxa yesi siqendu esincinane semichiza enokuthi ifikelele kwindawo yokutyela. amanzi omlambo
ukungcoliswa zii-agent zeplastiki
Enye inkalo exhalabisayo yatyhilwa ngoDisemba 8, 2015, xa uphando olwenziwa ngabafundi bebhayoloji yaselwandle abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseGuadalajara lubonisa ukuba Umlambo weRin Inenye yezona ndawo ziphezulu zongcoliseko kwihlabathi kwi-microplastics.
Ukusukela olo phononongo lubandakanya imilambo emininzi, ubudlelwane bunokusekwa kwaye kwavela ukuba iRhine inoxinzelelo oluphindwe kane lokungcolisa i-microplastic kunezinye iisampuli. I-alamu iphakanyiswe ngabaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseBasel, abathe bahamba ngokukhawuleza baya emsebenzini kwaye bavelisa isifundo sabo.
Ngokusisiseko, injongo yayikukukwazi ukuvavanya inqanaba lokuxinana kweeplastiki kumphezulu weRhinine.Iziphumo zagqiba kwelokuba iRhine inelinye lawona manqanaba aphezulu ongcoliseko lwemicroplastic ehlabathini. Kwakhona kwakunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubukho be-microplastics kuMlambo i-Rhône, kufuphi ne-Geneva, buncinci.
Iziphumo ziyothusa. Kuye kwenzeka ukubala ukuba kukho ngaphezu kwe-191 yezigidi zamasuntswana eplastiki afakwa mihla le Umlambo weRin, nokuba baqhubeke nohambo lwabo ukuya kuLwandle oluMntla, kwaye eso sisiphumo sophando olwenziwa phezu komlambo kuphela.
Kumalunga neekhilogram ezingama-25 ukuya kwezingama-30 ngosuku, nto leyo emele iitoni ezilishumi ngonyaka. Ngelishwa, le microplastic inokuthi ifakwe kwizinto eziphilayo, izilwanyana zasemanzini kunye neentaka, kwaye iziphumo zayo ziyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yezi zidalwa, kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Sele kudlule iminyaka ethile, yaye kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba izazela zabalondolozi bendalo ziye zavuselelwa kuloo mmandla, kodwa akwanelanga. Kukho kwakhona imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuthatha inyathelo kwaye uqaphele ngokhathalelo kunye nokugcinwa kokusingqongileyo kwindawo Umlambo weRin, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kuba iidolophu ezininzi kunye nezixeko zixhomekeke kwintlalontle yayo, ngoko ke, ukuzama ukubuyisela kunye nokuhlambulula kufuneka kube yinto ephambili kumazwe aselunxwemeni.
ilivo likaloreley
Njengakuyo yonke imilambo, kuhlala kukho intsomi ethetha ngezidalwa ezihlala kwiindonga kunye namanzi afanayo, Umlambo weRin, akunjalo, injalo imeko yale ntsomi intle. Ibali likaLoreley.
ULoreley wayelibhinqa eliselula elashiywa ngumfana awayethandana naye. Emva kokungcatshwa ngolo hlobo, wenza isigqibo sokuya kuhlala kwindlu yoonongendi. Kodwa endleleni, wema eweni ukuze abone inqaba awayehlala kuyo isithandwa sakhe, kwaye ebona indlela ayishiya ngayo loo ndawo, wangena kwimeko yokuphelelwa lithemba kwaye wagqiba ekubeni aziphose emanzini amakhulu emvula. Umlambo weRin, ukuzibulala.
Emva koko intsomi yatshintsha kancinci ngenxa yesiko elidumileyo, kodwa into eye yenzeka ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje kukuba uLoreley waba ngunobuhle oneenwele ezinde zegolide, ezele bubukrakra ngenxa yokulahlwa kwakhe kwaye ngenxa yeso sizathu uyaziphindezela kumadoda abangela ukufa kwendoda. oomatiloshe ababewela umlambo.