Umlambo waseMississippi: Iimpawu, indawo kunye nokunye

El UMlambo iMississippi Yeyona inkulu kuMntla Melika, inemvelaphi yayo kwindawo ephakamileyo kunye nomgxobhozo ogqunywe ngamachibi amancinci, abekwe kwintshona yeLake Superior, kufutshane nomda waseCanada, uhamba eUnited States kwaye uqukuqela ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi. Funda ngakumbi ngalo mlambo kule post! 

Yintoni uMlambo iMississippi?

UMlambo iMississippi ngowona mlambo mkhulu kuMntla Merika, kunye nemithombo yawo ebalulekileyo ehamba kwindawo engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi kwe-1,2 yesigidi seekhilomitha (i-3,1 yezigidi zeekhilomitha) kunye nesibhozo selizwekazi lonke. UMlambo iMississippi umi ngokupheleleyo eUnited States. 

Umlambo iMississippi yenye yeendlela zehlabathi ezinkulu zemilambo ngobukhulu, ukwahluka kwendawo yokuhlala, kunye nemveliso yebhayoloji. Ikwayenye yeendlela zamanzi ezinkulu zentengiso zehlabathi kwaye yenye yeendlela zokufuduka zaseMntla Melika kwiintaka neentlanzi.

Abantu baseMelika baseMelika babehlala ecaleni kweendonga zayo kwaye basebenzise umlambo ukuze bafumane ukutya kunye nokuthutha, abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu basebenzisa i-Mississippi ukuba bahlolisise ingaphakathi kunye ngasentla kwento eya kuba yi-United States. Abarhwebi boboya baberhweba kulo mlambo yaye amajoni aphuma kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo amisa amajoni kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ecaleni komlambo xa loo ndawo yayisesemdeni.

I-Mississippi watershed inomtsalane ngakumbi, indawo enamanzi yiyo yonke indawo apho amanzi, phezulu nangaphantsi komhlaba, aphuma kwindawo enye, i-Mississippi watershed iquka wonke umhlaba apho amanzi aphuma khona ukusuka kwi-delta ukuya emlonyeni we-delta. umlambo eLouisiana nakwiGulf of Mexico.

Ibandakanya amazwe angama-31 e-US kunye namaphondo amabini eCanada kwaye iyonke igubungela indawo ye-1.2 yezigidi zeekhilomitha. Oku kuthetha ama-40 ekhulwini kumazwe angama-48.

UMlambo iMississippi ubalulekile ebantwini nakwizilwanyana zasendle. Izigidi zabantu zixhomekeke kwi-Mississippi kunye ne-tributaries yayo kumanzi amatsha kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma. Kukho iindidi ezingama-260 zeentlanzi eziwubiza ngokuba likhaya lomlambo yaye ama-60 ekhulwini azo zonke iintaka ezikuMntla Merika zixhomekeke kumlambo ixesha elizeleyo okanye xa zifuduka.

Abo bazalelwa e-United States babehlala kufutshane noMlambo i-Mississippi, abaninzi babezinikele ekuzingeleni, bambalwa kuphela, njengeengcali ekwakhiweni kokuphakama komhlaba, babumba imibutho echumileyo yabalimi, kamva ukufika kwabaseYurophu ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu. indlela ababephila ngayo, ukuqala ngendlela yokuzingela abahloli bamazwe bokuqala, kamva abahlali, bathatha imingcipheko kwezolimo kumazwe achumileyo.

Yenziwe ngamaleko amakhulu omhlaba womlambo ongumgxobhozo, umlomo we-Mississippi yenye yezona zichume kakhulu e-United States, ii-steamboats eziza ukukhanya kulo mlambo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuthumela iinkonzo zezolimo kunye nezoshishino.

Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika, ukuthinjwa kweMississippi yimikhosi eManyeneyo kwaphawula inguquko yoloyiso, ngenxa yokubaluleka kobuchule bomlambo ukuya kwiiConfederates zemfazwe.

Iimpawu kunye neNdawo

UMlambo iMississippi ungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-XNUMX ubude, kodwa, udityaniswe neMissouri, enye yezona nxalenye zayo zibalulekileyo, ufikelela kwaye udlule iikhilomitha ezingama-XNUMX, nto leyo eyenza ibe ngomnye weyona milambo ibalulekileyo emhlabeni.

https://youtu.be/m4UIDcghHMM

Umlambo i-Mississippi uhamba kwimimandla eyahluke kakhulu, inxalenye yokuqala ihamba phakathi kwamatye e-moraine enza iingxangxasi kunye neengxangxasi ezifana nezo zaseSan Antonio, kufuphi neMinneapolis. Isikhululo samandla, nangona kunjalo, sinqumla amathafa enziwe kukuphuphuma kwe-Mississippi okwenzeka ngamaxesha athile apho umlambo ujinga khona.

Umlambo unokwahlulwa ube ngamacandelo amabini: phezulu ukusuka eLake Itasca ukuya kwindibano kunye ne-Ohio Tributory; inxalenye esezantsi esuka eOhio ukuya kwidelta. Olunye uphawu lwejografi luchazwa yi-menders eme kwindawo ephakathi kweMemphis kunye nomlomo.

Nangona iMississippi inokubekwa njengowona mlambo wesine omde emhlabeni ngokongeza ubude beMissouri-IJefferson, kubude obudityanisiweyo beemayile ezingama-3,710 (iikhilomitha ezingama-5,971), ubude obuziikhilomitha ezingama-2.340 kwi-Mississippi efanelekileyo bugqithwa ngokukhululekileyo ngeminye imilambo eli-19.

Nangona kunjalo, kwivolumu yokukhupha, izinga likaMississippi elimalunga ne-600,000 cubic feet (17,000 cubic metres) ngesekhondi lelona likhulu kuMntla Melika kunye nelesibhozo ngobukhulu emhlabeni.

I-Mississippi inobude be-3.734 km, kodwa isoloko ijongwa kunye ne-tributary yayo yaseMissouri, eya kuthi ifumane iJefferson, le milambo i-3 yenza umlambo omkhulu kwaye ngoko isoloko ithathwa njengomlambo omnye, kunye nobude obupheleleyo be-5.970. km.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-Mississippi isoloko ithathwa njengowona mlambo wesithathu ubude emhlabeni, naxa sibuyela emva, ukuba sicinga ngayo yodwa, ikhosi yayo imfutshane kakhulu, ukoyisa indawo yokuqala phakathi kwemilambo emide emhlabeni, njengoko sele sele sifumene. ubona., nguye KuMlambo i-Amazon, walandelwa ngoko nangoko nguNayile.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ye-Mississippi kukuhamba kwayo, okudlula kude umyinge wokuhamba kwawo nawuphi na umlambo oqukuqelayo kwimimandla enemozulu epholileyo. Kakade ke, xa kuthelekiswa noMlambo i-Amazon kunye noMlambo iCongo, ukuhamba kwalo mzila wamanzi akukho nto ikhethekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba i-Mississippi ayikho kwindawo ephawulwe yimvula eninzi kwaye lo ngumba omiselayo. Ukongeza, ukuhamba kwalo mlambo kuyahluka ngokwengingqi owela kuyo kwaye sinokuthi isuka kwi-8,000 m³ ukuya kwi-50,000 m³.

¿Uhamba phi umlambo?

Igalela kwidelta kwiGulf of Mexico, inokohlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini ahluke kakhulu: iMississippi ephezulu, ukusuka kumthombo wayo ukuya ekudibaneni kwayo neOhio, emva koko iMississippi esezantsi, ukuya emlonyeni wayo, icandelo elisezantsi lomlambo. yenza i-meaders ezininzi ezivela kwi-memphis: imigxobhozo kunye neziphelo ezifileyo.

I-Great River Road ibiqhuba i-Mississippi ukusukela ngo-1938 kuwo onke amazwe alishumi, abahambi abahamba umgama omde abagulela ulwandle baya konwaba ukuhla ngomlambo ngendlela: ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, iindawo zomhlaba zahluke kakhulu, kukho iindawo ezininzi zembali. , kunye neemyuziyam kunye neepaki zelizwe.

I-Longitud

Umlambo iMississippi unembali nje ubude bawo, lo mlambo umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-6.275 kumantla e-United States ngowona mlambo ude wesine emhlabeni, owokuqala mde kwilizwe likaMalume uSam kunye nowesibini ubude kuMntla weIkhweyitha.

Bambalwa abayaziyo, kodwa iMississippi yabelwana phakathi kweCanada neUnited States. I-98.5% yendawo yayo ikwicala lase-US, ngelixa i-1.5% ikwicala laseKhanada, kwaye iqukuqela kwiGulf of Mexico.

I-Mississippi iqala e-Minnesota's Lake Itasca, iindwendwe ziyakwazi ukubona i-headwaters kwaye ziwele umlambo ngeenyawo, apho i-intshi ye-18 kuphela ubunzulu. Nangona kukho amanani ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kumthombo, i-Mississippi National River kunye neNdawo yoLonwabo idwelisa ubude be-Mississippi njenge-2,350 yeekhilomitha, ngumlambo wesibini omde kuMntla Melika, okwesibini kuphela kuMlambo waseMissouri.

Uya kufumana i-Mississippi kwindawo yayo emxinwa kwi-Lake Itasca, apho iphakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-30 yeenyawo, indawo enkulu yomlambo i-50 yeekhilomitha ukuya empuma, eLake Winnibigoshish, apho ibanzi ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-11. indawo ebanzi enokuhamba kwijelo lenqanawa yomlambo imalunga neekhilomitha ezi-2, iLake Pepin, kumda weMinnesota kunye neWisconsin.

Ifiziyografi

Ugxininiso lwenkqubo, kwithafa lezandyondyo laseMississippi, linomdla kakhulu kwinto yokuba ijografi kunye nejografi ebonakalayo yommandla yendalo yomlambo ngokwawo. Njengomjelo omkhulu, umlambo uthathe intlenga kunye nobutyobo kwiindawo ezinegalelo kufutshane nomda wefuneli kwaye wafaka uninzi lwemveliso kwithafa lezandyondyo lomlomo wefunnel, ebonisa ukuxhomekeka komnye komnye kuyo yonke inkqubo yaseMississippi. .

Eyona ndawo inkulu inegalelo kumaxesha amva nje ibikwintshona yomlambo, ikhula kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezisentshona, ngakumbi kumazantsi eeNtaba zeRocky, imilambo efana neRed, Arkansas, Kansas, Platte, kunye neMissouri isusa imithwalo yentlenge enkulu yommandla omkhulu. isibhakabhaka saMathafa Amakhulu.

Ezi zixhobo zijikeleza kwaye zibophe ngengubo ebanzi, ethambekileyo yempahla engadityaniswanga, ebekwe phezu kwexesha leCretaceous (oko kukuthi, malunga ne-100 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala) ibhedi, ukuya "kuYise waManzi."

Imvula kule mimandla yasentshona ilula ukuya kwephakathi, ingaphantsi kwe-intshi ezingama-25 (635 mm) ngonyaka, kodwa, kuba ubuncinci i-70 pesenti yale mvula inetha njengemvula phakathi kuka-Epreli noSeptemba, umthamo wokukhukuliseka kwemilambo uyenyuka (imvula eqengqelekayo ebusika iyanyibilika. ihamba kancinci kunezaqhwithi zemvula).

Iidipozithi zeSandy, nazo, zinika ukuqina okuncinci kukhukuliseko, ngoko ke uninzi lwale milambo iwela kuphela kwiindlela zayo. I-Delta ye-Mississippi ngumlambo onamandla ngakumbi ngakumbi kumsebenzi oneziqhamo zomlambo.

Apho, kwincam yombhobho wokuhambisa amanzi, izigidi zeminyaka yokuchithwa kwentlenga kuye kwagalela kumgangatho weGophe laseMexico, zenza iicones zentlenga ezifikelela kuma-300 eemayile kwiradiyasi kunye nezikwekhilomitha ezingama-30,000 (iikhilomitha ezingama-77,700) kummandla.

Imbonakalo yomphezulu yee-sub-deltas ezininzi yi-delta ye-Mississippi, enendawo engaphezulu kwe-11,000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha (28,500 square km), yolula izabelo zayo kwi-gulf, i-Mississippi yakha yazisa malunga ne-220 yezigidi zeetoni zentlenga apho nyaka ngamnye, ubukhulu becala uhlobo lweslima.

sezulu

Ebusika, kuthetha amaqondo obushushu enyanga kwi-Mississippi Basin ukusuka kwi-55 ° kwi-sub-tropical ezantsi kwe-Louisiana ukuya kwi-10 ° kwi-sub-arctic kumantla eMinnesota; kuthetha ukuba amaqondo obushushu enyanga ehlotyeni asuka kwi-82 ° eLouisiana ukuya kwi-70 ° eMinn.

Imithombo yemvula kukufuma okukwinqanaba elisezantsi ukusuka kwiGulf of Mexico kunye nokufuma okusezantsi kunye nokwinqanaba eliphezulu ukusuka kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, intwasahlobo kunye nenkungu yemvula ngaphandle komda wasempumalanga nasezantsi kunye nezaqhwithi, imvula yenyanga ephakathi ebusika isuka kwi-intshi ezi-5. (130 mm) okanye ngaphezulu kumzantsi ukuya ngaphezu kwe-3 intshi (75 mm) kuninzi lwe-Ohio River basin ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-intshi e-1 (25 mm) kwintshona ye-Great Plains kunye noMntla.

Imvula ehlotyeni nasekwindla yokuqala ibakho njengemvula eyodwa kunye neendudumo kunye nezaqhwithi ezibuthathaka zangaphambili, i-avareji yemvula yenyanga nganye isuka kwii-intshi ezintandathu kumazantsi eLouisiana nangaphaya kweentaba zaseTennessee naseNorth Carolina ukuya kuthi ga kwi-intshi ezimbini okanye ezintathu ngaphezulu kwamaThafa Amakhulu.

Zikhona Imozulu yemvula ngaphaya kwesiqingatha esisempuma se-basin, kunye nezixa ezikhulu zobusika kunye nentwasa hlobo ezibalekayo eziveliswe phezu kweTennessee, Ohio, kunye namazantsi emilambo ye-Mississippi. Ibhanti esemantla-esezantsi yemozulu engaphantsi-kumanzi, engafumi ncam okanye eyomileyo, isuka kumbindi weTexas emantla ukuya empuma kuMntla Dakota.

Ngasentshona kukho imozulu eyomileyo yamaThafa Amakhulu kwaye ecaleni kweentaba zeRocky kukho imozulu yealpine, apho ikhephu lasebusika liphuma njengentwasa-hlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo.

I-Hydrology

Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba i-hydrology yomlambo enamandla njengoko i-Mississippi isetyenzisiwe njengofundo lwabantu abaninzi, ngenkulungwane ye-19 uMark Twain ubalise ngokuqonda okukhulu indlela abaqhubi beenqanawa ababehamba ngayo kwi-Mississippi badityaniswa ukuze baqhube inqanawa. inkonzo yolwazi rhoqo ekutshintsheni imixholo ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Namhlanje, i-Mississippi River Branch i-guarantor yomsebenzi emlanjeni kwaye icinga ukuba kufanelekile ukugcina imodeli yezinga lokusebenza lomlambo ukuze iingcali zayo zivavanye izicwangciso ezitsha kwi-miniature ngaphambi kokubandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezibizayo, eziphezulu.

Ngokwenyani, kwi-1920 kwakucingelwa ukuba ngokwaneleyo kwaziwa malunga ne-hydrology yomlambo kunye nolwabiwo olwaneleyo lolawulo lwalusekiwe ukuba lulawule umlambo, ngokukhawuleza, ngo-1927, kwafika owona mkhukula ulusizi kwimbali erekhodiweyo yenxalenye esezantsi ye-Mississippi Valley. Ngaphezulu kwezikwekhilomitha ezingama-23,000 59,600 zomhlaba owawukhukulisekile, unxibelelwano, noohola bendlela noololiwe neenkonzo zemfonomfono, zandlalwa kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo.

Iifama, iifektri kunye needolophu zonke beziphantsi kwamanzi okwethutyana. Isixa esikhulu sempahla sonakaliswa kwaye abantu abangama-250 baphulukana nobomi babo. Iinjineli zomlambo zajonga kwakhona kwi-hydrology ye-Mississippi.

Mississippi River Cities

Phakathi kwezona zixeko zibalulekileyo uMlambo i-Mississippi uhamba kuzo zezi:

• Minnesota
• Wisconsin
• Iowa
• Illinois
• Missouri
• Kentucky
• Tennessee
• Arkansas
• Nguyen
• Louisiana

Ubomi benkcubeko

Kwixesha apho itekhnoloji, ukushukumiseka kunye nonxibelelwano oluninzi lutyekele ekudaleni inkcubeko yesizwe edibeneyo, imvakalelo ehlala ihleli ye-Mississippi yendawo kunye nembali iye yazibonakalisa ekuzibopheleleni kwayo ekulondolozeni iimpawu zayo zembali, izinto zakudala kunye nefanitshala yakudala. Ngaphambi kweMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika, "uluntu lwabatyali" kunye nabo bachongwe kunye nabo babenomqondo ophuhliswe kakhulu wobuntu.

Indlela yokuphila ababeyinqwenela abantu baseMississippi yenza ukuba uxhaso lwezobugcisa lube sisinyanzelo. Bakha iindawo zokuhlala zeMvuselelo yamaGrike baza babanika izinto zobugcisa, iincwadi ezinkulu kunye nefenitshala entle, ngoxa abantwana babo babefundiswa ngentlalontle kunye nobugcisa ukuze ububele bube bubugcisa ngokwabo.

Noko ke, izihandiba zasemaphandleni zaziyinxalenye nje encinane kakhulu yebutho labantu lilonke, abantu abaqhelekileyo, ukususela kubanini-mhlaba abancinane ukusa ebukhobokeni, bazakhela izindlu zabo, ifanitshala eyilwe ngendlela elula neyomeleleyo, bazenzela ezabo izaphetha zeenkomo namavili ajikelezayo, baza bacokiseka indlela yabo. izixhobo zakhe zomculo, uninzi lomculo wakhe welizwi wawuquka amaculo, ii-ballads, kunye ne-lullabies.

Uncwadi lwabo ubukhulu becala yayiziintsomi, iintsomi, kunye neentsomi, onke la masiko nezithethe abe negalelo kwilifa lenkcubeko yabo babehlala kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX eMississippi, elo lifa ligciniwe kwaye livavanywa kwiimyuziyam ezifana neMyuziyam yeMbali yaseMississippi kunye neMississippi. IMyuziyam yamaLungelo oLuntu eJackson.

umculo kunye nethiyetha

Umculo wasekhaya waseMississippi uneengcambu zawo kwizithethe zaseYurophu nase-Afrika-Amerika, kubandakanywa, umzekelo, iibhaladi zesiNgesi kunye ne-Scottish; ukucula uhadi olungcwele (esekelwe kuhadi olungcwele, olona ludumileyo lweengoma ezininzi ezimilise inqaku), nto leyo iyindawo yasemaphandleni emhlophe yaseMelika eguqulelwe kwisithethe sangaphambili sesiNgesi; zokomoya, eziqhelekileyo kumculo welizwi elimnyama nelimhlophe.

Ebizwa ngokuba yi-Mississippi Delta, isimbo esiqhubeka sinxulunyaniswa nabantu base-Afrika-Amerika belizwe, eli lifa lemveli linike amagcisa adumileyo njengoJimmie Rodgers, omnye woovulindlela bomculo welizwe; Elvis Presley, obonwa ngokubanzi njengomseki womculo werock; blues artist BB King.

Kwakhona i-lyric soprano uLeontyne Price, umntu wokuqala wase-Afrika-waseMelika ukufumana ukwamkelwa kumazwe ngamazwe kwihlabathi le-opera, urhulumente unombutho weopera eJackson, iiokhestra ezininzi zeesymphony kunye nemisebenzi yomculo ebanzi kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi.

Isithethe sethiyetha eMississippi saqala ngo-1800, xa abaphulaphuli baseNatchez babona imveliso yokuqala ebalaseleyo eya kuboniswa ngasentshona Iintaba Allegheny. Namhlanje, uninzi lwethiyetha, iikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi eluntwini zibonelela ngamaxabiso amangalisayo, kukho inkampani yobuchwephesha eJackson.

Imidlalo noLonwabo

Nangona i-basketball yekholeji kunye ne-baseball zinezithethe ezomeleleyo kwizikolo zase-Mississippi (ukusukela emva kwi-baseball Hall of Famer Casey Stengel's stint njengomqeqeshi kwiDyunivesithi yaseMississippi), ibhola ekhatywayo yasekholejini inebhongo lendawo kwezemidlalo. baxinaniswe kwiimbali ezityebileyo kunye nezithethe ezibonakaliswa kuluhlu olufutshane lwabadlali ababalaseleyo kwilizwe.

Iikholeji ezintathu zembali zabantsundu eMississippi, amalungu enkomfa yeembaleki zaseMazantsi-ntshona, nazo zenze uphawu lwazo kwibhola ekhatywayo yasekholejini (ubuncinci ngamabhendi abo abalaseleyo).

Ukubaleka ngasemva uWalter Payton ngoyena udumileyo kwibhola ekhatywayo yaseJackson State alumni, ethathwa ngabaninzi njengoyena mntu wamkelekileyo kwibhola ekhatywayo ebanzi, eneenkwenkwezi eMississippi Valley State University, ngelixa umva uSteve McNair ebeka iirekhodi kwiYunivesithi yaseAlcorn State.

Ilifa lasemaphandleni laseMississippi liyaqhubeka nokuba yimpembelelo enamandla kwindlela yokuphila kunye nemikhwa yokuzonwabisa yabahlali bayo. Ukuzingela, ukuloba (kokubini emachibini nasemilanjeni nakwiGulf of Mexico), ukukhwela isikhephe, ukukhempisha, kunye neminye imisebenzi yangaphandle yenye yezona ndlela zidumileyo zokuzonwabisa kwilizwe.

Imidiya kunye noshicilelo

Zonke iidolophu ezinkulu kurhulumente zikhonzwa ngamaphephandaba asekuhlaleni, iidolophu ezincinci kunye noluntu zikhonzwa yenye yezona nkqubo zinamandla zeveki eUnited States.

Iincwadi

IMississippi idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuchumeni koncwadi lwaseMazantsi ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-1949. Idolophu yasentsomini yaseYoknapatawpha kunye nezizukulwana zabantu bayo zenziwa nguWilliam Faulkner kuthotho oludumileyo lweenoveli. Ebekwe phakathi kwezona mpumelelo ziphezulu kuncwadi lwaseMelika nakwihlabathi, ukubhala kukaFaulkner kwamenza wafumana ibhaso leNobel ngo-XNUMX.

Phakathi kwababhali bakaMississippi "kwisizukulwana sesibini" nguElizabeth Spencer, uWalker Percy, uWillie Morris, uMargaret Walker (uAlexander), kunye noEllen Douglas. Iingcali zoncwadi zasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX neye-XNUMX ziquka iinoveli uBarry Hannah, uLarry Brown, uJohn Grisham, noRichard Ford.

UClifton Taulbert waziwa ngenkumbulo yakhe ebuhlungu yobomi kwindawo eyayinobuhlanga obuphakathi kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX eMississippi, kwaye umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga uBeth Henley uzuze uzuko ngemidlalo yakhe ebekwe kwiidolophu ezisemazantsi.

Imithombo yoMlambo iMississippi

Eminye yemithombo emikhulu yoMlambo iMississippi ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

umlambo wase-arkansas 

UMlambo i-Arkansas uphakathi kwemithombo ephambili yoMlambo i-Mississippi ophuma entshona usiya empuma, umlambo uvela eColorado kwaye uguqula amanzi awo kuMlambo iMississippi, uphuhla kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-1,469 otyhutyha ilizwe lase-Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma. kunye neColorado.

Owona mlambo wesithandathu ngobukhulu kweli lizwe, ungowesibini ophuhliswe kakhulu kuMlambo i-Mississippi kunye nowama-45 ngobukhulu emhlabeni, umlomo woMlambo i-Arkansas useNapoleon e-Arkansas kwaye unendawo yokuhambisa amanzi emalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-170,000 zesikwere. 

Umlambo unomthamo wokukhupha we-40,000 cubic feet ngesekhondi, uza okwesithathu emva kwemilambo yase-Ohio ne-Missouri ngokubhekiselele kumthamo wokukhupha umthamo. Umlambo wase-Arkansas unokohlulwa ube ngamacandelo amathathu ahlukeneyo ecaleni kwendlela yawo, icandelo lokuqala lisuka kumthombo walo, eliqala kufutshane neLeadville eColorado.

Umlambo kweli candelo unamanzi anzulu, ahamba ngokukhawuleza kwiiNtaba zeRocky kwaye uneentlambo ezimxinwa. Ngaphakathi kwesi sahlulo, umlambo uxhasa i-rafting yamanzi amhlophe, ngakumbi eRoyal Gorge Brown's Canyon kunye negranite eColorado.

Inxalenye yesibini yomlambo iqala kwisixeko saseCanon eColorado, apho intlambo yomlambo ikhula kwaye iyancipha ngokuphawulekayo, oku kubonakala kwidolophu yaseColorado, apho umlambo ungena kwi-Great Plains. Kweli candelo, umlambo ubonakaliswe ziindonga ezinganzulwanga, ezibanzi, kunye nezikhukula zamaxesha onyaka ezibonwa emlanjeni eColorado, eKansas, nakwiindawo zase-Oklahoma.

Umlambo wase-Illinois

Umlambo i-Illinois yenye yeendawo eziphambili zoMlambo i-Mississippi obaleka malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-273 kwilizwe lase-Illinois. Umlambo uqala ekudibaneni kwemilambo iDes Plaines kunye neKankakee kwimpuma yeGrundy County, Illinois, malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 kumzantsi-ntshona weJoliet.

Umlambo i-Illinois uqukuqela ngasentshona unqumla kumantla elizwe kwaye udlula eMorris nase-Ottawa, apho uMlambo iFox kunye noMlambo iMazon ujoyina uMlambo i-Illinois. Abanye Imilambo ajoyina uMlambo i-Illinois ubandakanya uMlambo iVermilion, uMlambo iMackinaw, uMlambo iSpoon, uMlambo iSangamon, kunye noMlambo iLa Moine.

UMlambo i-Illinois ujoyina uMlambo i-Mississippi malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-95 kumntla-ntshona wedolophu yase-Saint Louis kwaye malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20 ukusuka ekudibaneni kweMilambo yaseMissouri ne-Mississippi.

umlambo wasemissouri

Lo mlambo mkhulu waziwa njengowona mde kuMntla Merika, uqala kwiintaba zentlango kumzantsi-ntshona uze uhle uye kumzantsi-mpuma, unohambo oluziikhilomitha ezingama-2,466.

Umlambo uqukuqela kumazwe amathandathu phambi kokuba uye kugalela kuMlambo iMississippi kufutshane neSaint Louis eMissouri. I-Missouri ikhupha indawo yeekhilomitha ezingama-500,000 zeekhilomitha ezibandakanya amazwe alishumi e-United States kunye namaphondo amabini eCanada, nangona uMlambo i-Missouri uyinxalenye yoMlambo i-Mississippi, umde kunoMlambo i-Mississippi.

Ohio umlambo

UMlambo iOhio sesinye sezona nxalenye ziphambili zoMlambo iMississippi kwaye uqala ekudibaneni koMlambo iMonongahela kunye noMlambo iAllegheny ePennsylvania. Umlambo uqukuqela iikhilomitha ezingama-981 emva kokuwela amazwe amathandathu, kubandakanya iWest Virginia, iPennsylvania, iKentucky, iOhio, iIndiana, kunye ne-Illinois, ngaphambi kokungena kuMlambo iMississippi eCairo, eIllinois.

Umlambo iOhio ulikhaya malunga ne 150 iintlobo zentlanzi, kuquka i trout, salmon, catfish, phakathi kwezinye.Umlambo unobunzulu obuyi-avareji yeefithi ezingama-24 kwaye wonke umlambo uyahambeka, uvumela iinqanawa ukuba zithwale umyinge wama-230 iitoni ezizigidi zeenqanawa ngonyaka, kukho izixhobo zamandla ezingama-49 kunye namadama angama-20 ngakuMlambo iOhio.

umlambo obomvu

Umlambo oBomvu uphakathi kwemithombo ephambili yoMlambo iMississippi, uvela kwiiNtaba zeRocky, umbindi womlambo useTexas kwaye uqukuqela kwamanye amazwe ahlukeneyo afana neLouisiana, Arkansas kunye ne-Oklahoma, egubungela umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-1,290.

Eminye yemithombo yoMlambo oBomvu ibandakanya uMlambo iSulfur, uMlambo iLittle, uMlambo i-Little Wichita, uMlambo iKiamichi, uMlambo iWashita, uMlambo i-Peace, kunye noMlambo i-Salt Fork Red, phakathi kwabanye. Ibhanki esemazantsi yoMlambo oBomvu yayiyinxalenye yomda we-US-Mexico.

Ukulandela isivumelwano se-Adams-Onis esasayinwa ngo-1819 kwaye sasebenza de kwangowe-1821 xa i-Texas yabanjwa, i-Red River watershed yi-65,590 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha kwaye i-watershed yayo ithe tyaba, i-watershed ikwayindawo yezolimo echumileyo enezixeko ezimbalwa kunye nezikhulu. .

Intsingiselo yoMlambo iMississippi

Umlambo iMississippi, kunye nemithombo yawo, isetyenziselwa ukuthutha iimveliso ezenziweyo kunye nezolimo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe, iinkqubo zomlambo iMississippi kunye neMissouri zezona zinkulu kweli lizwe kwaye zithwala ngaphezulu kwe-450 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane zempahla minyaka le. .

Izikhephe ezityhala iinqanawa ezinkulu luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwezothutho. Kuqikelelwa ukuba uMlambo iMississippi ubalelwa malunga neepesenti ezingama-92 zokuthengisa ngaphandle kwezolimo eUnited States kunye ne-78% yeembotyi zesoya kunye nokutya okuziinkozo, uMlambo iMississippi ukwalikhaya kwamanye amazibuko makhulu kweli lizwe, njengezibuko laseNew. I-Orleans kunye nePort of Louisiana, la mazibuko mabini aphatha ngaphezulu kwe-500 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka.

Mississippi River kunye neGulf of Mekhsikho

Umlambo iMississippi kudala ubonwa njengempembelelo enkulu kwiGulf of Mexico, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umzamo omncinci owenziweyo wokushwankathela ngokufanelekileyo zonke iindlela umlambo ochaphazela ngayo i-ecosystem enkulu ye-Gulf.

Iqela elisebenzayo lezazinzulu lidibene ukuze lihlalutye into eyaziwayo, kwaye yintoni ehlala ingaziwa, malunga neziphumo zoMlambo iMississippi kunye nedelta yawo kwi-Gulf ukunceda ukukhokela abenzi bezigqibo njengoko beqhubela phambili kwiinzame zokubuyisela.

Awukho omnye umlambo kuMntla Merika onesitya sokukhupha amanzi esikhulu njengeMississippi, isixa sezondlo esizikhuphayo kwiGulf of Mexico sikhulu, kuba amanzi acocekileyo omlambo alula kunamanzi anetyuwa olwandle, ahlala njengomaleko ohlukileyo. phezu kwamanzi olwandle.

Indawo ye-hypoxic ye-Gulf yaseMexico yinto yamaxesha athile eyenzeka kumantla eGulf, ukusuka emlonyeni woMlambo i-Mississippi ukuya ngaphaya komda waseTexas, yaziwa ngokuba yiNdawo efileyo yeGulf of Mexico, ngenxa yokuba Amanqanaba Amanqanaba eoksijini ngaphakathi kwendawo aphantsi kakhulu ukuba angaxhasa ubomi baselwandle.

Umlambo wamanzi waseMississippi ugubungela amashumi amane ananye eepesenti zelizwekazi lase-United States, iqulethe amashumi amane anesixhenxe eepesenti abantu basemaphandleni besizwe kunye namashumi amahlanu anesibini eepesenti yeefama zaseMelika, inkunkuma evela kulo mmandla wonke Bangena kwiGulf of Mexico ngokusebenzisa iMississippi. Umlambo.

Ibandakanyiwe kule nkunkuma yezolimo i-phosphorus kunye ne-nitrogen, isondlo esiphambili esijongene neentyantyambo ze-algal kwiNdawo efileyo, i-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwizichumisi e-United States kwi-1930s.

I-Nitrate kunye ne-phosphate concentrations kwi-Mississippi esezantsi inyuse ngokulinganayo amanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwesichumisi ngezolimo ukususela ngo-1960, xa ukusetyenziswa kwesichumisi kunyuke ngaphezu kweetoni ze-metric zezigidi ezibini ngonyaka. 

Lilonke, igalelo lenitrogen kwiGulf elisuka kuMlambo iMississippi liye landa phakathi kwesibini nesixhenxe kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Ukongeza kwinkunkuma yezolimo, ilindle elingacocwanga ngokufanelekileyo okanye elingacocwanga kunye nolunye ungcoliseko lwasezidolophini nalo luyakhutshelwa kula manzi.

I-nitrogen ikholisa ukuba sisithintelo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izixa ezithintelweyo ziyakuthintela ukukhula kunye nokuzala kwezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, izixa ezigqithisileyo zenitrogen zikhokelela kwi-eutrophication, ukufunxwa kwamanzi angaphezulu kwezakhamzimba ezityebileyo ngephytoplankton okanye ezinye izityalo.

Ukuba ungcoliseko lwezondlo aluncitshiswanga kakhulu, intlanzi kunye noonokrwece ngenye imini banokutshintshwa ngokusisigxina ngebhaktiriya ye-anaerobic. Oku kuthetha ukuba imiyinge yayo ethintelweyo inciphisa ukukhula kunye nokuzala kwezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, izixa ezigqithisileyo zenitrogen zikhokelela kwi-eutrophication, ukufunxwa kwamanzi angaphezulu kwezakhamzimba ngephytoplankton okanye ezinye izityalo.

Nangona kunjalo, izixa ezigqithisileyo zenitrogen zikhokelela kwi-eutrophication, ukufunxwa kwamanzi angaphezulu kwezakhamzimba ezityebileyo ngephytoplankton okanye ezinye izityalo. Ukuba ungcoliseko lwezondlo aluncitshiswanga kakhulu, intlanzi kunye noonokrwece ngenye imini banokutshintshwa ngokusisigxina ngebhaktiriya ye-anaerobic.

Ubomi bezityalo kunye nezilwanyana

Nangona izityalo zendalo zentlambo ekufutshane ye-Mississippi ziyimveliso eyahlukileyo Iintlobo zemozulu kwaye ukusuka emhlabeni kunomlambo, imigxobhozo kunye namanzi angasemva e-Mississippi ayamangalisa ngokwendalo. Ngasemlanjeni, ukusuka kwimigxobhozo yasendle yerayisi yaseMinnesota ukuya kwimigxobhozo eselunxwemeni yedelta, kukho iipokotho zemibutho ekhulayo yezityalo nezilwanyana.

Apho, ubuninzi bokhuselo lwendalo, ukwahlukaniswa okuthelekisayo, kunye nokutya okunikezelwa zizityalo ezinjengeedes, algae, kunye ne millet kukhuthaza ukoloniyali rhoqo ziintaka zamanzi, indlela yezi ntaka, njengoko zinyuka umlambo namaxesha onyaka, iye yabizwa ngokuba yiMississippi Flyway. , igama elifanelekileyo kuhola wendlela omkhulu ohamba emoyeni osuka kwidelta ukuya kumabala okuzalela ehlotyeni asemantla eKhanada.

Kuqikelelwa ukuba izigidi ezisibhozo zamadada, amarhanisi kunye namarhanisi achitha ubusika emazantsi endlela yokubhabha yaye iintaka ezininzi ezingakumbi zibusebenzisa xa zisiya eLatin America. iimallards kunye ne-teal, amadada amnyama, i-widgeon, i-rufous kunye ne-ring-necked amadada kunye ne-coots.

Ezona ntlobo ziphambili zeentlanzi ezifumaneka kulo mlambo ziquka iindidi ngeendidi zentlanzi ekuthiwa yicatfish (ezinye zazo ezikhula ngokomlinganiselo omkhulu kwaye zithengiswa ngamashishini asekuhlaleni ecaleni kwemilambo esezantsi nephakathi); iiwalleys kunye neesuckers.

Ezi ntlobo zikhula kumlambo ophezulu kwaye zibonelela ngesiseko soshishino lokuloba ezemidlalo eMinnesota naseWisconsin; i-carp kunye ne-garfish. I-alligators ngoku inqabile, ifumaneka kuphela kweyona ndawo ikude yasemanzini, kwaye i-brackish water shrimp kunye nokuloba ngoononkala ziyancipha.

ezinye izilwanyana

Umhlaba, amanzi kunye nesibhakabhaka soMlambo ongasentla weMississippi udibana nobomi. I-Mississippi kunye ne-bluffs ejikelezileyo kunye ne-floodplains ibonelela ngokutya kunye nekhusi kwiintaka ezifudukayo, iintlanzi ezizodwa, kunye nezilwanyana ezincelisayo eziphawulekayo.

Iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zichitha ihlobo apha kunye neentlobo ezininzi ezingakumbi zisebenzisa umlambo namahlathi awo kunye namadlelo engca njengeendawo zokumisa ngexesha lokufuduka kwazo okumangalisayo. Zingaphezu kwe-120 iintlobo zeentlanzi ezihlala emlanjeni, kunye nenani leembaza eziphinda zifumaneke. Iimbava, iimazi, amaxhama, ii<em>beaver kunye nee<em>muskrats nezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo zihlala ngaselunxwemeni lomlambo.

Ikamva loMlambo iMississippi