Namhlanje siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga ne ukuqiniswa okungalunganga, yintoni equlethwe kuyo, yintoni ukungafani kwayo ngokuqiniswa okulungileyo, kwaye ukuba kuyacetyiswa ukuba siyisebenzise kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobomi bethu.
Yintoni ukomeleza okungalunganga?
Isazi ngengqondo saseMelika kunye nesithandi sobulumko, uBurrhus Frederic Skinner, inzalelwane yedolophu yaseSusquehanna, ePennsylvania, wenze umsebenzi obanzi kwipsychology esekelwe kwindlela yokuziphatha komntu.
Ku-Skinner, ukusebenzisa oko kubizwa ngokuba kukuqinisa kunye nokubi kubalulekile ekuguquleni ukuziphatha komntu, mhlawumbi ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuthile, okanye ukuyiphelisa.
Ithiyori yokuqinisa enikezelwa ngu-Skinner, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-operant conditioning, igxile ekuchazeni ukuziphatha komntu njengesiphumo sendalo kunye ne-stimuli esingqongileyo.
U-Skinner uxoxile ukuba ukomeleza okulungileyo nokubi kunokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokunceda ukuguqula, ukunyusa okanye ukuphelisa ukuziphatha okuthile kumntu.
Ukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo zezo zivela emva kokuziphatha okuthile, kwaye umntu abone ukuba kuyanelisa okanye kunenzuzo.
Umzekelo wokomelezwa kakuhle ngulowo kamama onika umntwana i-ayisikrimu ngokuwugqiba kwangethuba umsebenzi wakhe wesikolo owenzelwa ekhaya. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho amathuba amakhulu okuba umntwana enze umsebenzi wakhe wesikolo kwangexesha kwixesha elizayo.
Namhlanje siza kuzinikela ukuhlalutya ukuba yintoni na ukuqiniswa okungalunganga, yintoni ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuhlengahlengiso lokuziphatha, kwaye kwakhona, siya kukunika imizekelo ethile ukuze ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa kwixesha elizayo.
Ziziphi izinto ezomelezayo ezingakhiyo?
Ukuqala, kufuneka sikwenze kucace gca ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe ukuqiniswa okungalunganga nesohlwayo, nangona abantu betyekele ekucingeni ukuba bayafana.
Ukuba sithetha ngoKONGA umsebenzi ongathandekiyo njengempendulo yokuziphatha okuthile, sithetha ngokucacileyo ngesohlwayo. I ukuqiniswa okungalunganga SUSA isenzo esingathandekiyo esibangelwa kukuziphatha okufunayo.
Ngokungafaniyo nokomelezwa okuqinisekileyo, apho kuthatyathwe inyathelo ukuze kuqiniswe ngendlela eyanelisayo, ukuqiniswa okungalunganga ifuna ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha ngokususa isiphumo esithathwa ngumntu esingalunganga.
Ukuba endaweni yokunika umntwana i-ayisikrimu ukuba uyayigqiba imisebenzi yakhe ngexesha, umama ofanayo kumzekelo wangaphambili unikezela endaweni yokumxolela ekuncedeni ukuhlamba izitya emva kokutya, usebenzisa ukuqiniswa okungalunganga.
Le ndlela yokuqinisa, ukuphelisa umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla umntwana angayifumaniyo ingathandekiyo, ifana nokumnika i-ice cream xa egqibezela umsebenzi wakhe wesikolo. Ngokumalunga nokuguqulwa kokuziphatha, zombini iindlela zobugcisa ziphumelele.
Enye yeempawu zokuqiniswa okungalunganga kukuba uyayihoxisa iinkqubo zengqondo. Njengezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezisuka kwindlela yokuziphatha, ukomelezwa okungalunganga kujongana kuphela nokuziphatha kwabantu, kwaye azihoyi ngokupheleleyo iinkqubo zabo zangaphakathi.
Okulandelayo, siyakumema ukuba ubukele le vidiyo ilandelayo apho ithiyori ye-Skinner yokuqinisa okulungileyo nokubi ichazwa ngendlela elula neneenkcukacha.
Imizekelo yezicelo zokuqiniswa okungalunganga
El ukuqiniswa okungalunganga inokuba sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokuguqula okanye ukomeleza ukuziphatha; nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iyasebenza kakhulu xa isetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza emva kokuziphatha.
Olu hlobo lokuqiniswa alukwenzeka kuphela xa umntu onegunya esusa umsebenzi ongathandekiyo njengokuqiniswa kokuziphatha okufunwayo.
Inokuthi yenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo, xa umntu ethatha isigqibo sokwenza isenzo, ukuphepha into engathandekiyo, enokuthi iveliswe ngenxa yokungayenzi.
Nantsi eminye imizekelo esebenzayo eya kukunceda uqonde ngcono ukuba zeziphi iziqinisekiso ezingalunganga, kunye nezinye zezicelo zazo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobomi bethu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwimekobume yosapho lwethu
- Ukuba ufuna umntwana wakho ahlambulule igumbi lakhe rhoqo ngeveki (ukuziphatha), unokunikela ukusika amaqabunga egcekeni ngeeCawa (i-aversive stimulus).
- Umyeni unquma ukuhlamba izitya emva kokutya (ukuziphatha), ukuphepha izikhalazo zomfazi ukuba izitya zingcolile (i-aversive stimulus).
zokusebenza emsebenzini
- Umthengisi okwaziyo ukugqibezela usukelo lwakhe lokuhlawula ngenyanga (ukuziphatha), uya kukhululwa ekuthatheni inxaxheba kusuku olucwangcisiweyo olukhethekileyo lokucoca warehouse (aversive stimulus).
- Umsebenzi uthatha isigqibo sokushiya idesika yakhe icocekile kwaye ilungelelaniswe ekupheleni kosuku (ukuziphatha), ukuphepha ukuthethiswa ngumphathi wakhe ngentsasa elandelayo (i-aversive stimulus).
Siyakumema ukuba ufunde umsebenzi wethu kwi ubuthathaka bomntu womntu, ekubeni ukwazi amandla nobuthathaka bethu kuyimfuneko ukuze sikwazi ukuphucula ubuchule nobuchule bethu bobuqu.
