La Imitha ye-electromagnetic ngamaza e-electromagnetic avuyiswa zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhupha ii-athomu, amasuntswana ahlawuliweyo, iimolekyuli, ii-eriyali. Inani elikhulu lezixhobo zombane kunye neentambo zombane zineElectromagnetic Radiation.
Yintoni i-Electromagnetic Radiation?
La Imitha ye-electromagnetic Ikwaziwa njengohlobo logqithiso lwamandla ngesiphakathi apho amandla ombane okanye imagnethi aphuma ngokwemo yamaza.
Ngokwethiyori yamaza, yonke i-Electromagnetic Radiation ineempawu ezibalulekileyo kwaye iziphatha ngendlela eqikelelwayo, i-Electromagnetic Radiation yenziwe ngentsimi yombane kunye nemagnethi, intsimi yombane iyatshintsha ngobukhulu kwaye iqondiswe ngokuthe ngqo kwicala lokusasazeka kwemitha.
Isenokubonakala imangalisa into yokuba izinto ezilolo hlobo zikhoyo zikho ngaphandle kwaye zinesiseko esifanayo soMbane we-Electromagnetic Radiation, njengeqhekeza le-radioactive substance, ityhubhu ye-X-reyi, isibane sokukhupha i-mercury, isibane, isitovu esishushu, njl njl. isikhululo kunye ne-alternator eqhagamshelwe kwintambo yombane.
Iziphumo ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zoMbane we-Electromagnetic Radiation emzimbeni womntu nazo ezahlukeneyo, imitha gamma kunye ubude be-x-reyi ukungena, kubangela umonakalo kwiithishu, ukukhanya okubonakalayo kubangela imbonakalo yeliso, imitha ye-infrared, iwele emzimbeni womntu, iwufudumeze, kunye namaza erediyo kunye ne-low-frequency electromagnetic vibrations emzimbeni womntu ayivakali kwaphela.
Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zibonelela ngentsimi ye-electromagnetic ngexesha lokufumana kunye nokuhambisa ulwazi kwaye ngenxa yokuba zibekwe kumgama omncinci ukusuka kuthi, umzekelo, ifowuni ephathwayo ihlala isondele entloko, ukuxinana kwe-flux kwintsimi ye-electromagnetic kuya kuba buninzi.
Ii-ovens ze-microwave zinobomi beshelufu, ukuba zintsha kwaye zisenkonzweni, akuyi kubakho imitha ngexesha lokusebenza ukusuka ngaphandle kwe-oven, ukuba ubuso bumdaka, umnyango awuhambisani ngokugqibeleleyo, ngoko ukhuseleko lwe-oven. i-oven ayinakumisa yonke i-radiation kwaye namabala aya kungena kwiindonga zekhitshi kunye nefulethi lonke okanye amagumbi akufutshane.
Propiedades
I-Electrodynamics yifiziksi ye Imitha ye-electromagnetic kunye ne-electromagnetism yinto ebonakalayo ebonakalayo ehambelana nethiyori ye-electrodynamics, amandla ombane kunye nemagnethi athobela ipropathi ye-superposition, ke ngoko intsimi ngenxa yalo naliphi na isuntswana elithile okanye indawo yombane okanye imagnethi eyahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha inegalelo kumasimi akhoyo kwindawo enye. ngenxa yezinye izizathu.
Kwakhona, njengoko ziyimimandla ye-vector, zonke ii-vectors ze-magnetic kunye ne-electric field vectors zongeza ngokongezwa kwe-vector, ngoko umzekelo kwi-optics amaza okukhanya amabini okanye ngaphezulu ahambelanayo anokunxibelelana kwaye abe nokwakha okanye okutshabalalisa, iziphazamiso zinika i-irradiance ephuma kuyo. isixa samacandelo okukhanya kwamaza okukhanya ngamnye.
Ekubeni ukukhanya kuyi-oscillation, akuchaphazeli ukuhamba ngombane osisigxina okanye umbane wemagnethi kwi-linear medium efana ne-vacuum, nangona kunjalo, kwimidiya engabonakaliyo njengamakristali athile, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemimandla yokukhanya kunye nombane kunokwenzeka kunye ne-static magnetic, oku kusebenzisana. zibandakanya isiphumo seFaraday kunye nesiphumo seKerr.
Kwi-refraction, i-wave enqumlayo ukusuka kwelinye i-medium ukuya kwelinye yoxinaniso olwahlukeneyo lutshintsha isantya kunye nomkhombandlela ekungeneni kwendlela entsha, umlinganiselo we-indices refractive media imisela iqondo lokuphikiswa, kwaye ishwankathelwa kumthetho we-Snell.
Ukukhanya kwamaza amaza adibeneyo asasazwa kwi-spectrum ebonakalayo edlula kwiprism kuba ubude be-wavelength buxhomekeke kwisalathiso se-refractive se-prism yezinto, oko kukuthi, icandelo ngalinye lamaza ngaphakathi kokukhanya okudibeneyo isixa esahlukileyo siphindwe kabini.
Ithiyori
UJames Clerk uMaxwell ufumene i-waveform kwi-equation yombane kunye nemagnethi, ngaloo ndlela efumanisa ubume obufana namaza ombane kunye nemagnethi kunye nomlinganiso wabo, kuba ukukhawuleziswa kwamaza ombane obonelelwa yi-equation yamaza ehambelana nesantya esilinganisiweyo sokukhanya, utshilo uMaxwell. ukuba ukukhanya ngokwako kuliza, iiequations zikaMaxwell zaqinisekiswa nguHertz ngokuvavanya ngamaza erediyo.
Ngokutsho kwee-equations kaMaxwell, ukuhluka kwendawo yendawo yombane isoloko inxulumene nentsimi yamagnetic, etshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngaphezu koko, indawo yemagnethi eguquguqukayo idityaniswa notshintsho oluthile ngokuhamba kwexesha kwintsimi yombane, kwi-electromagnetic wave, utshintsho. kwintsimi yombane zihlala zihamba kunye ne-wave kwintsimi yamagnetic kwicala elinye kunye nelinye icala.
Imimandla yemagnethi inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengemimandla yombane kwesinye isakhelo sereferensi kwaye kwakhona amasimi ombane anokuthathwa njengemimandla yemagnethi kwesinye isakhelo sereferensi, kodwa anentsingiselo efanayo, kuba ifiziksi iyafana kuzo zonke izakhelo zereferensi, ngoko ke kukho a unxulumano olusondeleyo phakathi kwendawo kunye notshintsho lwexesha lungaphezulu kothelekiso apha.
ingakanani i-radiation
Lilona nani lincinci leepropati ezibonakalayo ezibandakanyekayo ekusebenzisaneni, i-photon kuphela kwe-quantum yokukhanya okanye enye indlela yokukhanya. Imitha ye-electromagneticNgokufanayo, amandla e-electron ebotshelelwe ngaphakathi kwe-athomu alinganiswa kwaye anokubakho kuphela kumaxabiso athile ahlukeneyo.
Ukusasazwa okunokwenzeka okumileyo kuthathwe kwinkqubo yenyathelo elinye elihambelana nethiyori kaEinstein yokufunxa kunye nokukhutshwa kwemitha, umgaqo kaGauss usetyenziselwa ukuchonga i-entropy, kwaye umthetho wesibini unika imeko yokulingana okuguquguqukayo okanye umthetho wemitha ye-radiation. Ithiyori ye-Quantum Planck, le meko ayivumelani nekhrayitheriya ye-equilibrium eguquguqukayo ka-Einstein.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwakusele kwenziwe inkqubela enkulu kwi<em>physics, i<em>classical Newtonian physics ngelo xesha yamkelwa ngokubanzi kwibutho lenzululwazi ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukuchaza ngokuchanileyo nokuxela kwangaphambili iziganeko ezininzi.
Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, iingcali zefiziksi zafumanisa ukuba imithetho yobuxhakaxhaka bezinto zakudala ayisebenzi kumlinganiselo weathom, kwaye imifuniselo efana nefuthe lombane iphikisana ngokupheleleyo nemithetho yefiziksi yakudala. yethiyori ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi-quantum mechanics.
Iimpawu zoMbane we-Electromagnetic Radiation
Las imitha i-electromagnetic Zinezinto ezininzi ezinomdla, esizikhankanya ngezantsi:
Ukukhanya kwe-Electromagnetic Radiation kwenzeka xa i-particle ye-athomu, efana ne-electron, ikhawuleza yintsimi yombane, ibangela ukuba ikhawuleze, amaza ombane kunye neempawu zabo zichazwe ngokufutshane kwiingongoma ezichazwe ngezantsi.
Amaza
Ukongezwa kwamaza kwaziwa njengomgama phakathi kweencopho eziqhubekayo zamaza, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezikumaza ombane we-electromagnetic wave okanye isandi sesandi, ngokulandelayo sifikelelwa njengomgama womjikelo opheleleyo wokushukuma.
- C: sisantya sokukhanya
- a: bubude obungamaza
- v: yi-frequency
C = hayi
Ukuphindaphinda
Inani lemijikelo ngesekhondi lichazwa njengesiqhelo. Ichazwa njengoHertz, ukuba "E" ingamandla, "h" yiPlanck's constant elingana no 6.62607 x 10 -34 kwaye "v" kukuphindaphinda apho sinokufumana khona unxulumano olunikwe ngezantsi.
E = hν
Ke siyabona ukuba amaxesha amaninzi alingana ngokuthe ngqo namandla.
Ixesha
Ixesha lidla ngokuphawulwa ngesimboli 'T'. Lilonke ixesha elithathwayo ukuba iliza lihambe umgama omde o-1.
Isantya
Malunga ne Imitha ye-electromagnetic, isantya siqhele ukubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo:
Isantya samaza kwi-vacuum ye-electromagnetic wave yi-186,282 yeemayile/umzuzwana okanye 2.99 × 10 8 Nksk.
Yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi koMbane we-Electromagnetic kunye ne-radioactivity?
Olu lolona luhlu lubanzi kakhulu lwe-electromagnetic spectrum njengoko lungakhawulelwanga ngamandla aphezulu, iveliswa imitha ye-gamma ethambileyo ngexesha lotshintsho lwamandla ngaphakathi kwinuclei ye-atom nangaphezulu, ngexesha lokusabela kwenyukliya imitha ye-gamma itshabalalisa ngokulula iimolekyuli, kubandakanywa nebhayoloji, kodwa, ngethamsanqa, azidluli kwiatmosfera.
Imitha yeGamma yiRadiyo ye-Electromagnetic enobude obufutshane kakhulu, obungaphantsi kwe-0.1 nm, ekhutshwa yinuclei yeathom echulumancisayo ngexesha lotshintsho lweradioactive kunye nokusabela kwenyukliya kwaye iphuma ekuncipheni kwamasuntswana ahlawuliweyo kumbandela, ukubola kwawo, emva kokubhangisa. emva kokudlula kwamasuntswana atshajiswe ngokukhawuleza nge Utshintsho lweMichiza yoMba, kwimitha yokukhanya kwelaser, kwisithuba esiphakathi kweenkwenkwezi.
Iziphumo zebhayoloji zoMbane we-Electromagnetic Radiation
Amaza kunye neempembelelo zamasuntswana achaza ngokupheleleyo ukukhutshwa kunye nokufunxa kwe-spectra ye-Electromagnetic Radiation, umbandela kukubunjwa kwendawo apho ukukhanya okusasazekayo kumisela ubunjani be-absorption kunye ne-radiation spectrum, ezi bhanti zihambelana nemigangatho yamandla avumelekileyo kwii-athomu.
Iibhanti ezimnyama kwi-spectrum yokufunxa zibangelwa zii-athom njengendawo ephakathi phakathi komthombo kunye nombonisi, iiathomu zifunxa amaza athile okukhanya phakathi kwe-emitter kunye ne-detector kwaye emva koko izikhuphe macala onke, ibhendi emnyama ibonakala kunye umtshina, ngenxa yemitha esasazwe ngumqadi.
Ngoko ke, umzekelo, amabhanti amnyama ekukhanyeni akhutshwa yinkwenkwezi ekude abangelwa zii-athom ezisemoyeni weenkwenkwezi, kwenzeka into efanayo kwi-radiation, ebonakala xa igesi ephumayo ikhazimla ngenxa yokutsalwa kwe-athomu nangayiphi na indlela. indlela, kuquka ubushushu.
Njengoko ii-electron zisihla ziye kumanqanaba asezantsi amandla, i-spectrum iphuma ngaphandle, imele ukutsiba phakathi kwamanqanaba amandla e-electron, kodwa umgca uyabonakala kuba kwakhona ukukhutshwa kwenzeka kuphela kumandla athile emva kokuvuselela.
Umzekelo yi-spectrum ephumayo ye-nebulae, njengoko ii-electron ezihamba ngokukhawuleza zikhawuleza kakhulu xa zidibana nommandla wamandla, ngoko ke zinoxanduva lokuvelisa amaninzi amaninzi aphezulu Imitha ye-electromagnetic ijongwe kwindalo.
Ezi ziganeko zinokunceda imichiza eyahlukileyo igqibe ukubunjwa kweegesi ezikhanyayo kunye neegesi ezikhanyayo, i-spectroscopy imisela ukuba yeyiphi imichiza ebandakanya inkwenkwezi ethile, i-spectroscopy ikwasetyenziselwa ukumisela umgama wenkwenkwezi usebenzisa ukufuduka ukuya ebomvu.
I-ionizing radiation
Injongo yeli candelo kukubonelela ngolwazi kwiziseko ze-ionizing radiation Kuyo yonke into, amandla aphuma kumthombo abizwa ngokuba yimitha, imizekelo ibandakanya ubushushu okanye ukukhanya okuvela Ubume belanga, ii-microwaves ezivela kwi-oveni, ii-X-reyi kunye nemitha ye-gamma evela kwizinto ezine-radioactive.
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yimitha yemitha enamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze xa kukho intsebenziswano kunye neathom, inokwahlula ii-electron ezifakwe kakhulu kwi-orbit ye-athomu, ebangela ukuba i-athomu incamathele okanye i-ionize.
Imitha engasebenziyo
Imitha ye-non-ionizing ikwisiphelo sobude obude bobubanzi kwaye inokuba namandla aneleyo okonwabisa iimolekyuli kunye neeathom ezibangela ukuba zingcangcazele ngokukhawuleza, oku kucace gca kwi-oveni yemicrowave apho imitha ibangela ukuba iimolekyuli zamanzi zingcangcazele ngokukhawuleza ukudala ubushushu.
Uluhlu lwemitha ye-non-ionizing ukusuka kwimitha yemitha ephantsi kakhulu, eboniswa ngasekhohlo, ngamaza kanomathotholo, i-microwave, kunye neendawo ezibonakalayo zokukhanya kuluhlu lwe-ultraviolet.
Ukusetyenziswa koMbane we-Electromagnetic Radiation
- I-Electromagnetic Radiation ifezekisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ngevacuum.
- Kuba amaza ombane ehambisa amandla, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, kubandakanya itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano.
- Imitha ye-Electromagnetic Radiation sisiseko sokusebenza kweradar, ethi yona isetyenziswe ukukhokela kwaye ibone ukude ukufunda kwesijikelezi-langa sethu.
- Imitha ye-Ultraviolet iyi-germicidal kwindalo kwaye itshabalalisa ibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane kunye nokubumba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, umoya okanye amanzi.
- Imitha ye-infrared isetyenziselwa ukubona ebusuku kwaye iluncedo kwiikhamera zokhuseleko.
- Imitha ye-infrared ibonakala ngamaxesha onke, ngoko ke isetyenziswa ngamagosa ukubamba utshaba.
Isichaphazela njani i-Electromagnetic Radiation?
Kudala kwaziwa ukuba i Imitha ye-electromagnetic unophawu olubi lwempembelelo emntwini, kuyo yonke indawo sijikelezwe zixhobo zasekhaya, iingcingo, ukugqithiswa kweziphumo ezinje kubandakanya utshintsho kwimvelaphi yokhuselo lomntu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo ebezinokuthintelwa ngokuba kwindawo enjalo kwaye okusingqongileyo okunempilo.
Inkqubo ye-cardiovascular system kunye ne-nervous system nayo inovakalelo oluphezulu kwimiphumo ye-Electromagnetic Radiation, njengoko ibonakaliswe kwiziphumo zezifundo.
Ukusasazeka kwemitha kunokubangela:
- Ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo.
- Ukuphazamiseka kokulala.
- Ukonakala okubonakalayo kumsebenzi wokubonwayo.
- Ukunciphisa amajoni omzimba, ukuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukeneyo kweenkqubo zokwenza ubomi.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo ye-cardiovascular system.
