Ngaba nabani na ukwazile ukuhla ukuya Iimitha ezili-11.000 ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle? Impendulo nguewe, yaye owokuqala ukuyifumana wakwenza oko ngowe-19060.
Yayilulwakhiwo lwase-Italiya kwaye lwehla nzulu kakhulu kuhambo olwathi lwenziwa kunye ne-Trieste bathyscaphe.
Siyazi ubunzulu bolwandle iminyaka engama-70, hayi ngaphezulu
Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu zoluntu kukuphonononga uMhlaba, ngomoya, ngolwandle nasemhlabeni. Kwaye ngokuchanekileyo ulwandle yenye yezona ndawo zinzima kakhulu. Kangangeminyaka emininzi kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuhla nokuba ziimitha ezimbalwa ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle. Cinga nje ukuba sithetha ngonyaka we-1960 apho kwakunokwenzeka ukuqalisa ukuhlola oko kwakusenzulwini yolwandle. Koko kukuthi, yonke into eyaziwa ngobunzulu obunzulu ivela kwiminyaka engama-70 eyadlulayo.
Ngeli xesha, umntu uye wakwazi ukwakha imeko-bume eyaneleyo ukuze akwazi ukuhlola ubunzulu bolwandle, ngaphambi kokuba kufuneka anciphise into engaphandle. Ukwehla kokuqala kubunzulu obukhulu kwenziwa ngo-1960, kwiChallenger Deep of the Marainas Trench. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuthoba phantse i-110.000 yeemitha, ngokukodwa malunga ne-10.929m ubunzulu.
Umngeni onzulu kunye neMariana Trench
Ukuba sifuna ukufumana indawo enzulu kakhulu kwiplanethi yoMhlaba, kufuneka siye kwi-Marina Trench, apho sifumana ukudakumba okukhulu kwe-oceanic kwiplanethi. Inobude obuyi-2.500km, kodwa inemilo ephawulwe kakhulu, ene imilo yekresenti. Ilele phakathi kwe-Philippine tectonic plate kunye ne-Pacific tectonic plate. Ngokwendawo, sinokuyibeka phakathi kwePhilippines, iNew Guinea neJapan, kuMntla wePasifiki.
uhambo lwenqanawa yesiNgesi
Le yeyona ndawo inzulu kwiplanethi, kwaye iziimitha ezingama-10.900 kanye ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle. Yaziwa ngokuba yiChallenger Abyss, igama elifumana ngenxa yokuba yafunyanwa yinqanawa yamaNgesi yayibizwa ngokuba nguMngeni, malunga nonyaka we-1875. Kolu hambo kwakusithiwa obona bukhulu bunzulu ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle yayingama-8.184, nto leyo esikhokelela ekubeni sicinge ukuba mhlawumbi kamva kuya kufunyaniswa ukuba kwakusekho ubunzulu obuza kufunyanwa.
AmaBritane alitshintshile eli nani
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ngowe-1951, elinye iphulo laseBritani lakwazi ukubona ukuba oko kwakufunyenwe ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha nokuba babekulinganise kubunzulu obuziimitha ezisisi-8.184 eneneni yayingeloqula kodwa yayiyinzonzobila, yaye loo nto yayisele ifunyenwe. Yayiziimitha ezingama-10.863 ubunzulu. Ukuhlonipha ukufunyanwa kokuqala, uhambo lwesibini lwagqiba ukubiza enzonzobileni emva kwenqanawa, i-Challenger.
Ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla iyaziwa into yokuba inzonzobila imile okweceba, kwaye oko yahlulwe yaba zizitya ezithathu; impuma, embindini nentshona. Ukongezelela, ubunzulu obulinganiswayo, nangona buqinile kakhulu, ngoku buyaziwa ukuba buphezulu kancinane. Kukho intetho malunga neemitha ezili-10.902 okanye ezili-10.929, akwaziwa ncam.
Ukoyisa imiqobo yolwandle
Phakathi kwe-50 kunye ne-60s, abantu benza inkqubela phambili yesayensi, kuwo onke amanqanaba. Kwakunokwenzeka ukoyisa imida emininzi yoMhlaba eyayibonakala ingenakwenzeka kude kube ngoko, nokuba kungemoya, ngomhlaba okanye ngolwandle. Masiyikhumbule loo nto Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziweyo yasungulwa ngo-1957. ukuya emajukujukwini, nokuba umntu ngokwakhe wafikelela esibhakabhakeni ngo-1961. Ngokuphathelele uMhlaba, imida nayo yagqithiswa, yafikelela kwiincopho zeentaba eziphakamileyo kwiplanethi efana ne-Everest ne-K2 kwiminyaka yama-50. Kwaye ekupheleni kweli shumi leminyaka. Isiseko sokuqala sophando seSouth Pole sakhiwa. Zonke ezo ndawo apho umntu ebengakwazi ukufikelela kuzo kude kube yiloo mzuzu.
Ulwandle lwalusengolunye ucelomngeni eluntwini. Iinkwili ezazakhiwe ngelo xesha zazingenako ukufikelela kubunzulu obukhulu. Kwakufuneka benze ulwakhiwo olukhethekileyo ukuze bakwazi ukufikelela kwiimitha ezininzi kangaka kubunzulu bolwandle. Lalingekho iphenyane elalikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi ngolo hlobo.
I-Bathyspheres kunye ne-bathyscaphes, isisombululo sokukwazi ukuhlola ulwandle olunzulu
Kwakufuneka bakhe izangqa zentsimbi ezithotywe ngentambo zize zincanyathiselwe enqanaweni ukuze zingalahleki enzulwini. Olu lwakhiwo lufumene igama le-bathyspheres. Baqala ukwenza umfuniselo ngabo malunga noo-30 kwaye ngo-1934 behla ukuya kwi-923 yeemitha. Sekunjalo, babefuna enye into ukuze bangene nzulu ngakumbi.
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ii<em>bathyscaphes zayilwa, zifana kakhulu nee<em>bathyspheres kodwa zingabotshelelwanga entambo. Ezi zehla ukuya prepulsion ngoncedo motors zombane. Yayilwa ngumTaliyane ngowe-1948. Kodwa uvuyo lwaba lolwexeshana, lwaphela sele luzinzile emva kokuntywila kakuhle. Emva kwexesha elithile, umSwitzerland ogama linguAuguste Piccard walandela le ngcamango waza wakha enye i-bathyscaphe. Wayibiza ngokuba yiFNRS-2. Ayizange icwilise, kwaye ngokwenene yayisetyenziswa nguMkhosi waManzi waseFransi ukwenza umsebenzi osuka kunxweme lwaseSenegal, wehla ukuya kwiimitha ezingama-4.000.
Bathyscaphe of Trieste
Kodwa i-Piccard ayizange ihlale nale prototype kwaye yiloo nto. Wayila enye i-bathyscaphe kwaye ngeli xesha wabeka a igumbi elizaliswe ngepetroli. Oku kwavumela ukuba ibe ne-buoyancy ngakumbi. Kwaye wade wayila indawo ukuze abasebenzi ababini bahambe. Kutheni ibizwa ngokuba yi-Trieste Bathyscaphe?Kuba ngelo xesha uPiccard wafudukela eTrieste kwaye kwakusuka apho wayila lo mboniso mtsha we-bathysphare.
Kwada kwangowe-1953 apho yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa yaye ngowe-1958 yathengwa nguMkhosi Waselwandle waseUnited States owawufuna ukuhlola iMariana Trench. Ngowe-1959 i-bathyscaphe yafuduselwa kuyo eMariana Trench kwaye ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-60, ukuhlola kwaqhutywa ngeChallenger Deep. Kuyo kwakukho uPiccard ngokwakhe noDon Walsh, umphathi woMkhosi waManzi waseUnited States.
Uhambo ngokwalo lwathatha malunga neeyure ze-5 kwaye lwehla ukuze luthinte emazantsi e-basin esentshona, kubunzulu be-10.900 yeemitha. Kobo bunzulu banxibelelana nenqanawa kamama ngehydrophone. Olu hambo aluzange luhlale ixesha elide kuba kwimizuzu engama-20 kamva umaleko wePlexiglas wawa. (Indawo ebonakalayo evumela ukuba ibone into engaphandle kwaye ikwazi ukumelana nolu xinzelelo oluphezulu, ubuncinane ukuya kwinqanaba elithile). Kwakufuneka benyuke ngokukhawuleza kangangoko babenako, okuye kwasuka kuhambo lweyure ezi-5 ukuya enzulwini ukuya kwi-3 nekota yeeyure zokuphuma. Basinda bengenawo nomkrwelo yaye olo tyando lwaba yimpumelelo ngokupheleleyo.