Namhlanje kukho iindidi ezininzi zomculo kunye nemidlalo. Ngelishwa, ezinye iintlobo zilahlekelwa ngabaphulaphuli njengoko izandi zanamhlanje zibaluleke ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba kukho abantu, ingakumbi abantu abaselula, abangazi ncam yintoni i-opera Ewe, ukufumana wonke umntu ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, siya kuyichaza kweli nqaku.
Siza kuthetha malunga nokuba yintoni i-opera, imvelaphi yayo kwaye yahluke njani kwezinye iindidi zethiyetha yomculo. Ngapha koko, sithetha ngohlobo lobugcisa Ibiyinxalenye yenkcubeko nezithethe zethu kangangeenkulungwane. nokuba ngabaphi abantu ababalulekileyo abanjengoMozart ngokwakhe abaye baba yinxalenye yabo. Sele uyazi ukuba ulwazi aluthathi ndawo, kodwa luyasityebisa kakhulu kwinqanaba lobukrelekrele.
Yintoni iopera kwaye yintoni imvelaphi yayo?
Masiqale ngokucacisa ukuba yintoni iopera. Ngokusisiseko luhlobo lomculo wethiyetha. Kwi, zonke izenzo ezenziwa kwimiboniso zinesixhobo esikhatshwayo kwaye ziyaculwa. Igama elithi "opera" livela kwisiTaliyane kwaye linokuguqulelwa "njengemisebenzi yomculo". Ngokubanzi, ezi ntlobo zentsebenzo zenziwa kwizindlu ze-opera, njengoko zifuna i-acoustics efanelekileyo kwigumbi. Bakwadla ngokukhatshwa ngamaqela omculo, njengeokhestra. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-opera iyinxalenye yesithethe kunye nenkcubeko yomculo weklasikhi waseNtshona naseYurophu.
Njengakwezinye iintlobo zethiyetha yomculo, I-opera idibanisa ezi zinto zilandelayo:
- ubugcisa obuboniswayo: Umdaniso, i-ballet, ukudlala, njl.
- ubugcisa bembonakalo: Ubugcisa bePlastiki, ulwakhiwo, umhombiso, ukupeyinta, njl.
- iziphumo zembonakalo: Ukukhanyisa, umzekelo.
- makeup
- Umculo: Ikwayara, umlawuli, iiokhestra, abadlali abacula yedwa, njl.
- Imibongo (ngeFreedman)
- amagumbi okutshintshela
Xa sithetha ngeeoperas sibhekisa kubugcisa bokwenyani bomdlalo kunye nobugcisa bomculo. Kodwa yavela njani imisebenzi echube ngolo hlobo? Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, bekukho izandulela ezininzi ezisesikweni zolu hlobo, ngokukodwa ezi:
- Intlekele yamaGrike: Luhlobo lwethiyetha yaseGrisi yaMandulo ephefumlelwe yimiboniso engcwele kunye Iintsomi zamaGrike.
- I-mascerata yaseNtaliyane: Iingoma zeCarnival zenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ezaziyinxalenye yolonwabo lweenkundla.
- Phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu: Ziingceba zomculo ezincinci ebezidla ngokufakwa kuyo yonke imidlalo yethiyetha.
Lalithini igama leopera yokuqala kwaye yayingubani?
I-opera yokuqala, njengoko le ngcamango iqondwa kwaye ichazwa namhlanje, yayiyingoma edumileyo ebizwa Daphne, umbhali wayo nguJacopo Peri. Wabhala ngonyaka we-1597, ephefumlelwe yi "Camerata Florentina" okanye "iCamerata de Bardi". Esi yayisisangqa se-elitist esenziwe ngababhali abahlukeneyo beFlorentine humanist.
Ngomhla wayo, injongo yalo msebenzi Daphne yayikukuvuselela, okanye ubuncinane ukuzama, intlekele yamaGrike yamandulo. Le ngcamango yayiyinxalenye yomnqweno wokubuyisela izinto ezininzi zamandulo, into esekelwe ngokunzulu kwiRenaissance. Ngokwamalungu ebeyinxalenye yeCamerata, kwiintlekele zamaGrike zonke iinxalenye zekwayala zaziculwa, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo kwanombhalo wonke. Ngaloo ndlela, iopera kwafuneka ibuyisele esi siko.
KwakungoDisemba 26, 1598 xa yayisenziwa Daphne okokuqala. Yenzeka eFlorence, ngakumbi kwiBhotwe laseTornabuoni, kwinqanaba labucala. Kungekudala emva koko, ngoJanuwari 21, 1599, yenziwa esidlangalaleni, naseFlorence, kodwa ngeli xesha kwiPitti Palace. Ngelishwa, le opera, eyayiyeyokuqala kuzo zonke, ilahlekile. Into eseleyo kuyo yi-libretto kunye neengceba ezimbalwa zomculo.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho umsebenzi wamva, obhalwe nguJacopo Peri, okhoyo namhlanje. Enyanisweni, yiopera yokuqala ekhoyo embalini, njengoko umculo wayo uye wagcinwa uwonke. Kubizwa Eurydice kwaye zisusela kunyaka we-1600. Bayalela ukudalwa kwalo msebenzi ukubhiyozela umtshato phakathi kukaMaria de' Medici noHenry IV waseFransi.
Umahluko kwezinye iindidi zethiyetha yomculo
Ngokucacileyo, i-opera ibonakala ngokuba ngummeli ehlala ekhatshwa ngumculo. Kule nkalo yohlukile kwezinye iindidi zethiyetha yomculo, apho kunokubakho iindawo ezithethwayo kuphela okanye eyona nto iphambili ingumdaniso. Noko ke, ukususela ngexesha baroque kukho iifom zemida ezinokudideka. Le yimizekelo:
- imasquerade
- Die Dreigroschenoper
- I-ballad opera
- El singspiel
- i zarzuela
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba le yimisebenzi ekumda phakathi kwe-opera kunye nethiyetha eceliweyo, zombini i-zarzuelas nguJosé de Negra kunye ne singlespiele nguWolfgang Amadeus Mozart zithathwa njengeeopera. Kunoko, Die Dreigroschenoper nguKurt Weill, owaziwa ngeSpanish njenge "The Three Cent Opera," ifana kakhulu nethiyetha ecengiweyo kuneopera.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho ezinye iindidi zethiyetha yomculo efana kakhulu neopera. Umzekelo uya kuba yi-opera-ballet, eyazalelwa kwiBaroque yaseFransi. Okunye ukudideka kunokuvela kunye neminye yemisebenzi ye-neoclassicist yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Phakathi kwabo, abo babhalwa ngumqambi waseRashiya u-Igor Stravinsky, omnye weemvumi eziphambili kunye nezibalulekileyo zelo xesha, zivelele ngaphezu kwazo zonke. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nxalenye iphambili yale misebenzi ngumdaniso. Kwezi ziphithiphithi, ukucula kudlala indima yesibini. Ngokuphathelele umahluko phakathi kwe-opera yaseVienna kunye ne-operetta, i-zarzuela yaseSpain, umculo waseMelika kunye nesiNgesi kunye nomculo. singspiel NgesiJamani, oku kusesikweni nje.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ndikucacisile ukuba yintoni na i-opera kwaye uyakhuthazwa ukuba wonwabele ukudlala kwayo. Ukuba uyawuthanda umculo kunye nethiyetha, kufuneka uzame. Ngokwam, ndiye ndanovuyo lokukwazi ukubona iopera eyaziwayo ethi “The Magic Flute” ihlala kwiLiceu edumileyo yaseBarcelona, kwaye ndavuya! Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, bendiza kumbona kwakhona ukonwabela iingoma zakhe ezimangalisayo kunye nemiboniso etsala amehlo.