I-astronomy Lisebe lesayensi elinomdla kakhulu, elijongene nokufunda kunye nokubona yonke into enxulumene nendalo iphela. Kweli nqaku, yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nale ndawo imangalisayo yesayensi ibonisiwe, ¿yintoni?, Iimpawu kunye nokunye. Uya kufumanisa kunye nathi, impumelelo yezenzululwazi ethe yanegalelo leli sebe ngesayensi.
Yintoni i-Astronomy?
I-Astronomy ithathwa njengenzululwazi, enoxanduva lokufunda, ulwazi, uphando, ukujonga kunye nohlalutyo lwalo naluphi na uhlobo lwezidalwa zasesibhakabhakeni ezisemajukujukwini, apho kuye kwenziwa uphando oluninzi kwisithuba esingaphandle esenza iplanethi enguMhlaba. I-Astronomy ngokwayo isinika intuthuko enkulu njengenzululwazi eye yasivumela ukuba sazi yonke into ukusuka kubomi beenkwenkwezi ukuya kwiimpawu ezithile zomnyele.
ukuvela
Ukuvela kwe-astronomy ayibhalwanga okanye irekhodwe ngomhla othile. Sinokuchasa kuphela ukuba uphuhliso kunye nokutyhilwa koku, kwaphunyezwa ngokwemibuzo eyaphakanyiswa luluntu malunga neempawu zesibhakabhaka esisibona ngokumangalisayo emhlabeni.
Ngoxa umntu engazange afumane mpendulo kumbono owawuboniswa phambi kwamehlo akhe, ngokuthe ngcembe ayevelisa yaye ephuhlisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuyiphumeza ezavumela umntu ukuba afumane iimpendulo kwimibuzo yakhe ephathelele oko kwakungaphaya komhlaba.
Ngethuba lokudlula kweenkulungwane kunye nokuguquguquka kwexesha, umntu uye wafundiswa, kwaye uzame ukuvelisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi, eziye zamvumela ukuba afumane iimpendulo kwi-incognito yendawo engaziwayo.
Kuye kwazama ukufunda kuzo zonke iindleko, ngakumbi nangaphezulu, iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezenza igalaksi, ukudalwa kwenkqubo yelanga, kunye nokuzama ukucacisa indalo kunye nokuqhuma kwe-supernova, eyabangela ukuba kuqhutywe amawaka ezifundo. ngaphandle kokuhamba kweenkulungwane.
Iminyaka yezifundo ithathe isiseko sokuqonda okutyhilwe emntwini ngolwazi lokuba uphando olwenziweyo lumnike lona, esiza ukubonisa izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo ezimangalisa ngakumbi yonke imihla malunga noqikelelo esinalo namhlanje lwendalo iphela.
Ngokusuka koku, kuthiwa inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi ibihamba noluntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba amawaka ezizukulwana aye athatha inxaxheba kwinto engaqhelekanga enikelwa yinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kwimimandla emininzi yegalelo layo lezenzululwazi.
Abanye babalinganiswa abathe banegalelo kwizifundo zabo, ngenzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi zezi:
- UGalileo Galilei
- UNicolaus Copernicus
- UClaudius Ptolemy
- UJohannes kepler
- Albert Einstein
- Isaac Newton
- Kanto
Aba zezinye zezazinzulu ezathi kwiinkulungwane ezahlukahlukeneyo zamandulo zakwazi ukwenza iminikelo eyahlukahlukeneyo yoncedo olukhulu kufundo olusisiseko lwe i-astronomy esisiseko nezidalwa zasezulwini ezikwelinye ihlabathi elifanayo njengelo limele indalo iphela nobukhulu bayo.
Ndiyabulela kubo, i-astronomy ikwazile ukufumana ukuqhubela phambili okungenakubalwa kwinqanaba lezesayensi, eliye laba nefuthe kulwazi kunye nophuhliso lomntu. Ke ngoko, namhlanje ziye zaqwalaselwa, Izazinzulu ezibalulekileyo kwimbali. Ukushiya ilifa elikhulu ngenxa yezifundo eziqhutywe ngoososayensi abakhankanywe ngasentla.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-astronomy
Uphawu lwayo oluphambili lusekwe kuphononongo oluneenkcukacha lwemiba eyahlukeneyo ekhoyo kwindalo iphela, phakathi kwabo sifumana isifundo se:
- iinkwenkwezi namakroza
- Imingxuma emnyama ekhoyo esithubeni
- Iminyele
- Indlela yobisi, phakathi kwezinye izidalwa zasezulwini ezithi uluntu lugqibe ekubeni lufundele ulwazi lwesihloko esithile.
I-Astronomy isekela kwaye yabelane ngesifundo sayo kunye nemimandla ethile yesayensi eyixhasayo ngendlela ebanzi kakhulu, phakathi kwazo sifumana:
- ifiziksi yenyukliya
- physics yeplanethi
- Yokwakheka komhlaba
- Ifiziksi ye-elektroniki
- Kwaye i-physics ye-astronaut.
I-Astronomy yona imele inzululwazi eguquguqukayo kakhulu, ehlala ikhangela iimpendulo ezikhuthaza ukuba yenze izifundo ezithe ngqo kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yezinto eziza kufundwa.
Amasebe apho i-astronomy yahlulwe khona
Ngombulelo kwizinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke ekufundeni, i-astronomy yahlulahlulwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda, apho indawo nganye izalisekisa umsebenzi othile, kuba ijoliswe ukufikelela kwiimpendulo eziphathekayo. La masebe ohlulwe koku kulandelayo:
Astrophysics
Eli sebe le-astronomy ligxininisa iinzame zalo ekuqapheleni indawo, inkqubela phambili kunye nokusabalalisa iinkwenkwezi. Uphononongo oluqala ngokukhula kutshanje kwimbali yoluntu, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ukuba ngqo. Ixesha apho uluntu luqonda ukuba iinkwenkwezi azinakuhlala ngonaphakade.
Ixesha apho kwenziwa izifundo ezinzulu ezivumela ulwazi malunga nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zeenkwenkwezi. Kuye kwaziwa ukuba iinkwenkwezi zitshisa i-hydrogen ukuze ihlale ivelisa amandla kwindawo.
Kwakukho iinzame ezinomdla ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX zokuchaza ukukhutshwa kwamandla elanga.
Izazinzulu zabonisa ukuba ukuba ilanga lenziwe ngamalahle acocekileyo e-anthracite, (elona mafutha lalisaziwa ngelo xesha) lalinokuhlala iminyaka eyi-10.000 XNUMX kuphela ngokwesantya elikhutshwa ngalo ngoku amandla. Enkosi kwisifundo se-astrophysics, kuyaziwa ukuba ubomi benkwenkwezi lidabi eliphakathi kwemililo yenyukliya kunye nomxhuzulane.
Siyabulela kwifiziksi yenyukliya, namhlanje sinokwazi ukuba umthombo wamandla weenkwenkwezi kukudityaniswa kwenyukliya, kumbindi welanga, i<em>hydrogen nuclei idibana kuthotho lweempendulo imveliso yayo yokugqibela iyihelium namandla agqithisileyo. Uninzi lweenkwenkwezi zivelisa amandla ngendlela efanayo kubomi bazo bonke.
I-Cosmology
Kuthathwa njengelinye lamasebe e-astronomy, isifundo sakhe sisekelwe ikakhulu kwinkqubela phambili, iimpawu kunye nokuvela kwendalo kunye nayo yonke into ehlala kuyo. Ngenxa yenzululwazi ngendalo nezifundo ngendaleko okanye imvelaphi yendalo iphela, kuvela ingcamango yogqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu, ezama ukuchaza ukwanda kwendalo kunye nemvelaphi yayo ngokwenzululwazi.
Uphononongo oluzimisele kakhulu nolucokisekileyo lutyhile eluntwini ezinye zezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zendalo iphela, phakathi kwazo ukuba indalo iphela yenziwe ngokukodwa ngezinto ezimnyama, ukutyhubela iminyaka, i-90% yezazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba umcimbi okwindalo iphela ifom engenakubonwa.
Abakhandi basezulwini
Uphononongo lwakhe lusekwe kwizifundo ezisuka kuqikelelo oluntsonkothileyo. Eli sebe lenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi lijolise kuzo zonke iinzame zalo ekwazini nasekuqaqambiseni ukujikeleza kwenyanga kwikhonta yomhlaba, kwakunye nokwenza izifundo ezininzi ezihamba kunye nokuziphatha kwezinye iiplanethi.
i-astronomy kwindawo
Ithathwa njengelona sebe lakudala elikhoyo kwisayensi yeenkwenkwezi, isekela izifundo zayo kwimbono kunye nesikhundla seenkwenkwezi, kunye nokuphumeza imilinganiselo phantsi kwendlela yenqwelomoya. Kwangaxeshanye lisebe eliphonononga izinto ezithile ezifana nokusithwa kwelanga yinyanga phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ezinye iinkalo zezifundo ze-astronomy
I-Astronomy yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo athile okufunda, apho uphando lwenziwa olusekwe kwindawo ethile. Phakathi kwale mimandla yophononongo sifumana oku kulandelayo:
ngeenkwenkwezi
Ngalo mmandla wophononongo, kwenziwa uphando olugubungela indawo yemizimba esibhakabhakeni, oku ngokuchaza inkqubo yolungelelwaniso, kusetyenziswa ukukhawuleza okanye ukuhamba kwezinto ngendlela enobisi.
Astrophysics
Intsimi yayo yokufunda igxile kuzo zonke iithiyori ezisekelwe kwindalo yonke, eguqulela kwiimpawu zayo, ezifana noxinaniso, isakhiwo, ukubunjwa, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokwakheka.
isayensi yeplanethi
Iqhuba uphando lwayo yonke into ephathelele iiplanethi. Kanye njengokuba ekwazile ukucacisa Yenzeka njani inkqubo yelanga.
I-Astrobiology
Kuthetha ukufunda ngendaleko nenkangeleko yezinto eziphilayo ezenza ubomi kwindalo iphela.
I-Cosmology
Isekelwe kufundo lwesakhiwo sendalo iphela, imvelaphi yayo, indaleko kunye nokunye. Enye inkalo yophando eyaziwayo kukubunjwa, indaleko kunye neempawu zeminyele.
Ukusekwa nokuvela kweminyele yenye inkalo yofundo lwenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngokwecala layo, ubukho beminyele abuzange buqinisekiswe de kwayiminyaka yamashumi amabini, yaziwa ngezifundo, ukuba uninzi lweminyele inemilo ejikelezayo efana neMilky Way, iminyele ejikelezayo ithe tyaba, kwaye ineengalo ezimbini okanye ezine ezigobileyo.
Kukho ezinye iindidi zeminyele engeyiyo i-spiral, uninzi lwayo lumelwe yi-elliptical galaxies, njengoko negama lisitsho, ziziingqokelela ezinkulu zeenkwenkwezi ezikwimilo eyi-elliptical ezingenaso esinye isakhiwo semolekyuli. Olu hlobo lophononongo oluneenkcukacha lukwabizwa ngokuba yi-galactic astronomy.
i-stellar evolution
I-Stellar evolution isekelwe ngokukodwa kwisifundo sokuziphendukela kweenkwenkwezi, ukuza ukutolika ubude bazo ngokutyhilwa kwembali yobomi beenkwenkwezi, de kube ukuwa okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwayo.
Inoxanduva lophononongo olubanzi lwezinto, imizimba okanye izinto ezingaphandle kweMilky Way.
iinkwenkwezi ngeenkwenkwezi
Igxininisa injongo yayo yezenzululwazi kufundo lweenkwenkwezi nayo yonke into enxulumene nokwakheka kweekhemikhali, ukuzalwa, ubomi, kunye nokuphelelwa lixesha.
ukumila kweenkwenkwezi
Uphononongo oluthwala ulwazi kunye nophuhliso lwemo engqongileyo kunye nendalo eyingqongileyo, kunye neenkqubo eziqhuba ukubunjwa kweenkwenkwezi.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-astronomy kunye ne-astrology
I-astronomy kunye nokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi ngamabinzana amabini athi kwinqanaba legrama afane ngandlel 'ithile ngendlela yokuwachaza amagama. Noko ke, ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi akufanele kubhidaniswe phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko.
Omabini ahluka enkosi kwiikhonsepthi zawo, amanqanaba, kunye nemimandla yokufunda. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, i-astronomy yinzululwazi ejolise ekutolikeni iinkwenkwezi, apho mhlawumbi zinobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nobudlelwane nabantu.
I-Astronomy igxininisa kwiinzame zayo zokudibanisa iiplanethi kunye neenkwenkwezi kunye nomntu wangaphakathi womntu, namhlanje unomda omkhulu, ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi kunika isakhiwo esikhulu esiphakamileyo esiquka yonke into enxulumene neetshathi zeenkwenkwezi, i-tarot, i-horoscope, nokunye. Kuzanywa ukuba kucaciswe kwaye kuhlelwe indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu ejikeleze imiqondiso yezodiac.
Umda oye waba nawo oku kwimbali yenzululwazi, ukhonkrithi ngokwenene. Ngombulelo kwizifundo eziye zaqhutywa, ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi kuye kwakhokelela ngendlela eyanelisa kakhulu iziphumo ezifunyenweyo, ukudibanisa inzululwazi yesijikelezi-langa kunye neemo zomoya nezomphefumlo amadoda anazo.
Ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi ekugqibeleni kuyafika ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo zokufika ngexesha malunga nempembelelo yezinye iiplanethi kwimiqondiso yeenkwenkwezi. Ngoxa inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi igxininisa kuhlolisiso lwayo kwizibakala ezingokwenzululwazi kuphela, efuna ukucombulula nokucacisa amathandabuzo ngemibuzo ethile eye yaphakanyiswa ngumntu ukutyhubela imbali.
Ngoko ke, igama elinye akufanele libhidaniswe nelinye. Kuba ngokucacileyo zombini zineenjongo ezimiselweyo ezahluke kakhulu ngokwesakhiwo sezifundo ezenziwayo malunga neeplanethi, indalo kunye nendawo engaphandle.
Igalelo lezenzululwazi kwi-astronomy
Apha ngezantsi kukho impumelelo kunye negalelo olwenziwa yinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kwiinkulungwane neminyaka, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi ethe yaphuhliswa kunye negalelo lenzululwazi.
Enkosi kwi-astronomy, kuye kwaqhutywa izifundo eziphuhlisa ulwazi olwahlukeneyo kwingqondo yomntu, phakathi kwazo sifumana:
Uphononongo malunga nendlela inkwenkwezi efa ngayo
Ngombulelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezibonelelwa licandelo lokufunda ngeenkwenkwezi ze-extragalactic, namhlanje siyayazi indlela efa ngayo inkwenkwezi, uphando olwenziweyo lubonisa ukuba oku kuxhomekeke kubunzima bayo.
Ekuphela kwento ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ukuba amanqanaba okugqibela obomi benkwenkwezi aya kuba yintoni na ubukhulu bayo. Iinkwenkwezi ezinkulu ziyafa njenge-supernovae. Xa inkwenkwezi enkulu igqiba ukutshisa i<em>hydrogen nehelium yayo, iyaqhubeka ifinyela ize ibe shushu ngakumbi.
Ubushushu buchitha i-helium, emva koko i-carbon, emva koko i-silicon, kwaye ekugqibeleni ivelise isinyithi. Intsimbi yenza uthuthu lwenyukliya lokugqibela. Awunakufumana amandla kwi-iron ngokuyivumela ukuba idibane nabanye. Ngokulula nje inkwenkwezi ayiyi kutshisa, kwinkwenkwezi enkulu kakhulu uthuthu lwentsimbi luqala ukuvala undoqo.
Xa iintshukumo zenyukliya zimisa ngaphakathi kwenkwenkwezi enkulu, undoqo uyawa phantsi kwempembelelo yomxhuzulane. Amalungu angaphandle yinkwenkwezi abona umbhoxo otsalwa phantsi kweenyawo zawo kwaye aqalise ukuwela ngaphakathi. Endleleni bafumana undoqo, obetha kwaye ukhululwe esihogweni. Umphumo uba kugqabhuko-dubulo apho inkwenkwezi iqhekeka ngokoqobo njengoko igalela amandla esibhakabhakeni.” Kangangexesha elifutshane, i<em>supernovae inokukhupha amandla angakumbi kunomnyele uphela.
ISupernova 1987A yayiyeyona supernova yamva nje ekhoyo kwindawo yethu ekufutshane. I-Supernovae ayinqabile, kukho ezininzi kwikhulu leminyaka kwiminyele emininzi, ngoFebruwari 1987 i-supernova yaqhuma kwilifu leMagellan, kufuphi neMilky Way. Le yayiyeyokuqala i-supernova esondele ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibonwe ngabo bonke ubuchule benzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi yanamhlanje.
Iindaba ezimnandi malunga ne-1987 kukuba kwakungekho ndaba. Yaziphatha ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi njengoko iithiyori zazixelwe kwangaphambili. Olu yayiluloyiso olukhulu lwe-astrophysics yanamhlanje njengoko umsitho wawuphuhlisa kanye indlela izazinzulu ezaziyifunde ngocoselelo ngayo, kwaye iziphumo zazibonakala.
i nova
Ngokuchasene ne-supernova ibhekisela kuyo nayiphi na inkwenkwezi ebonakala ngokukhawuleza ikhanya esibhakabhakeni. Le nto ngoku siyibiza ngokuba yi-nova enyanisweni yinkqubo yeenkwenkwezi ezimbini apho elinye lamalungu liyi-white dwarf. Ubunzima benkwenkwezi enkulu buwela kumphezulu wengqakazana emhlophe de enye iqokelele kubunzulu obungaphezu kwesiqingatha semitha.
Emva koko ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nobushushu, ubunzima obongezelelweyo buvutha kumlilo wenyukliya kwaye uyatsha. Oku kutshiswa kubonwa njengokwanda kokuqaqamba kwenkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni. Ke iNova enye inokuphinda iphinde iphindeke amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye ixesha eliqhelekileyo phakathi kokukhanya okulandelelanayo malunga neminyaka eyi-10.000.
ithiyori yomngxuma omnyama
Umngxunya omnyama sisiphelo esinokwenzeka se-supernova, ukuba ubunzima obuphambili be-supernova buyawa kwaye bukhulu ngokwaneleyo, umxhuzulane unokunyanzela i-neutron ukuba idibane kwaye inkwenkwezi iguqukela kumngxuma omnyama, kule meko akukho kukhanya kunokusinda kuyo. umphezulu. Umngxuma omnyama umele uloyiso lokugqibela lwamandla omxhuzulane phezu komcimbi wenkwenkwezi.
izifundo zeminyele
Xa sijonga esibhakabhakeni sibona iinkwenkwezi eziziingqokelela ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuba yiminyele. Owethu ngumnyele oqhelekileyo, uneenkwenkwezi ezimalunga ne-10.000 80.000 lezigidi, yaye eyona nkalo icacileyo yawo yeyokuba iinkwenkwezi eziqaqambileyo zikwizingalo zomjikelo. Xa uwujonga umgama, umnyele wethu ubuya kufana nekeyiki esicaba, idisk emalunga ne-XNUMX XNUMX light-year ububanzi ineengalo ezine ezijikelezayo eziphuma kwidiski.
Embindini kukho intaphane yeenkwenkwezi ezibizwa ngokuba ngumbindi, ilanga lethu elimalunga nesibini kwisithathu sendlela yokuphuma kwenye yezo ngalo zingqukuva.
Iinkwenkwezi ezisembindini womnyele zijikene kakhulu. Kufuphi nelanga iinkwenkwezi zikwiminyaka emininzi yokukhanya ziqelelene enye kwenye. Embindini womnyele, umgama ophakathi kweenkwenkwezi mncinane kakhulu, mhlawumbi uwuphindaphinda kancinane ummandla wezijikelezi-langa. Ngoko ke, ukuba besikwisijikelezi-langa esijikeleza enye yezo nkwenkwezi, ngebungekho ubusuku.
Kwanokuba icala lethu lesijikelezi-langa belijonge kude nelanga lethu, bekuya kubakho ukukhanya okwaneleyo kwezinye iinkwenkwezi ezikummandla okufuphi ukuze kugcinwe imini. Ubukho beminye iminyele njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili babakho kungekudala. Iminyele imele inxalenye ebalulekileyo yomfanekiso wethu wendalo iphela, ngoko kukho ingxoxo enkulu kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi malunga nobukho bokwenene beminyele.
Ingxoxo isekwe ekubeni ingaba amafu amafu okukhanya esibhakabhakeni yayizezinye iindawo zesiqithi, ezifana neMilky Way, okanye amafu nje egesi. Lo mcimbi usonjululwe ngenxa yesazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseMelika u-Edwin Hubble.
Ngubani owayeneteleskopu yeemitha ezi-2,58 kwiNtaba yaseWilson eCalifornia. Ngale teleskopu, wakwazi ukujonga inkwenkwezi nganye kumnyele weAndromeda, oyena mmelwane wethu usondeleyo, waze wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba ingaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-2 zeminyaka yokukhanya.
Ngombulelo kwi-astronomy yaziwa ukuba iminyele yenziwa ngokuxinaniswa kwamafu egesi, ngenkqubo efana naleyo yakha ilanga kunye nenkqubo yelanga, kwilifu elikhulu legesi, kuhlala kukho iindawo ezithile apho ubunzima obuninzi buqokelelwe kunabanye. . Ezi ndawo zinoxinano oluphezulu zitsalele umba okufutshane kuzo, zizenza zibenkulu ngakumbi kwaye zikwazi ukutsala into eninzi.
Ekugqibeleni, le nkqubo imele ukuba yabangela ukuba ilifu elikhulu liqhekeke libe yiminyele eyahlukeneyo, yaye kumnyele ngamnye inkqubo imele ukuba iye yaqhubeka isenza iinkwenkwezi ezahlukeneyo.
ubukho beminyele yerediyo
I-astronomy nayo ithathe umsebenzi wokufumanisa kunye nokufunda ubukho beminyele yerediyo, ezi zichazwa njengeendawo ezinobundlobongela beminyele. Iminyele kanomathotholo efana neMilky Way idla ngokukhupha uninzi lwemitha yayo ngendlela yokukhanya okubonakalayo, kanye njengelanga. Noko ke, kukho intaphane yeminyele ekhupha imiqondiso kanomathotholo enamandla kakhulu. Loo minyele yaziwa ngokuba yiminyele yerediyo.
Xa ujonga iminyele kanomathotholo eneeteleskopu eziqhelekileyo, uye ubone iminyele apho kukho ukungcangcazela, ukungxola, kunye nezinye iintlobo zokuziphatha esingadibanisi neendawo ezizolileyo njengeMilky Way, ngoko kubonakala ngathi Zimbini iindidi zeminyele esesibhakabhakeni: iminyele enobundlobongela njengeminyele yerediyo, kunye neendawo ezizolileyo, ezisekhaya ezipholileyo njengendlela yobisi.
Ukufunyanwa kweSixokelelwano seSolar sibulela kwi-astronomy
Ukuphononongwa kweenkulungwane kunye namashumi eminyaka kusetyenzwa ngamajukujuku kuye kwavelisa ulwazi oluninzi malunga nezijikelezi-langa zethu. Emva kweenkcazo ezimbalwa malunga nesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo senkqubo ngokwayo. Uphononongo kunye nokusasazwa kwenzululwazi yesixokelelwano sezijikelezi-langa sesinye sezona mpumelelo zibalaseleyo ezithe i-astronomy ifikelele kuyo malunga nokwenza nzulu isifundo sayo. Ndiyabulela kule nto, umntu ukwazile ukwazi iimpawu ezichaza iSolar System kunye neeplanethi eziyiqambayo.
I-Astronomy ibonisa ukuba iiplanethi zakhiwe ngexesha elinye neLanga kwaye zenziwe ngento efanayo. Ngokutsho kweengcali, malunga neminyaka eyi-4.600 yezigidigidi eyadlulayo, ilanga kunye neeplanethi zenza i-interstellar dust cloud. Amashumi alithoba anethoba ekhulwini obunzima belifu eliphakathi kweenkwenkwezi zaya eLangeni.Ukujikeleza kwelifu lothuli apho iSolar System yavela khona kwanyanzela zonke izinto ezingazange ziye eLangeni zibe yiflat disk ebizwa ngokuba yi-elliptical. Iiplanethi kunye nayo yonke inkqubo eyenziwe kule nqwelomoya.
Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni zonke iiplanethi ngaphandle kwePluto zinee-orbits kwinqwelomoya enye, kwaye zonke zihamba kwicala elinye. Umtsalane kunye ne-gravitation yaphula i-elliptical disk kwiiplanethi ezizimeleyo. Ubuninzi bezinto ezikwidisk zatsala izinto ezivela kwindawo eyingqongileyo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, zaba zikhulu ngakumbi. Ekugqibeleni ezo zihlwele ziqokelelweyo zenza iiplanethi.
Iiplanethi ezinkulu kwiplanethi yelanga zezona zincinci zifana noMhlaba. Xa iSolar System yayisenziwa, kwakukho umahluko obalulekileyo kumaqondo obushushu phakathi kweendawo zangaphakathi nezingaphandle zesixokelelwano. Izifundo ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zatolika ukuba kufutshane neLanga apho iqondo lobushushu laliphezulu, inani lezinto ezifana ne-methane kunye ne-ammonia zazikuhlobo lomphunga, ngelixa ngaphandle zahlala zikwimo yomkhenkce.
Xa imililo yenyukliya yeLanga yatshiswa, i-radiation yavuthuza into eguqukayo isuka kwindawo engaphakathi yeSolar System, ngelixa ngakumbi loo nto, kunye ne-hydrogen kunye ne-helium, ithande ukuhlala idityaniswa kwiiplanethi. Ngaloo ndlela, iiplanethi ezikufuphi nelanga zidla ngokuba zincinane yaye zinamatye, ngoxa ezo zikude zidla ngokuba nkulu kwaye zinegesi.
Inkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi iye yachaza nganye yeempawu ezikhoyo kwizijikelezi-langa zesijikelezi-langa, kwakunye nokwenza ulwahlulo oluzahlulahlula ngokweeplanethi zangaphakathi ezinamatye, njengeMercury, iVenus, uMhlaba neMars, zibizwa ngokuba ziiplanethi ezisemhlabeni, kwaye inyanga yethu ifakiwe kolu didi, nangona ingeyiyo ngokwayo iplanethi.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-UyRQaeVH4
Iiplanethi ezingaphandle ezifana neJupiter, iSaturn, iUranus, kunye neNeptune zibizwa ngokuba ziingxilimbela zegesi, okanye zikwabizwa ngokuba ziiplanethi zeJovian. Ezi zijikelezi-langa zinokuba nombindi omncinane onamatye, into enkulu ngakumbi kunesijikelezi-langa esisemhlabeni. Kodwa zingqongwe ziingqimba ezinzulu zolwelo neegesi.
Uphononongo oluchazwe yinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi luye lwafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba umhlaba kuphela kweplanethi ekwiSixokelelwano seSolar esinomsebenzi we-tectonic, iplanethi ekukuphela kwayo enamanzi alulwelo kumphezulu wayo, kunye neplanethi ekuphela kwayo equlethe ubomi.
INyanga kuphela komzimba kwiSolar System eneempawu esinokuthi sizibhaqe ngeliso lenyama, ineendawo eziphakamileyo ezenza izazinge zemingxuma. Noko ke, akukaziwa ukuba kanye kanye yasekwa nini iNyanga, kuthiwa imele ukuba yakha kwangelo xesha kwakusekwe ngalo umhlaba.
Mercury
El IPlanethi yeMercury sesona sijikelezi-langa sikufutshane neLanga, sigqibezela uhambo lokujikeleza umjikelo walo rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezingamashumi asibhozo anesibhozo. Iplanethi ibonakala eMhlabeni njengenkwenkwezi yasekuseni nangokuhlwa. I-Mercury ayinamoya, umphezulu wayo unama-craters kwaye ikhangeleka ifana kakhulu neNyanga yethu, iplanethi inomzimba ongaphakathi ophantse ufane nowomhlaba, kunye nombindi wesinyithi ojikelezwe ngumaleko we-silicon-based minerals.
Venus
Yeyona planethi ifana kakhulu nomhlaba, ubushushu bomphezulu wayo buphezulu, malunga nama-470 degrees celcius, kukholelwa ukuba unobangela wala maqondo obushushu aphezulu yimpembelelo yegreenhouse ebangelwa zizixa ezikhulu zomphunga wamanzi kunye necarbon dioxide. kwindawo yaseVenus.
Marte
Yeyona ikude kwiiplanethi ezisemhlabeni, inesiqingatha kuphela sobukhulu bomhlaba. Unyaka wayo uhambelana neminyaka emibini yoMhlaba, kwaye kunokuthiwa unamaxesha onyaka ngenxa yokuba sinokujonga indlela i-polar caps ifom kwaye iphele.
Akukho bungqina bobomi kuMars okanye nawuphi na omnye umzimba kwiSolar System, kwiVenus, inyanga kunye nakuMars akukho bungqina bobomi. Oku bekuya kumangalisa ngokupheleleyo kwizazinzulu ngeminyaka yee-XNUMX, xa kwakuvakala ukuba ezinye iiplanethi zinobomi.
IJupiter yeyona planethi inkulu kwiSolar System, ijikeleza ngokwayo ngokukhawuleza, imini yayo inobude beeyure ezintandathu. Ngenxa yokujikeleza kwayo, umoya weJupiter wohlulwe ube ngamabhanti anemibala eyahlukeneyo. Iplanethi ineenyanga ezininzi, ezijikelezayo njengeeplanethi ezijikeleza iLanga.
Uninzi lweeNyanga zeJupiter zinkulu kakhulu kwaye zifana neeplanethi ezisemhlabeni ngokuqulunqwa. Esi sijikelezi-langa sasizakuba yinkwenkwezi, ubunzima beJupiter bungaphantsi nje ngokuphindwe kasibhozo kunobo buyimfuneko ukunyusa amaqondo obushushu angaphakathi, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba apho ukuqala kokuhlangana kwayo.
Saturn
Ngezangqa zayo imele ezona planethi zinomtsalane, sisigebenga segesi esifana neJupiter kwaye ikwayeyokugqibela kwiiplanethi ezinokubonwa eMhlabeni ngeliso lenyama. unamashumi amabini ananye Iisathelayithi zendalo, enye yazo ibizwa ngokuba yi-titan kwaye iyeyona nyanga inkulu kwisixokelelwano sezijikelezi-langa.
Kuphela kwesathelayithi enomoya oquka initrogen, i-methane kunye neargon, ubushushu bomphezulu we-titan oscillates malunga nama-280 degrees Celsius. Le ndibaniselwano yenza i-titan ifane nomhlaba.
Amakhonkco kaSaturn mhlawumbi atsala ingqalelo ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na enye into malunga neplanethi. Ezi zangqa zenziwe ngeebhanti ezimxinwa zobutyobo, uninzi lwayo ngohlobo lwamatye kunye nomkhenkce. Izangqa zibhityile kakhulu, ezinye izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zikholelwa ukuba nangona zibonakalisa ukukhanya kakhulu, zinokuba ngaphaya kwamakhulu ambalwa eemitha ubukhulu.
Uranus
IneeNyanga ezintlanu kunye nothotho lwezangqa ezimxinwa kakhulu, ezimnyama eziyijikelezileyo, zifana noko nezangqa zeSaturn. Ezi zangqa zafunyanwa ngo-1977, xa iplanethi yadlula phambi kwenkwenkwezi kunye nokuncipha kokukhanya ngenxa yokufunxa izangqa kwabhaqwa.
Uranus ujikelezisa ecaleni. Uninzi lweeplanethi ezikwiSolar System zijikeleza kwi-axis yazo, ukuze emva kosuku, omabini amacala abekwe elangeni.. Ngokungafaniyo nabo, i-Uranus ijikelwe kwicala layo, ngoko ke i-axis yayo yokujikeleza ikwinqwelomoya efanayo naleyo yayo. I-orbit, ngoko isibonda esisemazantsi sifumana ukukhanya kangangesiqingatha sonyaka, yaye isibonda esingasentla sifumana ukukhanya kwesinye isiqingatha.
Neptune
IneeNyanga ezisibhozo, kunye neseti yayo yamakhonkco. Imimoya kumphezulu wayo yeyona ikhawulezayo kwiSolar System, ibalwa ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-2.500 ngeyure. INeptune yaba sisijikelezi-langa sokuqala esafunyanwa ngenxa yoqikelelo.
Ziqwalasela ukutenxa kwindlela u-Uranus awayejikeleza ngayo, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zenkulungwane ye-1845 zabala indawo esimele sibe kuyo isijikelezi-langa ukuze sibangele oku kunxaxha. Bajongisa iiteleskopu zabo kwelo nqanaba, baza bafumanisa iplanethi ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesithathu kuSeptemba ngonyaka ka-XNUMX.
Pluto
Ngeendlela ezininzi yeyona ingaqhelekanga kwiiplanethi. Incinci, kwaye ineNyanga enkulu ebizwa ngokuba yiCharon, i-orbit yayo i-eccentric, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba ibe namaxesha onyaka, ngengqiqo yokuba xa ikufuphi nelanga, i-methane engamanzi ephezu kwayo iyabila ukuze yenze uhlobo oluthile. inkungu esemoyeni , xa isijikelezi-langa sisimka elangeni kwakhona, siqalisa ukukhithika imethane eqinileyo. Ezi ekugqibeleni ziye zaba zezinye zenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi eye yatyhilwa luhlolisiso lwenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi ngendlela elungelelene ngayo ummandla wendalo neenkwenkwezi ezihamba nawo.
Impembelelo ye-astronomy kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe
I-Astronomy iphuhliswa ngeenjongo ezizama ngakumbi ukuvelisa kunye nokuvuselela ulwazi olwahlukeneyo olugxininisa imizamo yabo yokuqonda i-superstructure yayo yonke into equka indalo iphela. Inyaniso eye yavumela uluntu ngokubanzi ukuba lufumane izibonelelo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezongeza kunye nokwandisa ulwazi olusekelwe kwisayensi.
I-Astronomy, kwakhona, ivule umendo, ngezifundo eziqhutywe yisayensi, kuphuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe, ekubeni kuphela kwesi sixhobo kuphando olwenziwayo, iteknoloji idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukufika komntu enyangeni kuyisiphumo esikhulu sobuchule obukhulu obuphunyezwe ngumntu ukuze afeze lo msebenzi, ngenjongo ephambili yokwandisa ulwazi.
Ndiyabulela kwinkqubela phambili yenzululwazi entsha, i-astronomy ihamba kunye nokuphunyezwa kophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe, apho umda wolwazi ulinyathelo elinye ukusuka ngokukhawuleza. Ngezixhobo zobuchwepheshe ezifana neesathelayithi, iiteleskopu, iirokethi, phakathi kwezinye izixhobo zobuchwepheshe, zivumela uphononongo oluneenkcukacha lwemimandla yokufunda esetyenziswa yi-astronomy namhlanje.
Enye idatha enomdla yokuba i-astronomy inegalelo kwisayensi
- Isithandi sobulumko esidumileyo saseJamani uImmanuel Kant wayengowokuqala ukuthelekelela ukuba eminye iminyele isenokubakho kwindalo iphela. Kwakhona waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi universes kwisiqithi ukubhekisela kuzo.
- Iinkwenkwezi ezinkulu zihlala ngokukhawuleza kwaye zenza izidumbu ezimangalisayo.
- Ukuqaqamba kwenkwenkwezi kulinganiswa ngokobukhulu bayo.
- IJupiter yayisele iza kuba yinkwenkwezi, ngenxa yobunzima obufikelele kuyo. Kule meko, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kubekho ubomi emhlabeni, ekubeni imitha eyongezelelekileyo, kwanakwinkwenkwezi encinane ngolo hlobo, yayinokuphazamisa ulungelelwano oluethe-ethe olubangela ukuba kubekho ubomi kwisijikelezi-langa sethu.
Ezi zezinye zedatha enomdla ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngokwezifundo ezibonelelwe yi-astronomy, namhlanje sinovuyo lokwazi. Ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi kunokuba besilindele.