I-Papyrus sisixhobo sesityalo esisetyenzisiweyo kwinkulungwane yeminyaka ukwenza iphepha, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Yayisetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwimpucuko yamandulo yaseYiputa. Nangona ithathelwe indawo yimathiriyeli yale mihla kunye nehlala ixesha elide, le nto isaxatyiswa ngenxa yobuhle bayo, ukuguquguquka kunye nenkangeleko eyahlukileyo eyinika kuyo nayiphi na into okanye uxwebhu oluyisebenzisayo njengenkxaso. Nangona kuyinyani ukuba iyaziwa, Ngaba ungatsho ukuba yintoni kanye kanye i-papyrus?
Ukuba akunjalo, ungakhathazeki. Kweli nqaku siza kuxubusha imbali yepapyrus, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwakudala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nexabiso namhlanje. Ke ungathandabuzi ukuqhubeka ufunda ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngale nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali.
Yintoni ipapyrus kwaye yenzelwe ntoni?
I-Papyrus yimathiriyeli yemvelaphi yemifuno eyafunyanwa kwisityalo sasemanzini esibizwa ngokuba ICyperus papyrus. Oku kwakudla ngokukhula kwi-Nayile River Delta eYiputa. Yayisetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane njengendawo yokubhala kwihlabathi lamandulo, ngakumbi kwiYiputa yamandulo. Apho yaba yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokubhala ukusuka kuma 3000 BC.
Umsebenzi wokwenza umpapiri wawunzima yaye wawufuna amanqanaba aliqela. Okokuqala, amagqabi esityalo ayesikwa abe yimicu emide. Emva koko zabekwa kwiileyiti ezinqamlezileyo kwaye zicinezelwe kunye ukwenza iphepha. Incakuba yayiyekwa yome elangeni ize igudiswe ngesixhobo esikhethekileyo ukuze ilingane yaye igudile.
Imbali yepapyrus ibuyela kwimpucuko yamandulo yaseYiputa, apho yaba yenye yezona zixhobo zokubhala ezisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ikakhulu yayisetyenziselwa ukubhala zonke iintlobo zamaxwebhu, ukusuka kwiiakhawunti kunye neerekhodi zoshishino ukuya kuncwadi, iitekisi zenkolo kunye nezemfundo. Ukongeza ekusebenziseni kwayo njengendlela yokubhala, yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza iibhaskithi, iimbadada kunye nezinye izinto, kunye nokwakha izikhephe kunye nezindlu kwiYiputa yamandulo.
Esi sixhobo sanwenwa ngaphaya kweYiputa, saya kufikelela eGrisi naseRoma. Apho yaba yenye yezinto eziphambili zokubhala. Yaxatyiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kunye nokuchasana nokuhamba kwexesha. Ngenxa yolu phawu, imibhalo emininzi yamandulo igcinwe ikwimeko entle kuze kube namhlanje. Noko ke, ngokuveliswa kwephepha elenziwe ngamaplanga ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, imveliso yompapiri yehla kakhulu.
Namhlanje le mathiriyeli isaxatyiswa njengophawu lwenkcubeko nembali yaseYiputa. Ukongezelela, isasetyenziswa kwimveliso yezinto zobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Kwakhona iye yasetyenziswa kuphando nasekubuyiselweni kwemibhalo yamandulo, njengoko iye yabangela ukuba kufumaneke amaxwebhu ebeya kulahleka.
Yayibhalwe njani kumpapiri?
Kumaxesha amandulo, ukubhala usiba lwalusetyenziswa kumpapiri. Luhlobo losiba olwenziwe ngommoba okanye ngoqalo olwathi nkxu kwi-inki lwaza lwasetyenziselwa ukulandelela oonobumba ephepheni. Kwezinye iimeko, ipeni yentsimbi okanye ibrashi yayisetyenziselwa ukubhala kwipapyrus.
Inkqubo yokubhalwa kwepapyrus yayifuna ubuchule kunye nomonde, njengoko iphepha lalibuthuntu kunezinto zanamhlanje yaye i-inki yayinokusasazeka kumpapiri, nto leyo eyayisenza kube nzima ukufundeka umbhalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ababhali bamandulo bafumana uqeqesho olucokisekileyo ukuze bavelise ubuchule bokubhala obufanelekileyo baze baphephe iimpazamo okanye amabala akwimipapiri.
Emva kokuba umbhalo ubhaliwe, Ipapyrus yasongwa okanye yasongwa ukuze igcinwe okanye ithuthwe, nto leyo eyayifuna ukunyanyekelwa ukuze kuphetshwe ukonakalisa iphepha. Kwezinye iimeko, umpapiri wawuhonjiswa okanye upeyintwe ngemifanekiso nezinye izinto zokuhombisa uxwebhu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukubhala ngompapiri kwakungumsebenzi ontsonkothileyo kodwa obalulekileyo kumaxesha amandulo, yaye ilifa lawo lisaxatyiswa nanamhlanje ngenxa yobuhle nokuxabiseka kwawo embalini.
Ziziphi iimpawu zompapiri?
Ngoku siyazi ukuba yintoni i-papyrus, makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zayo:
- Ukuzinza: Iguquguquka kakhulu, eyenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokubhala kunye nokudala amaxwebhu.
- Ukuzinza: Phezu kwayo nje into eethe-ethe, umpapiri womelele yaye unokuqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane, ingakumbi ukuba ugcinwe kakuhle.
- Ubume: Umphezulu wePapyrus urhabaxa kwaye unemingxuma, nto leyo ewenza abe nenkangeleko yahlukileyo nenomtsalane.
- ukufunxwa kwe-inki: Iyakwazi ukufunxa i-inki ngokulinganayo, ivumela ukubhala okucacileyo nokufundekayo.
- Ithoni: Inombala otyheli okanye omdaka okhanyayo othi umnyama ngokuhamba kwexesha, unika inkangeleko yakudala eyahlukileyo.
- Into evikela amanzi: Ayinamanzi, iyenza ilungele ukwenza amaxwebhu kunye neerekhodi ezifuna ukuqina okukhulu.
Ziziphi iingenelo kunye nobubi bepapyrus?
Njengoko sele sitshilo, umpapiri yinto eyomeleleyo nehlala ixesha elide. Ukongezelela, yinto elula kwaye kulula ukuyihambisa, eyenza ukuba ilungele ukubhala kunye nokurhweba kumaxesha amandulo. Ngombulelo kubume bayo obugudileyo, i-papyrus yayithandwa kakhulu ekudaleni ubugcisa kunye nezinye izinto zokuhombisa. Ngaphandle koko, Yimathiriyeli elungelelaniswa ngokulula kwiimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye noyilo, ikuvumela ukuba wenze izinto ezizodwa kunye nezomntu
Nangona zininzi iingenelo zayo, i<em>papyrus ikwanezinto ezithile ezingalunganga ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe:
- imveliso enzima: Ukuveliswa kwePapyrus yinkqubo enzima nebiza imali eninzi, efuna umsebenzi kunye nexesha elininzi.
- Izinto ezibuthathaka: I-Papyrus intekenteke ngakumbi kunemathiriyeli yanamhlanje njengephepha, iyenza ibe sesichengeni sokonakala kunye nokuwohloka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwakhona kuchaphazeleka kumonakalo wamanzi kunye nomswakama, ngoko ke ukukhuselwa ngokucophelela kwezi zinto kuyimfuneko.
- Ukwahlulwa: Isenokuqhekeka okanye inyamalale ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuba ayigcinwanga kakuhle.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona i-papyrus ineengxaki ezithile, iseyinto exabisekileyo kwaye ixatyiswa ngobuhle bayo kunye nembali yembali. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi lube nomdla kuwe!