Iimbovane bezisoloko zitsala umdla womntu. Uhlobo lwabo lokulungelelanisa kunye namandla abo omsebenzi abenza babe yintloko yethu malunga nayo yonke into ebomini. Kodwa ngeli xesha siza kuzikhawulela ekwazini zitya ntoni iimbovane. Sukuphoswa yiyo.
Iimpawu zeembovane
Ukuqonda ukuthanda komntu kwezi ihymenoptera, jonga nje indlela abaziphatha ngayo ekuhlaleni. Ezi zinambuzane zenziwe zaza zadityaniswa zibe ngamathanga amakhulu apho zisebenzisana ngendlela enokuthi ikoloni isebenze ngokungathi yiyunithi enye.
Enkosi kolu phawu, ezi zidalwa zincinci zisebenzise ngokupheleleyo zonke izixhobo ezikhoyo ukwenza umhlaba wonke ube koloni.
Kuyaziwa ukuba iimbovane zichitha imini yonke zihambisa zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwikhaya lazo, imbovane. Lo mbandela usenokuba yimbewu namagqabi, kwanemithambo efileyo okanye iintsalela zaso nasiphi na esinye isilwanyana.
Noko ke, uninzi lwezi zilwanyana zincinane azizondli kuphela izinto eziziqokelelayo. Iqela elilungileyo laba lizinikele kwezolimo nakwimfuyo. Ewe, nokuba kubonakala kungaqhelekanga!
Kodwa ukwazi ukuba iimbovane zitya ntoni, kuyafuneka ukuba uzazi kancinci kancinci. Ngaloo ndlela siye sahlanganisa eyona miba ifanelekileyo, kwaye emva koko sibonise ezinye zazo iimpawu zeembovane.
I-Anatomy
Ezi zidalwa zincinane zahlukile ngomzimba kwezinye izinambuzane. Oku kungenxa yokuba banezinto ezintsonkothileyo eziphantse zibonakale zithatyathwe kumboniso bhanyabhanya ongeyonyani wenzululwazi, nangona mhlawumbi ichanile ukuthi ngawona aphefumlele amabali anjalo.
Ngoko ke banikwe i-eriyali ecacileyo, ukuhlehla okuphawulekayo kwenyathelo labo lesibini lesisu, kunye namadlala e-metapleural. Ngelixa umzimba wayo wahlulwe ube ngamacandelo amathathu: intloko, i-metasoma kunye ne-mesosoma.
I-petiole yayo ikrola isinqe esibhityileyo kakhulu phakathi kwe-mesosomes kunye ne-gaster okanye isisu. I-petiole enjalo idla ngokuba yi-nodule enye okanye ezimbini.
Njengezinye izalamane zazo, iimbovane zineexoskeleton. Esi sigqubuthelo sangaphandle esibonelela ngohlobo lwesikrweqe sokukhusela imizimba yabo. Kodwa ikwabonelela ngendawo yokuncamathela kwiligaments, into eyahluke kakhulu kumathambo ezilwanyana ezinomqolo.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukugqamisa kunye nokuba iikhontrakthi kunye nomthamo wayo ongapheliyo wokusebenza, kukuba izinambuzane zinemiphunga. Ngendlela yokuba zombini ioksijini kunye nezinye iigesi, kuqukwa ikharbon diokside, zityhutyhelwe kwi-exoskeleton ebonga iivalvu ezincinci ezaziwa ngokuba ziispiracles.
Intloko yayo yenziwe ngeperi ye-eriyali enamalungu asele ekhankanyiwe, ngaphezu komlomo namehlo. Ngelixa amalungu amathandathu ephuma kwi-thorax kwaye-kuphela kwimizekelo enesondo- iiseti ezimbini zamaphiko.
IiCaste, i-metamorphosis kunye ne-polymorphism
Kwimbovane siya kuhlala sifumana iindidi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zeembovane okanye i-castes. Aba ngabasebenzi, iidrones kunye nokumkanikazi; ukuba ukumkanikazi omnye kuphela
Ngelixa ukumkanikazi kunye ne-drones bezinikezela ekuveliseni, abasebenzi abazinikeleyo bajongene nayo yonke imisebenzi yekholoni, apho kubonakala ukuba ukuqokelela kunye nokuveliswa kokutya kukho, nangona kufuneka bafumane ixesha lokunyamekela. imibungu, yenza ukucoca kwaye kwinkqubo inikezela ubomi babo ekukhuseleni uluntu lwabo. Ndithembe awufuni ukuba kweli qela.
Kodwa akunjalo ngalo lonke ixesha, ewe, ubuncinci hayi ekuqaleni. Kaloku, xa ziqandusela, iimbovane ziyimibungu nje engaqhelekanga, engenamilenze okanye intloko. Kodwa ziyanda ngokobukhulu de zibe ziipupae ezingenamsebenzi. Emva koko ezi ziya kuba phantsi kwe-metamorphosis enzulu, de ibe yimeko yabo yabantu abadala.
Iifom zichazwe ngokomsebenzi womzimba ofunekayo, ngendlela yokuba oku kunqume ubungakanani babo. Ngoko kwikoloni efanayo sibona lo mahluko ubonakalayo, kuba kukho iimbovane ezincinci, eziphakathi kunye ezinkulu. Oku ngakumbi kwisitrato sabasebenzi ababhinqileyo.
Ngokubanzi, ezona zikhulu zineentloko ezinkulu kunye nemihlathi enamandla kakhulu kwaye eyomeleleyo. Zizo zoyikeka ezi iimbovane zamajoni, igama eliphuma ngokuchanekileyo kwimihlathi yabo eyoyikisayo.
Kodwa ngoku sikhathalele inkalo yomyalelo wokuqala, ngaphezu kwako konke ukwazi zitya ntoni iimbovane. Sithetha ukuba umsebenzi weembovane zabasebenzi unokutshintsha ngobudala bazo kunye neentlobo ezithile.
Injalo imeko ye Iimbovane zobusi. Apha udidi lwabasebenzi abancinci bondliwa de i-gaster yabo yolule, isebenze njengemithombo yokutya ephilayo.
IHormigueros
Njengoko besesitshilo, ezi zidalwa zincinci, zisebenza nzima ziseka uluntu olukhulu oluqhuba imisebenzi edibeneyo. Kodwa olu luhlobo loluntu olufuna iigalari ezininzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala, ezihlala zenziwe phantsi okanye emithini.
Sisakhiwo esibaluleke kakhulu, kuba zisetyenziselwa ukunyamekela imibungu kunye nokugcinwa kokutya.
Ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane, i-colossal super-colony of Iimbovane zaseArgentina Yafunyanwa kumazantsi Yurophu. Kwakukho i-33 yolu luntu olufundiweyo kwindlela yamawaka amathandathu eekhilomitha zombini ukunqumla iMeditera kunye nonxweme lweAtlantiki kumazantsi eYurophu ngokwayo.
Kwezi, iindawo zokuhlala ezingama-30 bezikwi-super-colony eyenziwe zizigidi zeembovane, ukongeza kwi-bicoca de. yezigidigidi yabasebenzi.
Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba olu hlobo lwe-uni-colonialism aluvumeli ingcaciso yokulahlekelwa kwayo. ubuninzi bemfuzo. Oku kubangelwa kukungaphumeleli kwembono yemfuza emele iimbovane. Ewe, zinokuba zikhulu kangakanani iimbovane.
Iipheromones
Iimbovane zinenkqubo yonxibelelwano ecokisekileyo nesekelwe kwimichiza yeepheromones. Ngezi zinto bayakwazi ukulumkisa ngayo nayiphi na ingozi esongela uluntu lwabo, nangona bekwasebenza ukubonisa indlela ekufuneka bahambe ngayo ukufikelela ekutyeni.
Kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba iipheromones ziikhompawundi zeekhemikhali eziveliswa zizidalwa eziphilayo. Zenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuthile koontanga babo.
Ngendlela yokuba ziyindlela yokudlulisa imiqondiso yasemoyeni ngolwelo lwe-ethereal.
Le yenye ye iimpawu zamabhabhathane, ezifana ngayo iimbovane. Kwimeko yamabhabhathane, kuyaziwa ukuba bayakwazi ukubamba i-pheromones yowesifazane ukuya kumgama we-20 km. Ngoku luthando.
ukutyisa iimbovane
Ukuchaza ngokuthe ngqo ukuba iimbovane zitya ntoni asiyonto ilula. Ubunzima kukuba ezi zidalwa zincinci zimela iqela elintsonkothileyo lezidalwa.
Kule mbono sinokuqonda ukuba ukutya kwezi zincinci kunokuqulunqwa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo. Oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwiintlobo zazo kunye nendawo ezihlala kuyo. Ngaloo ndlela siza kuqwalasela ezinye iindidi zeembovane, ezichazwe kwimbono yokutyisa kwazo.
iimbovane zokuvuna
Kolu didi kudityaniswa iimbovane ezitya ukutya kwazo kwimbewu. Ngokwenza oku bazinikele ekuqokeleleni izixa ezikhulu zolu hlobo lokutya, oluthuthwa imigama emide kakhulu kwimbovane yabo.
Xa sele besekhaya, baqokelela imbewu kwishedi yabo ethile, bekhusela ukungunda.
Ezi ndidi zembovane zibalulekile ekusasazeni imbewu, ekubeni inxalenye enkulu yezo ezingcwabayo ziya kuntshula zize ekugqibeleni zibe yimithi.
Iintlobo ezininzi zinikezelwe kulo msebenzi uxabisekileyo, ngakumbi ukusuka kwiGoniomma kunye neMessor genera.
Ukuba siza kuthelekisa indlela iimbovane ezitya ngayo kunye neyesinye isidalwa, ngenxa yokusebenza nzima nokubona izinto kusengaphambili, mhlawumbi eyona nto ilungileyo inokwenziwa kukukwenza oko ngesilwanyana. Unomatse obomvu.
Ekubeni ngoku sigqibe ngento etyiwa ziimbovane, sidlulela kwiklasi elandelayo.
iimbovane ezidla inyama
Isihloko sisodwa kufuneka sikunike izibane ukuze uqonde ukuba iimbovane zeli qela zitya ntoni, esiza kujongana nayo ngokukhawuleza.
Kunjalo ke ukuba zimbalwa kwezi zidalwa zincinane zisebenza nzima ezizingelayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi abasebenza ngokutya ukutya babamba zonke iintlobo zezinambuzane ukuze bazitye njengeqela.
Ezinye iimbovane zaziwa nangokukwazi ukubamba izilwanyana ezikhulu, njengeempuku namacikilishe.
Umbala obomvu emizimbeni yabo luhlobo lwe-alamu. Oku kuya kubonakalisa kumarhamncwa abo ukuba izinto zingabahambeli kakuhle kakhulu, ukuze basuke ekubeni bazingeli baye kwelinye. Olu khuselo lobuqili lwaziwa ngokuba aposematism.
Kodwa mhlawumbi sichaza ngakumbi kwimeko yabatya inyama, ukuba sibhekisela kwi imbovane yejoni. Ezi zinambuzane zoyikekayo ziseka amaqela ahambahambayo ahamba engadinwa.
Njengoko behambela phambili, babamba zonke izilwanyana ezincinci eziwela indlela yazo, nkqu Iintaka. Uphononongo lwabo olubulalayo luphazanyiswa kuphela kukumkanikazi wabo ukuba abeke amaqanda amaninzi. Emva koko baqhubeke.
Iimbovane zomfama
Kwakhona kunjalo ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zezi zinambuzane zibandakanya ukulima amakhowa. Baqala ngokuqokelela izinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, ngakumbi amagqabi.
Xa sele bengaphakathi kwizindlu zabo ezinkulu nezifihlwe, amanye amaqabane ayayihlafuna ukuze ayidibanise namathe, ngaloo ndlela enze intlama abanokuyibeka kwiigalari zabo. Kusuka apho umngundo okhanukisayo uzalwa onokuthi ke utyiwe.
Phakathi kwezi imbovane kugqame I-Acromyrmex, eyaziwa ngokuba ngabasiki bamagqabi.
Ngale ndlela siya kwazi ukuba iimbovane zitya ntoni na, kodwa kuseza kubonakala. Ngoko kuya kuba ngcono ukuqhubeka.
zidla iimbovane
Kodwa ukuba ubucinga ukuba sele uyibonile yonke into, linda de ubone oku kulandelayo. Inyani yeyokuba kukho iimbovane ezitya ezinye izinambuzane, ezo zohlobo lweHomoptera, ngakumbi iintwala.
Kwisiganeko esinomdla badibana njengamakhwenkwe eenkomo ukukhusela imihlambi yabo yentwala kumarhamncwa. Kodwa ke akukho nto yasimahla, nakwela hlabathi lincinci leembovane.
Kaloku, njengentlawulo yokhuseleko abalunikelayo, bafumana ukutya okunencasa, okungeyonto ngaphandle kwamathontsi encindi yencindi yezityalo ephuma kwintwala ngentunja.
Ezinye iimbovane, mhlawumbi ezinesimilo esingcono kunye neencasa ezisulungekileyo Camponotus inflatusZikhetha ukuqokelela amagqabi agalelwe loo mathontsi obusi ukuze awase kwimbovane yawo. Xa sele besekhaya, abo banyamekela abaguli baziphakela abanye abasebenzi abakhethekileyo.
Aba basebenzi bakhethekileyo ziimbovane imbiza yobusi. Zibonakaliswa ngesisu esinokwandiswa, siguqule sibe luhlobo lwe-canteen oluzalisa ubusi. Okufanekisela ukutya okugcinelwe intsapho enkulu iphela.
iimbovane ezifanayo
Ngoku ukugqiba nokuphendula umbuzo malunga nokuba yiyiphi iimbovane ezidlayo, imeko yeembovane ezihambelanayo azikwazi ukulibaleka kwi-inkill.
Sibhekisa kwezinye izinambuzane ezihlala ngaphakathi kwezityalo ezithile, umzekelo umnga. Emva koko sibona umdla wongamela kwakhona, nangona abanye bekhetha ukuyibiza isifo seengcongconi.
Kufumaniseka ukuba imithi ibonelela ngokutya nendawo yokuhlala izidalwa ezincinane, ukuze zikhuseleke kwezo zidla ngokuqwenga amasebe azo. Umsebenzi odibana ngokupheleleyo nohlobo ipseudomyrmex.
Ibhaso elinikwa izityalo kwiimbovane ezigadayo, zizinto ezibizwa ngokuba Imizimba yaseBeltian. Ezi ziingxowa ezinombala obomvu ezihluma ekupheleni kwamagqabi.
Ngokunjalo, ezi zityalo zinye zihlala zinika amahlakani azo kakhulu ijusi yeentyatyambo ezongezelelweyo ezikwaphuma nazo ngamahlamvu azo.
Siyathemba ukuba sikuncede uphendule imibuzo yakho malunga nokuba yintoni iimbovane ezityayo.