Ubunyulu: ihlabathi le-2015 ngokutsho kukaJonathan Franzen | Uphononongo

Ukuba Vladimir UNabokov (kwaye mhlawumbi kwakhona UDavid Foster Wallace) isimbo besingumxholo, kaJonatan Franzen, umbhali weNkululeko kunye Izilungiso, yonke into ijikeleza kwisakhiwo. Ukushiya ecaleni okungencinci kwezithisisi ezenza lo mbono wobomi bomntu kwihlabathi langoku UcocekoUlwakhiwo lolona phawu lunika umdla kwezona noveli zamva nje zikaJonathan Frazen. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, enye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo nguJonathan Franzen.

? Isishwankathelo kunye nophononongo lwe Ubunyulu, nguJonathan Franken

Ipapashwe ngo-2015, Ucoceko sisavenge esitsha soluhlu Ihlabathi ngokutsho kukaFranzen, apho i-American ihlaziya i-postulates yakhe kwi-Intanethi, i-hacking, i-social networks, i-journalism, i-feminism, i-global overpopulation, i-environmentalism, uhanahaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokunye okuninzi.

En Ucoceko, UJonathan Franzen akashiyanga nto kwidrowa. Ibhilethi ebalulekileyo. Ubafumana njani uJonathan Franzen abafundi bakhe ukuba badityaniswe kumaphepha angama-700 ngaphandle kokuguqula yonke loo fest yeselulosi ibe yinto efanele ileyibhile yencwadi ehlazisayo? umthengisi ogqibelele?

Kutheni le nto uxolo kunye nokuzola kusalawula xa sithetha kakuhle kwaye sikhwaza malunga nencwadi yamva nje kaFranzen kodwa, endaweni yoko, ibala lamashiya aphakanyisiweyo, ukusebeza okugunyazisayo kunye nezalathisi zolawulo ziqhuma ngengxolo yeqela ngokukhawuleza nje xa sidumisa Dan Brown, UStephen King kunye neZafones zisemsebenzini?

Yintoni ekhethekileyo malunga nendoda ekhunjulwa ngonaphakade njengomhlobo UDavid Foster Wallace ngothando olufanayo lweebhilithi njengoDavid Foster Wallace, kodwa hayi isiqingatha sendlela entsonkothileyo kaDavid Foster Wallace?

? Ukulula okucocekileyo kwisitayela

UJonathan Franzen udlala kwakhona Ucoceko ukubhala ngokulula kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngaphandle koloyiko lokuphinda-phindwa kwamagama, kunye namathambo ambalwa e-syntactic ahamba ngaphaya kwesihloko esilula + isenzi + isivisa. kunye nokulibamba ixesha kakhulu okusenza sikhangele isichazi-magama.

Mhlawumbi apho kulele ubabalo lwefomula yayo, (ngandlel’ ithile murakamian, inyani): apho umba kulula ukuwulandela kuba ikhetha ukugcina ukuntsokotha kolunye uhlobo lwamathambo, olona lukhulu kuzo zonke.

?Ulwakhiwo lwe Ukungcola

Kufanelekile ukuboleka elo gama lidala abazali bethu okanye abantu abasigcina imilinganiselo yokuziphatha baphantse basityhola xa sasiselula ukuba sivule incwadi: “Kutheni ungafundi nje? Sisilele ntoni? Ukufunda luhambo, nyana wam! Iincwadi zizihlobo zakho, nyana.”

Ukuba bekungengenxa yokumisa kwakhe umngxuma, ‘iqhinga eliphambili’ likaPurity beliya kuhlala kuthi emva kwemini

Masiyibeke ngolu hlobo: xa sivula UcocekoNyhani ke saluqala uhambo. Kwincwadi eqhelekileyo, eneminqweno esemgangathweni kunye nesakhiwo esisemgangathweni, ukuqhubela phambili ngokulandelelana kwiziganeko zeploti kuthelekiswa nokoyisa iikhilomitha ezisahlulayo kwikamva lethu; kwi UcocekoUkuqhubela phambili kubandakanya i-parade eqhubekayo yokumisa kwizikhululo zenkonzo, ukumisa ukuya kwindlu yangasese, ukumisa ukutya, ukumisa ukutshaya, ukumisa ukuthenga i-trinkets... uhambo beluza kuthabatha nje iyure nje enye ukuba bekungekho ndawo zokumisa, ethe xa iyonke ithatha indawo ephindwe kashumi kwisithuba sebala eliphambili, eso senzeka ngoku nesinokuthi sibulalele sona ukuba siqhubela phambili kancinane.

? Ukuvalwa okuvuyisayo kwezangqa

Xa sisithi ukumisa sithetha izahluko zomxholo, imvelaphi, nqumama kwisenzo sangoku. Ngamanye amazwi: UJonathan Franzen ukhonzwa ngaphakathi Ucoceko yendlela esele siyibonile kwinoveli yakhe yangaphambili, Inkululeko, (kwaye phantse kuyo yonke ifilimu ye Quentin Tarantino, kuquka ukuhamba Intiyo ezisibhozo) ukuba, nangona ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo iya kuba negama kunye nodidi phakathi kwelizwe lengxelo kunye/okanye iscript, siyanceda ukuyibiza ngokulula ukuValwa kweSangqa:

1. Sixelelwa uthotho lweziganeko apho siswele idatha yokuqonda ngokupheleleyo.
2. Ujonga ngasemva exesheni (ayisiyiyo nokubuyela umva, nje ixesha langoku lokubalisa liba lelaxesha phambi kokuba bekutshiwo ku-1.)
3. Kufuphi nesiphelo seli candelo (elinokuthi libaleke liye kumaphepha alikhulu lize lenze inoveli ngokwayo), sifumana ulwazi oluyimfuneko esiludingayo ukuze siqonde inqaku loku-1 ngokwengqiqo yalo epheleleyo.
4. Isahluko esitsha siyaqala kwaye siphinde sinikelwe ibali elinqunyulweyo elifuna enye ukujonga kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuze kufezekiswe ngokuchanekileyo ukuvalwa kwesangqa esiya kunika ulwaneliseko olukhawulezileyo kumfundi oluya kummema ukuba aqhubeke nokukhangela amaphepha.

Abanye abahlalutyi boncwadi babone kufanelekile ukuba bathethe ngokungafihlisiyo kuphononongo lwabo oko Iinoveli zikaJonathan Franzen zinesisa ngenkunkuma, iindiza kunye namaphepha ixabisa ngokwaneleyo ukusindisa isibini samahlathi. Kude kube yimini ngaphandle kwewayini.

Abanye abahlalutyi boncwadi babone kufanelekile ukuyithetha ngokungafihlisiyo loo nto Iinoveli zikaJonathan Franzen zinesisa ngenkunkuma, iindiza kunye namaphepha ixabisa ngokwaneleyo ukusindisa isibini samahlathi.

? Izihloko ezininzi… mhlawumbi zininzi kakhulu

Cual ICortázar elele kwigumbi lakhe langaphambili Rayuela Izahluko ezishukumayo, umntu unokuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni kaFranzen kunye neentaba zakhe ezisixhenxe okanye ezisibhozo ezinamaphepha, ethandabuza ngowona myalelo ulungileyo wokulahla i-ballast yengxelo ebingenakuba sisiqingatha njengekhoboka ukuba ibipapashwe ngokolandelelwano olungqongqo lwe-orthodox. Kakade ke, yintoni eyenza Ucoceko andazi okwangoku Twilight Da Vinci Code Inferno de Grey kukuba, ukongeza ukuthetha ngayo I-Intanethi, ukukhwabanisa, inethiwekhi yoluntu, ubuntatheli, ubufazi, ukugcwala kwehlabathi, ukulawulwa kokusingqongileyo, uhanahaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye etcetera ende, umxholo wokwenyani oqhubela phambili ngenene iploti iyafana naleyo yazo zonke iinoveli zikaFranzen, elo lalo lonke uncwadi oluhle kunye nenkcubeko yehlabathi: umntu, amaphupha akhe kunye neentsizi zakhe. Uphuhliso lomlinganiswa, wow.

Siza kuthetha loo nto I-Purity (Pip) encinci uTyler ngumlinganiswa oyintloko kuba, ukongeza ekubeni yintombazana ekhava, libali lakhe elivula livale incwadi, libe likhonkco namanye amabali amahlanu.; amabali amahlanu athi, sinyanzelisa, ngokwahlukileyo iincwadi; Isishwankathelo sobomi obudibana kuphela noPip Tyler kwizibonda zabo zokugqibela kwaye, nangona kunjalo, Ucoceko zichazwe kuthi ngokweenkcukacha ezininzi ezigulayo ezinika ezi zahluko uhlobo oluqheleke ngakumbi kuhlobo lwebhayografi kunelo leenoveli.

NjengoFoster Wallace, kulapho uJonathan Frazen ekhanya khona kakhulu, kwimizobo yakhe enzima yengqondo yabantu esidibana nabo ngamaxesha ovuthondaba kunye, kwakhona, ngobungwevu obumdaka: i-squatter eselula yarhaxwa lityala lezifundo zayo zaseyunivesithi, inzwana eneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ubudala edlala uJulian Assagne esemsebenzini, intatheli entle nenamabhongo ezimisele ukubeka umsebenzi phambi kothando, imbi kwaye inebhongo. intatheli ezimisele ukubeka uthando lomsebenzi, kunye nohlobo lomfazi olungalungelelananga lwendlu yaseFranzen.

?  Yi Ukungcola un Inkululeko II?

Ukuba bekungengenxa yesicwangciso sika-Andreas Wolf (umnini we-hacker yombutho wohlobo lwe-Wikileaks) kunye nomndilili ongaphantsi kancinci wenoveli iyonke, Ucoceko, endaweni yokuqhubekeka kwenoveli (yempumelelo yefomula yeFranzen) ngokucacileyo iya kuba luhlobo lwe Inkululeko 2 (Inkululeko II: UkuBuywa kwabasindwayo), kuba ngamanye amaxesha ii-echoes ziye zicace kakhulu (ngenxa yesizathu kuphela iminyaka emine eyadlulayo ukusukela oko kwapapashwa ngo-2011 malunga nokuba yayiyintoni inoveli yakhe yokuqinisekisa, ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sexesha elithathiweyo ukupapasha kwakhona ukusuka. Izilungiso, inoveli yakhe yesityhilelo ka-2001).

Ukuba akunjalo ngoAndreas Wolf, Ucoceko, endaweni yokuqhubela phambili kwenoveli yokuphumelela kwefomula yeFranzen, ngokucacileyo kuya kuba luhlobo oluthile Inkululeko 2 

Ukuphazamiseka kweentsapho kunye nobudlelwane bezesondo obunzima (ukuba kunjalo) Inkululeko Besele kukho iingxelo ezininzi ezihlazisayo kulo mbandela, apha, ngokunzulu, kukho isondo esininzi kule ncwadi, ngokulula kakhulu, kukuba kulungile, Franzen, ukuba unesithukuthezi, ngokunzulu, unzima kakhulu, kutheni umntu engakwazi ukulala ngesiqhelo nokuba lo mbandela awuthathi ntweni ubukho bawo? ngoba UJonathan Franzen? Uzama ukusixelela ntoni ngalo mngcelele wabantu abangonelisekanga, abangenamdla nabangonwabanga?).

Inoveli yobuntatheli ngamaxesha eWikileaks

Kukho ubuhle obuthile kunye nesiphithiphithi kwinto yokuba umxholo ophambili woqweqwe lwale ncwadi (ubuntatheli obuvuzayo obuninzi obujongene norhulumente kunye ne-corporate obscurantism) uye waba, kwihlabathi lokwenyani, njenge-ephemeral njengoko uTom Aberant (intatheli enebhongo) wacinga. yi. Ngendlela, Ucoceko yayilusungulo lomhleli olwafikelela kwiitheyibhile zeendaba ezithe zancipha ngenxa yokwenza ngathi ubonisa, okanye kunoko ufuna ukugxeka, into eyenzekayo ngelo xesha yayikwimeko ye-comatose.

Ukunyamalala kwimidiya ye mannings y Assagnes ukuba kungekudala kwixesha elidlulileyo (mhlawumbi, xa uFranzen waqala ukubhala Ucoceko) babezimisele ukuba ngabasindisi besidima sehlabathi, kukho into eyoyikisayo eyenziwayo kule ncwadi enokuthi ibe sisibetho sokugqibela (kuluntu olungeyonyani apho intsomi yayisasetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye inikwe impembelelo ethile, njengakumashumi amahlanu, xa bathabatha uNabhokov kakade lolita ekulingweni), inqindi entanyeni, kwezi ziganeko zosasazo zesizwe-zokonga ngoko zifike ngaphantsi kwimihla yethu, zithotywe ngamaxesha amafutshane kwicandelo laMazwe ngaMazwe (izishwankathelo eziphendulwa ngumfundi ngoloyiko "ah, ewe, loo mfo").

Intombazana encinci engaziyo ukuba yenzani ngobomi bayo itsalwa yiWikileaks (apha ibizwa ngokuba yiProjekthi yokukhanya kwelanga) loo nto inokumnika ithuba lokufumana uyise ongaziwayo. Endleleni, sifunda ngo-Andreas Wolf, inkokeli enobubele kunye neyomfazi woluntu oluyi-quasi-sectarian ebonakaliswa ngobuchule ngendlela yokuba umfundi angeva nantoni na ngaphandle kosizi kunye nentiyo yomntu, ukongeza kwiintatheli ezimbini. kunye nomfazi ophambeneyo okhankanywe apha ngasentla, ngenxa yokungabhubhisi, siya kubhala nje njengebhloko. Inkululeko yencwadi, okanye ngenye indlela, ibhloko yokugxeka/yomfanekiso wabantu abalusizi, abalusizi, ukanti kunokwenzeka kuphela, ubomi obuphakathi kweminyaka yobudala bomndilili waseMelika.

Apha iWikileaks ibizwa ngokuba yiProjekthi yokukhanya kwelanga

Ngokuphathelele ubufazi kunye / okanye imfazwe yesini, sifumana iindlela ezininzi. Kwelinye icala sinalo UPip Tyler, unebhongo kwaye kwangaxeshanye waqubuda kuye ngokuneentloni mfuneko ukuba kufutshane nendoda, okanye Sunlight Project, lonke obscenely patriarchal uluntu (kunye phantse Gaddafist overtones xa kufikwa Andreas Wolf's Harem yabasetyhini), kwaye, kwelinye icala, sifumana iqaqobana elungileyo labafazi abazimeleyo, umlomo nomsindo. Kwaye nomona. Kwaye unomona.

Ngamanye amaxesha le noveli ibonakala njengesizathu sobukho bamanqaku afana neli linelungelo KUNYEs uJonathan Franzen ungumntu onesini? Sinomama ongatshatanga, umfazi onqwenela ukuba ngumama, iqela lamantombazana azimisele ukwenza nantoni na kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ubomi obusekhona bento uFranzen acinga ukuba iyenzeka kuluntu lwabasetyhini ngo-2015.

Ihlabathi le-2015 ngokutsho kukaFranzen.

Usenokungavumelani ngokupheleleyo no-Jonathan Franzen kunye nobutshaba obubhekiselele kwi-Intanethi (kuyafaneleka ukubalaselisa icandelo lesincoko apho i-Intanethi kunye nokujika kwayo kuthelekiswa nokusebenza kwe-Stasi kunye ne-bureaucracy yeDemocratic Republic ngokwayo isiJamani); unokungavumelani nendlela yokwenza lula ulutsha (enyanisweni, kufuneka), kwaye unokucinga ukuba izisombululo ezithile kwiyelenqe zinengxaki yokunganeliseki kunye nokugqithiswa kwezinto ezihambelanayo ezonwabileyo, kwaye oko akuyi kuthetha ukuba le noveli iyaqhubeka nokuba luncedo. Ucoceko kufana ngakumbi, oku kuthetha ukuba oku kuqhubekeka okulula komgangatho womgangatho osele ubonisiwe Inkululeko. UFranzen ukunika oko akuthembisayo, nje ukuba ugqibe le, sele ufuna ukufunda enye. Kwaye oko, namhlanje, sele kuninzi.

UJonathan Franzen, uPurity
Inguqulelo ka-Enrique de Hériz
eSalamander, eBarcelona, ​​ngo-2015
Amaphepha angama-697 | 24 euro