Los iipulsars ziyimizimba yasezulwini eyafunyanwa kuphela kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, idala umdla kuluntu lwenzululwazi kubalandeli besifundo, besazi ukuba banjani kwaye bahluke njani kwezinye iinkwenkwezi. Sikuxelela ngakumbi apha.
Ukufunda ngeepulsars
Bonisa iRAE, púlsar okanye pulsar, ngeSpanish, ivela kumanyano lwamagama amabini ngesiNgesi - acronym of puls (ating st) ar-, okuthetha ukuthi:
"Inkwenkwezi ekhupha imitha ebukhali kakhulu ngamaxesha amafutshane kwaye rhoqo",
Intsingiselo yalo ngolwimi lwaseSpain inokugxininiswa ngeendlela ezimbini ezinzulu kunye nezibukhali "Embindini wokuqhuma i-pulsar yenziwa" "Ezinye ii-supernovae zenze i-pulsar" kwaye ingasetyenziselwa isininzi; iipulsars kunye neepulsars.
Le nkonzo ye "pulsating star", eyamkelwayo, yasetyenziswa enye indidi yeenkwenkwezi.
Emva kokuba isigama se-orthographic sicacisiwe, masiqhubele phambili kwisayensi, siyichaza, ngokutsho kukaJocelyn Bell (Diario El País, 1999)
“I-pulsar, okanye i-radio pulsar, yinto efana nendlu yesibane. Ngumzimba oxinene ngokungaqhelekanga ojikeleza kuwo ngokwawo ukhupha amaza erediyo. Sibala ukuba ubunzima bayo bumalunga newaka leetoni zequadrillion kubungakanani obudlula ngokulambisa kwiikhilomitha ezili-10 kwiradiyasi. Ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi yayo, sisiphumo sentlekele kunye nokudubula kokugqibela kwenkwenkwezi enkulu enobukhulu obuphindwe kashumi kuneLanga lethu. "
I-Pulsars yimizimba yasezulwini enomlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu wemagnethi oya kuthi rhoqo uvumeleke ukuba i-irradiate.
Zenziwe nge-neutrons, ezikhokelela ekubeni zikhuphe le mibhobho ye "radiation ye-electromagnetic radiation" ngexesha lokujikeleza eligqitywe ngesantya seenkwenkwezi ngokwayo.
Zonke iipulsars ezifunyenweyo ziinkwenkwezi ze-neutron, kodwa ngaba i-pulsar kufuneka ibe yinkwenkwezi ye-neutron? Hayi, kuyavela ukuba iinkwenkwezi ezimhlophe ezimhlophe zinokuba yi-pulsars.
Iimpawu zePulsars
- Banamandla okujikeleza kuzo, ukuya kuthi ga kwizihlandlo ezingamakhulu aliqela ngomzuzwana.
- Zihamba ngesantya ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60.000 km/s, ukuya kwindawo kumphezulu wayo.
- Bavelisa isantya esikhulu esivumela ukuba yande ukusuka kwi-ikhweyitha yayo.
- Amandla e-centrifugal aveliswa ngesi santya siphezulu, kunye nethambeka lawo elinamandla lomxhuzulane ngenxa yoxinano olukhulu, liwuthintela ekuweni phakathi.
- Iinkwenkwezi ziyashiyana ngobukhulu, ukusuka kumawaka ambalwa eemitha ukuya malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20.
- Iinkwenkwezi zeNeutron zenza iipulsars ezilungileyo kuba zixinene ngendlela emangalisayo.
Zihlanganiswa njani iipulsars?
Ngokudibanisa:
- Ukusuka kwintsimi yamagnetic ekhawulezayo apho ii-electron kunye neeproton zijikeleza ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu ukusuka ngaphandle kwayo kunye nentshukumo ekhawulezayo eyadalwa phakathi kwayo.
- Ubukhulu obuqinileyo obudalwe kwinkwenkwezi ngamanye amasuntswana akwindawo yegalaksi efana ne "imolekyuli zerhasi" okanye "uthuli lwe-interstellar", zenza isantya se-pulsars sisebenze ngakumbi kwaye sikhawuleze ukuya kwizisombululo ezigqithileyo, zidala iipali zazo zemagneti. njengee-spirals ezivaliweyo.
Inkwenkwezi ye-neutron malunga nokuphinda kabini ubunzima beLanga lethu buya kuba malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20 ububanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umhlaba wemagnethi wenkanyezi ye-neutron unokuba namandla ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ayikaziwa kwizazinzulu, ebeziqhele ukujonga ii-axes ezijikelezayo njengoMhlaba, obekwe kumbindi weplanethi kwaye usuka kwipali ukuya kwipali. Ingaba umsebenzi okhawulezileyo wepulsar usebenza njani uwonke?
UMhlaba ubufundisiwe ngeethiyori ezinje; Kepler's Laws -XNUMXth century, Newton's Law of Gravitation kunye ne Ithiyori yeAtomic yeDemocritus, ibambe:
"Yonke i-particle ye-material itsala nayiphi na enye i-particle ye-material, kunye namandla alinganayo ngokuthe ngqo kwimveliso yobuninzi babo bobabini kunye nokulinganisa ngokungafaniyo kwisikwere somgama owahlulayo."
Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zaphawula ukuba “iradiation guns” ijikeleza neenkwenkwezi, nto leyo eyenza iipali zemagneti zingasoloko zikhomba kwicala elinye.
Ngesi sizathu, lo mbuzo ulandelayo uyabuzwa: kutheni iipulsars ezininzi zibonisa uphawu lokuba "izibonda zazo zemagnetic" zingaphandle kwe-axis yazo yokujikeleza?
Iijethi zemagnethi
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu bahlala befumana "iijethi zemagneti". Ngalo naliphi na ixesha, xa ujonga isibhakabhaka seenkwenkwezi, ukuba ngelo xesha lichanekileyo, inkwenkwezi ine "pole yemagnetic" kwicala loMhlaba, iya kusungula i-cannon yayo kwaye emva koko, kwi-microseconds yokujikeleza kwayo, iya kukhomba indawo yayo. "i-magnetic pole" kwakhona. ” kwaye iya kubonisa enye ijethi njalo njalo ngebhayisekile.
Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wendlu yesibane, ukukhanya kwayo okujikelezayo kubhengeza oomatiloshe bemgama. Indawo ethile, le iya kuba yile mitha yemitha esinokuyibona, ngexesha elichanekileyo kwaye ukusuka kwelo nqanaba esibhakabhakeni liziphindaphinda ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ixesha ngalinye ijethi ijoliswe kwiplanethi yethu.
Ngeteleskopu ezikhethekileyo, iipulsars ziyakwazi ukuhlalutya isantya sazo. Kufunwa kuphela ukuba ijoliswe kwindawo ethile.
Kubalulekile ukuthetha ukuba bakhonza njengenkxaso kwimisebenzi yophando lwabantu, kuba izinga lentliziyo yabo lichanekileyo.
Jonga lo mfanekiso:
- Imigca yemagnethi kumhlophe
- i-axis yokujikeleza kuluhlaza
- Iijethi zemitha yencam eblowu.
ukufunyanwa kwee-pulsars
UJocelyn Bell ngo-1967, waqala wazifumana kwaye ukususela ngoko ngaphezu kwe-1,500 yazo yafunyanwa. Ngelixa imvelaphi yabo yayikade iyimfihlakalo, ngoku siyazi malunga neepulsars.
Ezi nkwenkwezi ezizele "neutron" zinomsebenzi okhawulezileyo osisigxina. Konke oku kwenza "izibonda zemagneti" xa zikhupha iziphumo zemitha ye-electromagnetic kakhulu.
"I-PSR B1919 + 21, yayiyi-pulsar yokuqala efunyenweyo, yayinexesha le-1,33730113 s"
Ngeteleskopu kanomathotholo, uJocelyn Bell kunye no-Antony Hewish bafumanisa ezi miqondiso zikanomathotholo zifutshane, ziphinda-phinda: Bacinga ukuba banokuthi banxibelelane nempucuko yangaphandle komhlaba, ngoko ke bathiywa igama lomthombo wabo LGM - Amadoda Amancinci Aluhlaza.
UJocelyn Bell uchazwe kwi-1999 kwiphephandaba i-El País
“I-pulsar, okanye i-radio pulsar, yinto efana nendlu yesibane. Ngumzimba oxinene ngokungaqhelekanga ojikeleza kuwo ngokwawo ukhupha amaza erediyo. Sibala ukuba ubunzima bayo bumalunga newaka leetoni zequadrillion kubungakanani obudlula ngokulambisa kwiikhilomitha ezili-10 kwiradiyasi. Ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi yayo, sisiphumo sentlekele kunye nokudubula kokugqibela kwenkwenkwezi enkulu enobukhulu obuphindwe kashumi kuneLanga lethu. "
Ukuqhubela phambili nophando lwabo, bafumanisa ezinye iipulsars zikhupha amaza ahlukeneyo. Kolu phando, uAnthony Hewish wafumana iBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi ngowe-1974. Nangona kunjalo, uJocelyn Bell, owayengumntu wokuqala ukuva eli nqaku, wafumana imbasa yokuwonga kuphela.
Ngo-1899, isazinzulu uNicola Tesla wasilela ukutolika la maza kanomathotholo aqhelekileyo, awawafumana kwinkulungwane ngaphambili ngexesha lovavanyo lwakhe.
Ngo-1995, u-Alexander Wolszczan, isazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, wasebenza ngeeteleskopu zikanomathotholo waza wafumana i-"pulsar PSR B1257+12", echaza njengento encinci neyamandulo yasezulwini, exinene kakhulu, ejikeleza ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ibonakala ngathi Isibane esivela eMhlabeni, kwakukho iplanethi.
Loo pulsar ikude kakhulu ubume bomhlaba. Kwelinye icala, banengcamango yokuba kufutshane nale pulsar kukho iiplanethi eziyijikelezileyo kwaye ubunzima bayo buphindwe kathathu kunobo boMhlaba:
"Ezi ziplanethi kwi-pulsar zisivumela ukuba siqale ukufunda ukuguquguquka kweenkqubo zeplanethi, apho zivela khona."
Ukufunyanwa kwe-pulsar RX J0806.4-4123 yabhengezwa ngo-2018, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iipulsars ezifunyenweyo, zikhupha imisebe ye-infrared, into ekhethekileyo kwiinkwenkwezi zolu hlobo olujongwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Okwangoku, ngaphezu kwe-500 pulsars zidweliswe kwaye ihlelwe, banexesha lokujikeleza ukusuka kwi-milliseconds ukuya kwimizuzwana, i-avareji ye-0,65 s.
Ngesinye isihlandlo, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zaseNtshona Asia zarekhoda i supernova eqaqambileyo. Yintoni kamva eyaye yaqatshelwa kuzo zonke iipulsars kunye nexesha lokujikeleza kwe-0,033 s, yi "Crab Nebula", ngo-1952 yathiywa igama elithi "PSR0531 + 121".
Emva koko umfanekiso weCrab pulsar enamandla.
Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zikanomathotholo u-Aleksander Wolszczan kunye noDale A. Frail bamangalisa izazinzulu ngophando lwabo, kuba bafumanisa inombolo ye-pulsar «PSR B1257+12», ixesha lokujikeleza liyi-6,22 milliseconds.
Ukongeza, ekutsalweni kwabo baqinisekisa ukuba kukho inani leeplanethi "ze-extrasolar" "ezineendlela eziphantse zibe setyhula kwi-0,2, 0,36 kunye ne-0,47 AU ukusuka kwi-pulsar ephakathi kunye nobunzima be-0,02, 4,3 kunye ne-3,9 .XNUMX yobunzima bomhlaba ngokulandelelanayo" .
Yintoni iipulsars zeX-reyi?
Ezi pulsar aziqhelekanga ngenxa yodidi lukanomathotholo ezikhupha "i-X-reyi okanye i-gamma ray", ezichaza ngathi yimipu yemitha.
Enye into efunyenwe kakhulu kwinqanaba le-interstellar yenzululwazi yayiyi "X-ray pulsar", bayifumene kwaye ikwinkwenkwezi edibeneyo ebizwa ngokuba yi "Cen X-3 system".
Baye bafumanisa, ngendlela emangalisa kakhulu, ukuba ezi nkwenkwezi "x-ray" zeqela leenkwenkwezi zokubini eziqulunqwe "yi-pulsar kunye nesiqhelo esincinci inkwenkwezi yohlobo O okanye u-B".
Ukusuka kumphezulu wayo kunye nemitha, inkwenkwezi yokuqala ikhupha umoya weenkwenkwezi kwaye ezi zicutshungulwa yinkwenkwezi eyiqabane kwaye zenze ii-x-reyi.
I-Pulsar yokugqibela ifunyenwe
UVikram S. Dhillon, i-astrophysicist kwiYunivesithi yaseSheffield, kunye neqela lakhe lophando kunye nokusebenzisa iGran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), ngonyaka we-2020, bafumanisa izidalwa zasezulwini abazibiza ngokuthi "AR Scorpii".
Yinkqubo yokubini equlethe inkwenkwezi encinci ebomvu emalunga nesiqingatha sobunzima beLanga lethu kunye nenkwenkwezi emhlophe enqabileyo emalunga nobunzima belanga enye.
Bahlulwe ngumgama wamaxesha ama-3 kuphela, ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya eNyangeni kwaye bajikelezana rhoqo kwiiyure ezi-3.6. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yokubini luxhaphakile ngokwentelekiso, kodwa iqela laphawula ukuba i-dwarf ebomvu iziphatha ngendlela engaqhelekanga.
I-dwarf ebomvu ibetha rhoqo kwimizuzu emibini. Oku kukhawuleza kakhulu ukuba ukwahluka kube ngenxa yefiziksi ebomvu ebomvu.
Xa iqela lihlalutya i-pulsations, lifumene ukuba i-polarized kakhulu, luhlobo lwento eyenzekayo xa izinto zikhanyiswa yimiqadi yamandla aphezulu. Uhlobo lwemitha yamandla eyenziwe ngama-pulsars.