Ifunyenwe embindini nakwicala lasekhohlo letafile yeperiodikhi, iintsimbi zingahlelwa kwakhona njengeentsimbi zealkali, iintsimbi zomhlaba zealkaline, iintsimbi zenguqu, kunye nesiseko sesinyithi. Yazi ngale post i IiPropati zeMetal!
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iintsimbi
Izinyithi ngokubanzi zi-conductor, ezine-conductivity ephezulu yombane kunye ne-high conductivity ye-thermal, ngokuqhelekileyo i-malleable kunye ne-ductile, i-deform phantsi koxinzelelo ngaphandle kokuqhekeka, umzekelo ukubetha isinyithi ngehamile kuya "kubola" isinyithi, singayiqhekeza ibe ziingceba.
I-conductivities yombane kunye ne-thermal yesinyithi ziveliswa yinto yokuba ii-electron zabo zangaphandle zi-delocalized, oku kuthetha ukuba i-electron ayivalwanga kuyo nayiphi na i-athomu, kodwa kunokuba ilawule ukuhamba kuyo yonke isinyithi.
Las iimpawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zesinyithi zinokubonwa njengengqokelela yee-athomu ezifakwe kulwandle lwee-electron, ezihamba kakhulu, oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqhubeni kwesinyithi.
Los iintsimbi bakholisa ukwenza ii-cations ngokulahleka kwee-electron, umzekelo kukusabela nge-oksijini emoyeni ukwenza ii-oxides kwizikali zexesha ezahlukahlukeneyo (intsimbi i-oxidize kwiminyaka, ngelixa i-potassium ivutha ngemizuzwana), iintsimbi zenguqu (ezifana nentsimbi, ubhedu, i-zinc, kunye nickel) i-oxidize ngokucothayo kuba zenza umaleko we-oxide okhuselayo okhusela ngaphakathi.
Abanye, njenge-palladium, iplatinam kunye negolide, abaphenduli konke konke nge-atmosfera, ezinye izinyithi zenza umaleko womqobo we-oxide kumphezulu wazo, ongenakungena kwiimolekyuli ezininzi zeoksijini, ngenxa yoko zigcina inkangeleko yazo ekhanyayo kwaye ilungile. I-conductivity kumashumi eminyaka (ezifana ne-aluminium, i-magnesium, ezinye iintsimbi, kunye ne-titanium).
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zamaminerali
Iingcali zemineralogists zisebenzisa iipropathi ezibonakalayo zeeminerali ukunceda ukufanisa umfuziselo; uninzi lweemvavanyo lufezekiswa lula ebaleni, ngelixa ezinye zifuna izixhobo zaselabhoratri.
Ezi mpawu zilandelayo zezimbiwa zinokusetyenziswa ngokulula ukuchonga iminerali:
- umbala
- Ukuqina
- Ubunzima
- Ukuqhekeka okanye ukwaphuka
- isakhiwo sekristale
- I-diaphanity okanye ubungakanani bokungafihli
- Ukuzimisela
- Magnetism
- Luster
- Ivumba
- Ukutya
- ubunzima obuthile
ukutsalwa kwesinyithi
Intsimbi ekrwada nguwo nawuphi na umthombo wendalo wesinyithi onokuthi uthabathe kuwo, ialuminiyam ngokomzekelo yeyona ixhaphakileyo kuqweqwe lwentsimbi emhlabeni, efumaneka kuzo zonke iintlobo zentsimbi ekrwada, nangona kunjalo ayifanelanga ukutsalwa emhlabeni kuninzi lwazo. iiminerali, endaweni yoko, i-aluminium ore eqhelekileyo yi-bauxite, equlethe i-50 ukuya kwi-70% ye-aluminium oxide.
https://youtu.be/8TmtEkAfnkU
Ubhedu lunqabile kakhulu, kodwa ngethamsanqa lunokufumaneka kwiindawo ezikrwada zodidi oluphezulu (ezo zinepesenti ephezulu yobhedu) kwiindawo ezithile, ubhedu sisinyithi esixabisekileyo, kukwafanelekile ukugrunjwa ngokuqhelekileyo Iintaba.
Metal Classification
Ngokohlelo lwamashishini, zonke iintsimbi zohlulwe zibe ngamaqela amabini: i-ferrous kunye ne-non-ferrous.
Intsimbi yentsimbi
Isinyithi esine-descriptor "i-ferrous" ithetha ukuba ine-iron ekubunjweni kwayo, xa igama elithi metal ferrous lisetyenziswa, ngokubanzi lithetha ukuba i-iron yipesenti enkulu yokwakheka kwe-elemental.
Ukuba ayisiyiyo eyona nto ininzi kakhulu, inokuba yeyesibini okanye yesithathu eyona nto ininzi, ukuba isinyithi siqulethe umkhondo wentsimbi, njengoko uninzi lusenza. iintsimbi, ke loo mali encinci ayiqwalaselwa ngokwaneleyo ukuvakalisa isinyithi esinentsimbi.
Kunzima ukuseka iipropathi eziqhelekileyo zesinyithi, kuba zinokuba neentlobo ezininzi zezinto ezidibanisayo ezitshintsha kakhulu iimpawu zazo, umzekelo, iintsimbi ezininzi ze-ferrous zimagnetic, nangona kunjalo, akuyonyaniso kuzo zonke isinyithi. Ezi ntsimbi zinokohlulwa zibe:
- Intsimbi yekhabhoni: Iintsimbi zekhabhoni mhlawumbi lolona hlobo lusetyenziswa kakhulu lwentsimbi yentsimbi, ubukhulu becala zenziwe ngentsimbi kwaye ngaphezu kwe-90% yomgaqo-siseko wemichiza yazo yile nto, ekuphela kwento enyibilikayo ebaluleke kakhulu kwikhabhoni yentsimbi yikhabhoni, kuphela kukho imikhondo yezinye. izinto, izicelo eziqhelekileyo zeentsimbi zekhabhoni ziqulethe izakhiwo, ifenitshala kunye nezixhobo zeemoto.
- Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo: Insimbi engenasici lelinye iqela lesinyithi esityebileyo esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokubanzi, iintsimbi ezingenasici zinexabiso eliphezulu le-chromium elibanceda ukuba baxhathise ukubola ngcono kuneentsimbi zekhabhoni.
- Isinyithi esityhidiweyo: I-Cast iron luhlobo lwentsimbi ene-ferrous enekhabhoni eninzi kunezinye iindidi ezininzi, oku kunika isixa esikhulu samandla.
- ingxubevange yentsimbi: Iintsimbi ze-alloy luhlobo lwesinyithi esenziwe ngesinyithi esenzelwe iinjongo ezithile, ngelixa ubukhulu becala yenziwe ngentsimbi, izixa ezahlukeneyo zobhedu, i-vanadium, i-tungsten, i-manganese, kunye nezinye izinto zinokusetyenziselwa ukwenza intsimbi yealloyi ibenzima kakhulu. i-ductility, amandla okuqina, ukuqina kunye nezinye iimpawu.
Iintsimbi ezingenayo i-nonferrous
Xa isinyithi sichazwa njenge-non-ferrous, sithetha ukuba ayinayo i-iron eninzi kwimichiza yayo.
- Aluminium: I-aluminium luhlobo olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi lwe-alloy non-ferrous, kwifom yayo engeyiyo i-anodized, inombala we-silvery, ngaphandle kokongezwa kwezinto ezixutywayo, i-ductile eninzi kwaye ayinamandla njengentsimbi ezininzi.
- Ubhedu: I-Copper yenye i-alloy ethandwa kakhulu e-non-ferrous, i-copper yintsimbi ebomvu ukuya kwe-brown, kwimeko yayo engaxutywanga nayo ithambile, i-ductile kwaye ayinamandla njengentsimbi ye-carbon.
- Nickel: I-Nickel yenye i-alloy ethandwayo e-non-ferrous, i-nickel yaziwa ngokuba lukhuni kwayo, ukukwazi ukwenza kwiindawo eziphezulu kunye neendawo zokushisa eziphantsi, kunye nokuchasana nokuhlwa.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zesinyithi
Iimpawu zomzimba ziquka ukuxinana, ukunyibilika, indawo yokunyibilika, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal, kunye nokwandiswa kwe-thermal. Phakathi kwezinto ezibonakalayo zesinyithi zezi:
Akhanye
Iintsimbi ziyakwazi ukubonakalisa ukukhanya okuvela kumphezulu kwaye ziyakwazi ukukhazimliswa, njengegolide, ubhedu kunye nesilivere, ukukhazimula kwesinyithi kuneentlobo ezahlukeneyo, i-metallic luster ibuthuntu kwaye ibonakalisa ukukhanya, inokubonakala kwentsimbi epholisiweyo.
Iqinile kwiqondo lokushisa
Iintsimbi ziqinile kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, zishiya i-mercury elulwelo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, isinyithi esiluqilima silandelwa kukuxinaniswa okuphezulu kwangaxeshanye kwee-electron ezisuswe endaweni, iintsimbi zihlala zomelele, zixinene kwaye zizikhokekeli ezilungileyo zombane kunye nobushushu, uluntu lusebenzise iintsimbi ukwenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ukusukela kumaxesha angaphambili.
Amandla ayo abangele ukusetyenziswa kwayo okukhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kunye nezinye izakhiwo, kunye neenqwelo, izixhobo, iileyili, njl. Intsimbi kunye ne-aluminiyam zimbini zezona ntsimbi zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo, zikwazezona zinyithi zininzi emhlabeni.
Ekubeni iintsimbi ziziikhondukthi zombane ezilungileyo, zixabisekile kwizixhobo zombane nasekuthwaleni imisinga yamandla kumgama omde ngaphandle kokuphulukana namandla okuncinci.
Ukuba buthathaka
Iintsimbi ziyakwazi ukuxhathisa ukubethelwa ngehamile kwaye zinokwenziwa zibe ziileya ezibhityileyo ezaziwa ngokuba yifoyile, umzekelo iqhekeza legolide elilingana netyhubhu yeswekile lingagutywa okanye lenziwe libe licwecwe elibhityileyo eligqume ibala lebhola ekhatywayo.
I-Ductility
Le propati ibhekiselele kwisinyithi esenziwe kwiingcingo ezincinci, kumiselwa yipesenti yobude kunye nepesenti yokunciphisa indawo yentsimbi.
I-Ductility ithetha ukuba iintsimbi zinokwenziwa zibe ziingcingo, i-100g yesilivere inokwenziwa ibe yigridi ebhityileyo emalunga nama-200m ubude.
Amanqaku okubilisa kunye nokunyibilika
Izinyithi zinendawo ephezulu yokubilisa kunye nokunyibilika, i-tungsten ineyona ndawo iphezulu yokunyibilika, ngokuchaseneyo, isilivere ineyona ndawo isezantsi yokubilisa, i-sodium kunye ne-potassium nazo zinamanqaku aphantsi okunyibilika.
Ukuhanjiswa kombane
Ngoku kuyaziwa ukuba iintsimbi ziziqalelo eziphawulwa ziiathom apho iqokobhe elingaphandle le-orbital lineelektroni ezimbalwa kakhulu ezinexabiso elihambelanayo lamandla, eyona conductivity iphezulu yenzeka kwiintsimbi kunye ne-electron enye kuphela ehlala kwimeko kwelo qokobhe.
Isilivere, ubhedu kunye negolide yimizekelo yeentsimbi eziphezulu ze-conductivity, iintsimbi zifumaneka ikakhulu kwicala lasekhohlo le-periodic table yezinto kunye nakwiikholamu zenguqu, ii-electron ezinegalelo ekuqhubeni kwazo zikwayi-electron emisela i-valence yabo yekhemikhali. ekubunjweni kweekhompawundi, ezinye ii-conductors zetsimbi ziyi-alloys yezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zesinyithi, njengentsimbi, ubhedu, ubhedu kunye ne-pewter.
Iqhekeza lesinyithi yibhloko yeeathom zentsimbi, kwiiathom ezihlukeneyo, ii-electron ze-valence zidibene ngokukhululekileyo kwi-nuclei yazo, kwibhloko, kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, ezi electron zine-kinetic yaneleyo yokuba zikwazi ukuhamba kude kwiindawo zazo ezizodwa.
Ukuqhutywa kobushushu
I-Thermal conductivity ligama elifana ne-conductivity yombane kunye nomahluko ochaphazela ukuhamba kobushushu ngokuchasene nokuhamba kwangoku kwimeko yokugqibela, ibonisa ukukwazi kwezinto zokuthutha ubushushu ukusuka kwelinye iphuzu ukuya kwelinye ngaphandle kokuhamba kwezinto. Izinto zizonke, iphezulu i-thermal conductivity, iqhuba ngcono ubushushu.
Kwimeko yezixhobo zokugquma, i-lattice conduction inegalelo ekuqhubeni ubushushu, oku kungenxa yokuba kwii-insulators ii-electron zibanjwe ngamandla yi-athomu yomzali kunye nee-electron zamahhala azikho.
Ke ngoko, ubushushu bugqithiselwa ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye ngokushukuma kweeathom ezigcinwe kwisakhiwo selathisi, ngokucacileyo izigqubuthelo azikhonduki zobushushu kuba zingenaso saneleyo sokuhambisa ubushushu ngenxa yokunqongophala kwee-electron zasimahla.
Ukuxinana kweentsimbi
Izinyithi zinobuninzi obuphezulu kwaye zinzima kakhulu, i-iridium kunye ne-osmium zinezona zinto zihambelanayo, ngokuchaseneyo, i-lithium inobuninzi obuphantsi.
Ubunzima
Ubunzima bubunakho besinyithi ukuchasa utshintsho olusisigxina kwimilo ebangelwa ngamandla angaphandle, zonke isinyithi zinzima ngaphandle kwe-sodium kunye ne-potassium, ethambileyo kwaye inokunqunyulwa ngommese.
Iimpawu zekhemikhali zesinyithi
Ngenxa yeepropathi zazo zemichiza, zonke iintsimbi zinciphisa ii-elektroni, zonke zikhupha ii-electron ze-valence ngokulula, ziba yi-ion echajiwe kakuhle, oko kukuthi, i-oxidize.
Ukuqulunqwa kwecation
I-cations zi-ion ezichanekileyo ezenziwe ngokulahleka kwe-electron enye okanye ngaphezulu, i-cations edla ngokusesikweni yezinto ezimeleyo zezo ezibandakanya ilahleko yazo zonke ii-electron ze-valence, qwalasela i-alkali metal sodium (Na), ine-electron ye-valence inqanaba lesithathu elikhulu lamandla.
zisebenze njengee-arhente zokunciphisa
Iintsimbi zisebenza njenge-arhente yokunciphisa, ngelixa i-non-metals isebenza njenge-oxidizing agent, isinyithi sisebenza njenge-arhente yokunciphisa ngenxa yokuba zivame ukunikela ngee-electron kwaye zivame ukukhupha i-oxidize. iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali ze-nonmetals zisebenza njenge-oxidizing agents kuba ii-nonmetals zivame ukufumana ii-electron kwaye ziyancipha.
Ukuqulunqwa kwee-ionic compounds
Ikhompawundi ye-ionic yenziwe ngokugqithiselwa ngokupheleleyo kwee-electron ukusuka kwisinyithi ukuya kwi-nonmetal kunye ne-ion yesiphumo ifikelele kwi-octet, iiprotoni azitshintshi, ii-athom zesinyithi ngokwamaqela 1-3 zilahlekelwa ii-electron kwii-athom ezingezona metal kunye ne-5- 7 ii-electron ezingekhoyo umgangatho wangaphandle.
Iindidi zensimbi
Inani elikhulu leentsimbi zikhoyo kwindalo, zinokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwipropathi okanye uphawu olisebenzisayo njengekhrayitheriya, phakathi kwezona zinyithi zixhaphakileyo zezi:
Iintsimbi zealkali
Zizo naziphi na izinto ezifunyenwe kwiQela le-IA letheyibhile yeperiodic, i iintsimbi Ialkali ziintlobo zeekhemikhali ezisebenza kakhulu eziphulukana ngokulula ne-elektroni enye ye-valence ukwenza iikhompawundi ze-ionic kunye nee-nonmetals, zonke izinto ezikwiqela lesinyithi lealkali zenzeka kwindalo.
iintsimbi zomhlaba alkaline
Ingqikelelo yeentsimbi zealkaline zomhlaba ibandakanya inxalenye yezinto zeqela II:
- Beryllium
- wemagniziyam
- Calcio
- Strontium
- Barium
- unomathotholo
Izinyithi ezine zokugqibela zineempawu ezicacileyo zokuhlelwa komhlaba we-alkali, ngoko ke, kweminye imithombo, i-beryllium kunye ne-magnesium ayiqukwanga kuluhlu, inqunyelwe kwizinto ezine.
Utshintsho lwesinyithi
Kukho izinto ezingama-38 ngokwamaqela ukusuka kweyesi-3 ukuya kweye-12, njengazo zonke iintsimbi, iintsimbi eziguqukayo zibhetyebhetye kwaye zibhetyebhetye, zithwala umbane nobushushu, eyona nto inika umdla malunga neentsimbi zenguqu zii-electron zazo ze-valence, okanye ii-elektroni ezithi ziguquguquke. zisetyenziswa kwimixube nezinye izinto, zineelektroni ezingaphezu kwesinye, yiyo loo nto zihlala zineendawo ezahlukeneyo zokudityaniswa kwe-oxidation.
Iintsimbi ze-post-transition
Isetyenziselwa ukumela udidi lweziqalelo zekhemikhali eziziqalelo zazo zifane nesinyithi kwiipropathi zazo, zibekwe ngasekunene kweentsimbi zenguqu kwitheyibhile yeperiodic.
Iimfuno malunga neentsimbi
Phakathi kweyona mibuzo ixhaphakileyo kunye nezinto ezinomdla malunga nesinyithi, yile ilandelayo:
Ziziphi iintsimbi ezinzima?
Iintsimbi ezinzima zizinto ezenzeka ngokwendalo ezifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo ubume bomhlaba, zichazwa njengezinto zetsimbi ezinobunzima obuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa namanzi, i-caveat kuphela kukuba ezinye iintsimbi ezinzima zizondlo ezifunekayo kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-biochemical and physiological.
iintsimbi ezininzi emhlabeni
Ezona zininzi ziyi-aluminiyam (Al) kunye nentsimbi (Fe).
Iintsimbi emzimbeni womntu
I-calcium ibalulekile kwisakhiwo samathambo kunye namazinyo, apho ibanjwe kwifom engabonakaliyo kakhulu kunye nemveliso yobisi, ukuba amanqanaba e-calcium egazini awela, i-calcium itsalwa kwithambo, okubangelwa i-osteomalacia kunye ne-osteoporosis.
Umzimba uqulethe malunga ne-5 g ye-iron, iikota ezintathu zale kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi ezixutywe kwi-hemoglobin, kunye nesiqingatha sentsalela egcinwe esibindi, izintso, umongo wethambo kunye nodaka.
iintsimbi ezingamanzi
Isinyithi esilulwelo sineempawu zolwelo ezininzi ezifanayo nolwelo olungelulo kunye neempawu ezininzi zetsimbi ezifanayo kunye neentsimbi eziqinileyo.
