Ngeli nqaku uya kuqonda umxholo we iinkqubo zokulinganisa, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba nolwazi oluninzi lwetekhnoloji, apha siza kukufundisa ukuba isebenza njani, iindidi ezikhoyo ngoku kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Iinkqubo zokulinganisa
Siza kuqalisa ukhenketho lwethu lwesifundo, sichaza iinkqubo zokulinganisa, engeyiyo enye into ngaphandle kokulinganisa ukuziphatha okanye ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuqala ngexesha lexesha; enokwenziwa ngesandla okanye ngekhompyutha.
Ngamanye amazwi, ngumzekelo okanye iseti yeengqikelelo ezisivumela ukuba siseke uthelekiso lokuziphatha kokwenyani xa kuthelekiswa noko sinokukubona ngexesha elithile. Ezi ntlobo zengqikelelo kufuneka zibonakaliswe ngokwengqiqo nezibalo phakathi kwamaziko okanye amaqumrhu.
Ngezo njongo, ukufezekisa ukulinganisa kwintsimi yetekhnoloji, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela iintlobo zeelwimi ezisetyenziselwa le njongo, ezinenjongo ethile okanye injongo, oko kukuthi, ukuvumela amandla ezixhobo zekhompyutha ukuba zisetyenziswe. kwandiswe ngexabiso eliphantsi, nangona kunjalo, ukulinganisa akusoloko kucetyiswa. Kungenxa yoko le nto ilandelayo ichaza ukuba kutheni kwaye yintoni ekufuneka siyilinganise:
- Ivumela ukwenza uphando olusekwe kubuchwephesha kunye nokusebenzisana neenkqubo zangaphakathi zekhompyuter.
- Ivumela ngokuqwalasela ukwazi utshintsho olwenzekayo kwindlela yokuziphatha kwenkqubo.
- Kuba lula kakhulu ukuyila imodeli yokulinganisa egubungela iimfuno ngokwembono yolwazi analo umntu ngokubhekiselele kwinkqubo yokufunda.
- Isebenza njengesixhobo sokufundisa kuba ivumela umsebenzisi ukuba abethelele izisombululo ezinokwenzeka zethiyori ezikhoyo kwinkqubo yokufunda.
- Ukumisela ubunakho behardware yesixhobo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno.
Ukucaca ukuba kutheni kwaye silinganisa ntoni, kubalulekile ukuba sazi iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zokulinganisa esinokuzifumana:
- Iimodeli zokubala, zihlelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Stochastic okanye deterministic: ngabo abo ii-equations zichazwa njengobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto, ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi kwinkqubo. Olu hlobo lwemodeli luhlala lusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iinkqubo zomzimba kwaye lolona lulula. Bakwasebenzisa iijenereyitha zamanani ngokungakhethiyo ukwenzela ukulinganisa iziganeko okanye iimeko ezingaqhelekanga.
- I-Static okanye eguqukayo, kolu hlobo lwe-simulator utshintsho kwiimpendulo zenkqubo kwiimpawu zokufaka.
- ngokuqhubekayo okanye ngokuthe ngqo: Kuyo, iziganeko zisingathwa ngexesha, oko kukuthi, ukulinganisa kwekhompyutheni kwenziwa ngovavanyo olunengqiqo, oluthi, ngoluhlu lweziganeko, luyilandele kwaye lunqume oko kuya kwenzeka ngexesha elichazwe kwangaphambili ngaloo njongo. Kule meko, i-simulator ifunda uluhlu kwaye ilungiselele iziganeko ezintsha okanye iimeko njengoko kuveliswa enye. Akuyimfuneko ukuba ukulinganisa kuqhutywe ngexesha elithile, ngokuchaseneyo, kucetyiswa ukuba idatha ephuma ekufaniseni ifakwe ukuze kufumaneke izitenxo ezinokwenzeka kuyilo okanye ukulandelelana kweziganeko.
Ukongezelela olu hlobo lokulinganisa lubonelela ngesisombululo samanani kwi-algebraic differential equations okanye i-equations differential equations njengoko isombulula zonke ii-equations kwaye isebenzisa amanani ukutshintsha imeko kunye nesiphumo sokulinganisa ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo. Umzekelo wale nto i-simulators yendiza, ukwakhiwa kunye nokulawula imidlalo yevidiyo, imodeli yeenkqubo zemichiza kunye nokulinganisa kweesekethe zombane.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kolu hlobo lokulinganisa okucacileyo kukho iimodeli ezingasekelwanga kwi-equation, kodwa nangona kunjalo inokukumela ngokusesikweni.
- Yasekuhlaleni okanye isasazwe: ziimodeli zabasasazi abasebenza kuthungelwano lweekhompyuter eziqhagamshelweyo, kwezinye iimeko kwi-Intanethi.
1. Imodeli yethiyori
Imodeli kufuneka ibe nezinto eziyimfuneko ukuze ukulinganisa, kunye nomsebenzi waselabhoratri, inkqubo yamanani, kunye nekhompyutha ebonelela ngamanani angaqhelekanga, ekufuneka iqulethe idatha yeenkcukacha-manani kunye neenguqulelo zayo ezahlukeneyo ze-quadratic - izibalo - zejometri - i-harmonic, kwaye ibe ekwaziyo ukucacisa, ukuqheleka ngokwemigaqo yokwenzeka kothotho oluvelisiweyo
Imodeli yombono
Imodeli yombono iseka nge-questionnaire, ukubaluleka kokuhlukana okanye ukugatywa koluntu kunye nokwenza nge-questionnaire ngendlela yokulinganisa kunye nesikali sengqondo.
Emva kokubona ukuba inani labantu libalulekile okanye lanele, okwangoku ukulinganisa kukufundwa kwephepha lemibuzo kwaye imodeli i-questionnaire yokuqinisa okanye ukugatya i-hypothesis yokuba kukho ukungafani kwabantu kunye neqela labantu kunye nokuba yeyiphi imibuzo.
imodeli yenkqubo
Imodeli yenkqubo ikholelwa ngakumbi kwaye ngumsebenzi waselabhoratri. Inkqubo yentlalo ifaniswe kwenye yopelo lwayo iyonke. Isicwangciso sokunyusa kwicandelo lezothutho kunye nomzekelo we-ecology yabantu, umzekelo.
Kubalulekile kwiithiyori zeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo, zilungele ngolu hlobo lokulinganisa. Yindlela, eye yaqhutyelwa inkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, iyinto engabonakaliyo kakhulu, engaphelelanga kwinkcazo yenkqubo, kufuneka iqulethe ukulinganisa kwiingeniso ezahlukeneyo zamandla kunye neziphumo.
ukulinganisa ikhompyutha
Ngolu hlobo lokulinganisa, injongo kukulungelelanisa iimeko zobomi bemihla ngemihla ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo eziphuhliswe kwikhompyutheni, ngendlela yokuba zihlalutye kwaye zivavanye indlela inkqubo eziphatha ngayo ngokumalunga nomsebenzisi.
Okwangoku, olu hlobo lokulinganisa lube luncedo kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezaziyilwe ngaphambili, kuba zisebenze njengepateni kwiinkqubo zendalo kwifiziksi, ikhemistri, kunye nebhayoloji ngendlela ezinokuthi zisonjululwe ngokumodareyitha ngokusesikweni. Iimodeli zemathematika ukuze kuvumeleke indlela yokuziphatha elungelelaniswe kwiiparamitha kunye neemeko zokuqala.
Olu kulinganisa lusebenza njenge-accessory yokuthatha indawo yenkqubo yemodeli yangaphambili enikezela izisombululo zohlalutyo ezingenakuphathwa ngenxa yokuqina kwazo; Kulapha apho kusingathwa khona iimeko ezahlukeneyo, ezikhuthaza iimeko eziqhelekileyo zemodeli ethile, ngendlela enokuthi zidibanise phakathi kwazo zonke iimeko ezinokuthi zithintele.
Okwangoku kwimarike yetekhnoloji kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeepakethe zesoftware ezivumela umfuziselo ngekhompyuter ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kokulinganisa ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu, umzekelo sinokucaphula imodeli yestochastic njengeRisk Simulator, ukongeza kwenye eyaziwa ngokuba yi. Ukulinganisa kweMontecarlo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-simulators kuya kusiba rhoqo, phakathi kwazo sineendawo zokwenziwa, ezithatha okanye ziguqule phantse naluphi na ukumelwa kwekhompyutha.
ukulinganisa ikhompyutha
Kwinkalo yesayensi yekhompyuter, igama lokulinganisa linentsingiselo enkulu ukusukela kwisazi sezibalo, i-cryptanalyst kunye nesayensi yekhompyuter. Ukulinganisa kwe-Alan Turing kusetyenziselwa ukuqonda okanye ukuqonda okwenzekayo xa inkqubo iqhutywa kwikhompyutheni yedijithali echaza amagalelo kunye neziphumo zomatshini.
Ngezo njongo, isifanisi siqhele ukusetyenziswa ukwenza inkqubo ekufuneka iqhube kwiintlobo ezithile zebugs zekhompyuter okanye kwindawo engqongqo yovavanyo lomqhubi.
Ngokomzekelo, i-simulators isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukucoca i-microprogram (i-microcode) okanye ngezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zesicelo sorhwebo. Ekubeni umsebenzi weekhompyuter ulinganisiwe, lonke ulwazi oluphuhliswe kwisenzo sekhompyutheni luluncedo ngokuthe ngqo kumdwelisi weprogram, kwaye isantya kunye nokusebenza kunokwahluka ngokuthanda.
Kwicandelo lezenzululwazi banenkxaso enkulu, kuba abafundi banxulumanisa amagama angabonakaliyo kunye nenyaniso, kwaye inceda kwingqiqo yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamathambo, izixhobo, kuba kufuneka zifumaneke kunye neekhomputha ezimbalwa kwaye zingabikho. nazo zonke izixhobo zelebhu iphela.
ukulinganisa nge-elektroniki
Sisixhobo sesoftware esisetyenziswa ziingcali kwindawo yezobuchwephesha kunye nabafundi bemisebenzi yobuchwephesha bekhompyuter. Oku kuncedisa ukukwazi ukwakha isiphaluka, kunceda ukuhlalutya kakuhle umatshini, kunye nokufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwayo ngendlela elula nesebenzayo.
Phakathi kweenzuzo zokulinganisa i-elektroniki sinokukhankanya:
- Ukuba isiphaluka sisebenza njengenxalenye ye-simulator, kuya kuba lula ukuyilungisa, kwi-breadboard prototype table, kwaye uya kuqiniseka ukuba isiphaluka siya kusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo.
- Ukusebenzisa i-simulator, iimpazamo kunye neengxaki ezivelayo xa kuhlanganiswa iisekethe zombane zingabonwa ngendlela ekhululekile kwaye echanekileyo, kunye nezixhobo ezifakwe kwiiprogram, ezifana ne-multimeters, i-generator generator okanye i-oscilloscope.
- Ezinye iinkqubo zineembono ezahlukeneyo zesiphaluka esidityanisiweyo. Ezi zinokuqinisekiswa, njengokungathi i-wiring kwi-breadboard, okanye njengomzobo wocingo.
Singakwazi nokuchaza izinto ezingeloncedo zokulinganisa i-elektroniki kwaye zezi:
- Xa ii-simulators zesekethe zingekafiki, kwaye zinqongophele iichips kwimarike, oku kuvelisa umva kumyili, kuba kuya kufuneka azinikele kumsebenzi wokwenza eyakhe i-semiconductor.
- Xa kungekho lwazi lwendlela yokulawula inkqubo yokulinganisa, ukulibaziseka kuyilo lwenziwa, kuba kufuneka kufundwe ngendlela edibeneyo, onke amacandelo kunye neenketho eziqulethwe yile nkqubo, ukuze ukwazi ukuphumeza. sebenza ngokuchanekileyo.
Inkcazo yeNkqubo
Oku kubandakanya ukufunda umxholo wengxaki, ukuchonga iinjongo zeprojekthi, ukucacisa uluhlu lokulinganisa kunye nokhuseleko lwenkqubo, kunye nokuchaza iinjongo ezithile zendlela yokwenza imodeli kunye nokucacisa inkqubo eza kulandelwa.
Ukuqulunqwa kwemodeli
Nje ukuba iziphumo ezilindelekileyo kuphononongo zichongiwe ngokuchanekileyo, imodeli apho iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo ziya kufumaneka icacisiwe kwaye yakhiwe. Ekuqulunqweni komzekelo, kubalulekile ukudala zonke iinguqu ezenza inxalenye yayo, ubudlelwane babo obunengqiqo kunye neetshathi zokuhamba ezichaza ngokupheleleyo imodeli.
ukuqokelelwa kwedatha
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo idatha eya kuyidinga imodeli ukwenzela ukuvelisa iziphumo ezifunwayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemodeli kwikhompyuter
Ngomzekelo ochanekileyo, inyathelo elilandelayo kukufumanisa ukuba ulwimi olufana ne-fortran, algol, i-lisp luyaphathwa. Unokusebenzisa ipakethe efana nePromodel, Vensim, Stella kunye ne-iThink, GPSS, simula, simscript, Rockwell Arena, [Flexsim] ukuyibeka kwikhompyuter kwaye ke ufumane iziphumo ezifunwayo.
Ukuqinisekiswa
Ibandakanya ukumisela ukuba imodeli eyenziweyo ihlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo apho yaphuhliswa khona. Kumalunga nokujonga ukuba oku kuziphatha ngokwendlela yoyilo lwayo
Ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo
Umahluko phakathi komsebenzi we-simulator kunye nenkqubo yangempela eyenziwa xa ukulinganisa kuxabiswa.
Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yokuqinisekisa imodeli zezi:
- Uluvo lweengcali kwintsimi kwiziphumo zokulinganisa.
- Ukuchaneka kwedatha yembali eqikelelwayo.
- Into elungileyo ekuqikeleleni ikamva.
- Indlela yokufumanisa ukungahambelani kwemodeli yokulinganisa, xa uphatha idatha eyenza inkqubo yangempela ingaphumeleli.
Uvavanyo
Umzobo wokulinga ngale modeli uqhutywa emva kokuba uqinisekisiwe. Ikwanayo nenjongo yokuvelisa idatha efunwayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela uphuhliso locazululo lobuntununtunu kwizintlu ezifunekayo.
Ingcaciso
Nguye ojongene nokutolika iziphumo, apho ukulinganisa kuphosa, ngokusekelwe kule nto, isigqibo kufuneka senziwe. Kubalulekile ukuba iziphumo ezifunyenwe kuphononongo lokulinganisa olukhankanywe ngasentla luncede ukuqinisa izigqibo zohlobo oluyi-semi-structured.
Uxwebhu
Phakathi kwamaxwebhu afunekayo ukuze usebenzise kakuhle inkqubo yokulinganisa ngala alandelayo:
- Amaxwebhu okuqala ohlobo lobugcisa
- eyesibini imalunga nencwadana yemigaqo
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nentengiso yetekhnoloji enomdla, ndiyakumema ukuba wonwabele la makhonkco anomdla Itekhnoloji yedijithali
Iindidi zeSoftwe yokulinganisa
Ngezantsi kukho iintlobo zesoftware eziphunyezwayo ekufaniseni ukusuka kwinqanaba lenkqubo.
iinkqubo zokulinganisa IV
Olu hlobo lwesofthiwe lubonakaliswe yi-Fortran-type subroutines, eyenzelwe ukuba iqhele kwaye ilungiselele ngokulandelelana ukulinganisa kweemeko kunye neenkqubo. Ezi ntlobo zolandelelwano ziveliswa ngokudityaniswa kunye nokususwa kwamaziko, iijeneretha zezinto eziguquguqukayo ezingahleliwe kunye noluhlu lwamanani, phakathi kwabanye.
Indawo yayo yesicelo ziinkqubo ezijongene nediscrete, eqhubekayo kunye ne-simulators edibeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo, ukusetyenziswa kweeNkqubo zokuSebenza ezifana neWindows 7 32bit, 64bit, Windows 8, ene-hard disk enendawo ekhoyo ye-1GB kunye nememori ye-RAM ye-4GB. Kwaye ilayisensi yayo yeyorhwebo.
Iinkqubo zokulinganisa simscript II.5
Esi silinganisi sisebenza ngolwimi olujoliswe ekuqhelaniseni isiganeko esithile kunye nenkqubo yaso. Ivumela ukudibanisa iinkqubo ezicacileyo kunye neziqhubekayo. Isekelwe kumaziko, amaqumrhu kunye neempawu.
Indawo yayo yokusetyenziswa akufuneki ijolise emgceni, njengakwimodeli yokulwa yasemkhosini. Olu hlobo lokulinganisa lunokudityaniswa kwinguqulo ye-Windows 2000/NT, iqonga lePC ye-Unix/Linux. Ilayisensi yokusebenzisa le simulator yeyorhwebo.
iinkqubo zokulinganisa i-siman
Ngokusebenzisa le simulator, inkqubo yokuqhelaniswa nenkqubo ecacileyo iyenziwa imodeli, ehamba ngenkqubo, ejoliswe kumxhasi ochaze kunye neempawu ezizodwa ezaziwa njengeempawu. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo lufuna imisebenzi okanye imisebenzi ehamba ngamaqumrhu kwaye ihlelwe ngumzobo webhloko.
Indawo yayo yesicelo yindawo yokubala ngokwembono ye-elektroniki kwaye ibonakaliswe ngokuba yinkqubo edityanisiweyo. Uhlobo lwelayisensi yezi zilinganisi zezoRhwebo.
lawula iinkqubo zokulinganisa
Le simulator inokumela iinkqubo kwiimpendulo ezilula, ulawulo lwe-cascade kunye nolawulo lwe-feedforward. Ngaloo ndlela, le nkqubo inikezela umsebenzisi ngemifanekiso yebhloko eya kusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo ukwenzela ukuququzelela umzobo wenkqubo elungiselelwe ngaphambili kunye nokusebenza ngokupheleleyo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ayimiseli naluphi na uhlobo lwenkqubo okanye uyilo lomzobo.
Ngokusebenzisa le simulator, umsebenzisi unokuqamba, ukuqwalasela okanye ukuguqula inkqubo ngokusebenzisa iingxoxo ezinikezelwe kumzobo webhloko. Emva koko, le simulator ivumela iinkqubo ukuba ziphendule kwiimeko okanye ukulayisha utshintsho olwenziwa kwiinkqubo kwaye zifakwe njengamacandelo enkqubo.
Indawo yayo yokusebenza ikwiinkqubo zoshishino kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Iyahambelana neWindows kwaye ifuna i-3,3 MB yendawo yediski yasimahla kunye nesixa esithile se-RAM. M Uhlobo lwakho lwelayisensi lusimahla
iinkqubo zokulinganisa i-chemsep
Ikuvumela ukuba ulinganise nayiphi na imeko ngokukhawuleza, unikeze iziphumo ezizezinye kwiifomathi ezahlukeneyo, nokuba zi-spreadsheets, isicatshulwa, phakathi kwezinye. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo phakathi kwabasebenzisi kuyanelisa xa kunika izisombululo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-distillation, i-absorption kunye nokukhutshwa. Ifuna naluphi na uhlobo lweWindows ukuze isetyenziswe kwaye ilayisenisi yayo isimahla.
iinkqubo zokulinganisa i-stella
Isetyenziselwa ukwenza iimodeli zemathematika, ukudala iinkqubo kunye neziganeko zemodeli. Le simulator itolika imodeli, ngokukodwa apho imodeli yenziwe khona, amaxabiso okanye iinkqubo eziguquguqukayo ezivumela ukuvavanya kunye nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo eziguquguqukayo kunye nee-equations zabo.
Isetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo zomgca wokulinda. Ifuna iinkqubo ezihambelanayo ezifana neDOS, Linux, OS/2, MacOS, Unix, GP2X kunye neWindows, phakathi kwabanye. Uhlobo lwelayisensi lurhwebo.