El I-Voluspa (AmaNorse amadala: Vǫluspá) ngumbongo wamaxesha aphakathi ovela kwimibongo yakwa-Edda, echaza indlela ihlabathi eliya kwakhiwa ngayo kwaye litshatyalaliswe, ngokweentsomi zamaNorse. Ibali, elimalunga ne-60 stanzas, libaliswa yimboni okanye i-völva (i-Old Norse: ivalve, ikwabizwa ngokuba spakona, 'umfazi oyimboni'), obizwe sisithixo uOdin, inkosi yomlingo nolwazi. Ngokwalo mbhalo woncwadi, ekuqaleni kwehlabathi kwakungekho nto, de oothixo badala izikumkani ezisithoba ze-cosmology yaseNorse, ezidityaniswe ngandlela-thile ngumthi wehlabathi, uYggdrasil.
Ngelo xesha, ikamva le-complex liqingqwe ematyeni liqela lababoni. Ekuqaleni, iintsapho ezimbini zoothixo zazibandakanyeke emfazweni, eyaphela kuxolo nodonga olujikeleze inqaba yazo yobuthixo yaseAsgard. Noko ke, babengayi kuhlala eluxolweni ngonaphakade, ekubeni indalo iphela yatshatyalaliswa ukususela ekudalweni kwayo. Uthixo ngamnye unotshaba oluthile, aya kulwa nxamnye nayo, yaye abaninzi kubo baya koyiswa, kuquka uOdin, uthixo oyintloko.
Umxholo
Umbongo wokuqala, kwingqokelela yemibongo ka-Edda
Yaziwa ngokuba yiVöluspá, okuthetha ukuthi: "Isiprofeto sikaVölva". Abemi baseNyakatho benkulungwane yesi-XNUMX okanye yesi-XNUMX, esidla ngokubabiza ngokuba ziiVikings, ngokwenene babengenayo imithombo ebhaliweyo yonqulo lwabo. Baqingqa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ematyeni, benza izithixo ezenziwe ngomthi, baza bacengceleza imibongo ngendlela ababecinga ukuba ihlabathi liyiyo. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa emva kwexesha lezi oomatiloshe abakhaliphileyo, abarhwebi kunye nabahloli bamazwe, abanye abantu baseIceland babhala le mibongo, bekhunjulwa ngookhokho babo. Le ngqokelela yemibongo ibizwa ngokuba UEdda, owona mthombo wethu uxabisekileyo wolwazi malunga nokuba zaziyintoni na iintsomi zaseNyakatho.
Ibhalwe ngesiNorse Sakudala, ulwimi oluthethwa eIceland, eNorway, eSweden naseDenmark de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Le mibongo ifumaneka kwimibhalo-ngqangi emibini: iCodex Regius (the "Incwadi kaKumkani") kunye nenye incwadi ethi hauksbok; kodwa ukulandelelana kwezitanza - amaqela emigca emine eyenza imibongo - ibonakala isengqiqweni kwincwadi yokuqala. Umbongo wokuqala kwingqokelela ngu I-Voluspa, elithetha "isiprofeto se-völva". USnorri Sturluson, umphengululi waseIceland wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, naye wabhala inguqulelo yala mabali, ecaphula inkoliso yaloo mibongo kwincwadi yakhe. Inguqulelo endandiyazi, nangona kunjalo, ibonakala yahlukile, ebonisa ukuba imibongo ye UEdda Babethandwa kakhulu kwiiVikings.
ukuba ihlabathi lazalwa njani
Ngokutsho kwe I-Voluspa, uOdin, inkokeli yoothixo bakaÆsir, njengoko yayibizwa njalo intsapho yobuthixo yokuqala nenamandla, wayesoloko elangazelela ukwazi. Wacela u-völva, imboni yamandulo, ukuba avuke engcwabeni aze amxelele amabali exesha elidlulileyo, uyise wabawileyo (Valfǫþr), ekubeni inguye ozisa amaqhawe kwiholo yakhe edumileyo yaseValhalla. Uphendula ngokukhankanya ihlabathi elithoba elenza indalo iphela kunye nomthi weYggdrasil, kwaye umxelela nangeYmir, isigebenga esadalwa kumalungu ayo indalo iphela.
Ekuqaleni kwexesha, kwakukho "umsantsa omkhulu" (Hildebrand, isitanza 3). Ukudalwa kwendalo yonke kubonakala kungumsebenzi wabantwana bakaBorr: u-Odin kunye nabazalwana bakhe uVili noVé, amagama abo esiwaziyo komnye umbongo. Aba bazalwana bathathu babumba umhlaba, bahlala kwiNdibano, emva koko Bazithiya amagama eenkwenkwezi ezisemazulwiningaloo ndlela inika ucwangco kwindalo iphela. Oothixo bahlanganisana e-Ithavoll, indawo engaqondakaliyo ekhankanywe kabini kuphela kulo mbongo, apho bakha amaqonga, benza izixhobo kunye neetempile.
Umphumo wemfazwe phakathi kweentsapho zoothixo bakwa-Æsir noVanir waba kukuba bonke oothixo bafumana ilungelo elifanayo lokunqula.
Kwindawo awayehlala kuyo, kwafika izicakakazi ezithathu, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba zibhekisela kumantla, awayezizidalwa ezinamandla ngakumbi kunoothixo, njengoko babenjalo. bagqiba ngekamva lomntu wonke. Kwabanjwa ibhunga apho kwanikezelwa ikhathalogu yogqatso lwabancinci; bambalwa kakhulu kubo abakhankanywe kwenye indawo. Omnye wazo, Gandalf, yatshintshwa yaba wizard nguTolkien kwi " INkosi yamakhonkco ».
Elinye igama elibalulekileyo ngu dvalin, obonakala enike i-warves i-runes yomlingo eyenza ukuba babe nobuchule kakhulu, njengoko kuchazwe kumbongo wesibini we UEdda, i IHavamál. Emva koko siye safumana Andvari ngubani, kumbongo ebizwa Reginsmal, uxelela indlela uLoki, unkulunkulu ongumkhohlisi, ebeba ubutyebi bakhe, ebangela ukuba aqalekise ubuncwane obakhokelela ekufeni kukaSigurd. Owokugqibela ligorha eliyintsomi elibuhlungu, elabulala inamba ngobuncwane obuqalekisiweyo kwaye yaphefumlela ababhali abaninzi, kubandakanya, kwakhona, uTolkien. Emva kweli candelo, kunye dwarves ezininzi, oothixo abathathu -Odin, Hönir kunye Lothur- baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo waza wadala ubuntu kwimithi emibini, umlotha kunye elm (Buza kunye Embla). Isiphelo sivela kwakhona kwisitanza sama-20, apho baqingqa iirunes emthini kwaye benze imithetho.
Imfazwe yokuqala ehlabathini
Emva koko umprofetikazi ubalisa oko akukhumbulayo Imfazwe yokuqala ehlabathini, phakathi kweentsapho ze-Æsir kunye neVanir. Le ntsapho yokugqibela inxulumene nokuzala kunye nokuchuma, nangona kufuneka kuthiwe izithixo zaseNordic, ngokubanzi, azikwazi ukukhawulelwa kwiimpawu ezichazwe kakuhle. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, imbali ye I-Voluspa ukhankanya uthixokazi uGollveig (‘Amandla Egolide’) njengonobangela wemfazwe, ekubeni watyholwa ngokuhenda izithixo. Umphumo wale mfazwe waba kukuba bonke oothixo bafumana unqulo olulinganayo, mhlawumbi isalatha-thethwano ekwamkeleni kwabo ezinye izithixo zemimandla kwinkqubo yabo yeenkolelo.
Ngokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwesihloko, sifumana umboniso wezinye iziganeko eziphambili zentsomi, ezifana nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Asgard, inqaba ka-Odin kunye nentsapho yakhe, kwaye mhlawumbi enye yehlabathi elisithoba umprofetikazi awathetha ngalo. Xa i-giant, ephethe lo msebenzi, ibuza uFreyja, unkulunkulukazi wothando, njengomvuzo, uLoki uyamenywa ukuba adlale iqhinga kuye, ukukhusela oku kungenzeki. Ngokungamangalisiyo, isigebenga sigqibela ngokubulawa nguThor, oyena thixo unamandla, ezicaphukisa izigebenga ezilwa ne-Æsir ngolangazelelo. Iingxilimbela yayiyenye intsapho yoothixo - igama labo alibhekiseli kubukhulu bazo - kwaye ezininzi zazo zazinxulumene ngokuthandana noothixo bentsapho yakwa-Æsir.
Isiphelo Sehlabathi
"Ngaba ungathanda ukwazi ngakumbi?" (Hildebrand, izigaba 27, 29, 34, 35, 39, 41, 48, 62). Lo mbuzo uvela ngezikhathi ezithile, usikhumbuza ukuba u-Odin unguthixo ohlala efuna ukufumana ulwazi. Uphondo lukaHeimdall, oluya kubhengeza umlo wokugqibela, lufihlwe phantsi komthi ongcwele, apho sifumana enye into enomdla, Iliso likaOdin. Wancama iliso lakhe kumoya uMímir, ukuze azuze ubulumko obungakumbi. Kubonakala ngathi elo liso lalisetyenziswa njengesitya sokusela. Emva kokuvuzwa uthixo ngamakhonkco kunye nezacholo, i-völva iyaqhubeka nesiprofeto esiyinyaniso sombongo. Bona iiValkyries ezidityanisiweyo, ezibandakanya amanqanaba oothixo kumlo wokugqibela. IiValkyries ngamagorha, agunyaziswe ngu-Odin ukuba aqokelele amagorha akhaliphileyo afela edabini aze awazise kuye.
Ngaphambi kwesi siganeko sikhulu, esiza kuzaliseka ikamva labo, sikhunjuzwa ngentlekele eyayikukufa kukaBaldr, unyana oyintanda, onobulungisa nomsulwa ka-Odin noFrigg. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngesi siganeko zifumaneka kumbongo othile, Baldrs Draumar. UFrigg wabuza zonke izidalwa ukuba zifunge ukuba zingalimazi uBaldr, abazenzayo zonke, ngaphandle komntakwabo kaBaldr oyimpumputhe, owaphosa i-mistletoe kuye, phantsi kolwalathiso lukaLoki. Emva kokuba uBaldr ebulewe ngotolo lwemistletoe, loki wohlwaywa, kwaye sinomfanekiso opheleleyo wesohlwayo sakhe kumbhalo-ngqangi we hauksbok: lo ubotshelelwe etyeni ngezibilini zonyana wakhe uNarfi, wacwiywa ngomnye unyana wakhe uVali, ngenyoka evuza ityhefu kuye nomfazi wakhe othembekileyo, ozama ukuyiqokelela esityeni.
intonga yesidumbu
Emva kokuchaza amakhaya eentshaba ezoyikekayo zoothixo, kuquka kungekuphela nje iingxilimbela namancinane, kodwa kwanabafi abangendawo baseNastrond ('intonga yesidumbu') yaseHel, völva Ilumkisa ngolunye uphawu lwentshabalalo: ukweba inyanga. Bekungayi kuba yinto ephosakeleyo ukutolika oku njengokusithwa kwelanga yinyanga. Umlo wokugqibela uya kubhengezwa ngamaqhude amabini e-apocalyptic: uFjalar noGollinkambi. Mhlawumbi, enye yeempawu zokugqibela zokufa okusondelayo iya kuba kukusinda kukaFenrir ingcuka, lowo ubotshwe ngamatyathanga ngombingelelo wothixo waseTire, owavumela elo rhamncwa lilume isandla sakhe. Amaxesha obumnyama aya kufika: "Ixesha lomoya, ixesha lengcuka / kungekudala ihlabathi liya kuwa / kungekhona namadoda / baya kuxolelana" ( Hildebrand, i-stanza 45). U-Odin, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubulumko obuninzi obuqokelele, uFenrir uya kumbulala. I-Yggdrasil iyangcangcazela.
Igama «ragna rok» Ragnarok, esetyenziselwa ukuchaza esi siganeko sikhulu, sinokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "isiphelo soothixo" kwaye sifumaneka kwi-stanza 50. Ezinye izinto zesiphithiphithi zibandakanya: uHrym, inkokeli yeengxilimbela; I-Midgardsorm, inyoka yolwandle ejikeleza ihlabathi; kunye neNaglfar, inqanawa eyoyikekayo eyenziwe ngezikhonkwane zabantu abafileyo. I-Surt enkulu izisa umlilo ukusuka ezantsi kwaye ilwa nothixo wempumelelo uFreyr, ngelixa u-Odin ezalisekisa ikamva lakhe phambi komfazi wakhe onelishwa uFrigg. KwanoThor, unyana kaOdin kunye nomhlaba, umiselwe ukuba awe kweli dabi likhulu nxamnye nenyoka yolwandle, eya kumbulala ngomoya wayo onetyhefu. I-apocalypse izuza ngokukhawuleza emva kwesiganeko esibandakanya oothixo abadumileyo, emva kokuba: "Ilanga lijika libe mnyama / umhlaba utshona phantsi kolwandle / iinkwenkwezi ezifudumeleyo ziwa esibhakabhakeni"
Izigqibo
Ngaba esi sisiphelo ngokwenene, uluntu lulahlekile kwaye izithixo zoyisiwe? Hayi; ngokwembongo, ihlabathi liya kuvuswa, kuba kusekho oothixo abathile abadibana kwaye bathethe ngeziganeko zamva nje kunye nokuwa kuka-Odin, inkosi ye-runes. Unyana wakhe uBaldr uya kubuya, amasimi aya kuphinda azaliswe ziziqhamo ezivuthiweyo, kwaye abazukulwana baka-Odin baya kuhlala ezulwini. KwiNtaba yeGimle, kunokubonwa iholo enkulu yegolide, ngaphakathi kukho umlawuli onamandla ongenagama.
Kuvakala ngathi libali elibukhali kodwa, njengeminye imiba emininzi yentsomi yaseNorse, iziqwenga ezininzi zephazili zilahlekile kwaye kuye kwacetyiswa amaxesha amaninzi ukuba ubuKristu bunokuba nefuthe kwinxalenye yokugqibela yombongo. Nangona kunzima ukucacisa, kusenokwenzeka ukuba imbongi yayingumhedeni, njengoko kucetyisiwe yithoni, umfanekiso-ngqondweni, iimpawu zolwimi lwamandulo kunye nesimbo sombongo. Kufuneka kwakhona kuthiwe uninzi lwentsomi yaseNorse yokudala kunye nentshabalalo, eqhubeka nakwinkcubeko edumileyo yanamhlanje, eneneni isuka kwingcaciso kaSnorri, eguqula zonke ezo ngcebiso zombongo zibe libali elihambelanayo.