IVenezuela imele elinye lamazwe anobutyebi obukhulu bendalo, obumele ukuqhubela phambili kwelizwe, ukukhuthaza uphuhliso kunye nenkqubela phambili kwisizwe. Ngenxa yazo zonke izibonelelo ilizwe elinalo, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yenziwe ngenxa yeendlela zokuzifumana, masazise kwinqaku elilandelayo Iingxaki zokuSingqongileyo eVenezuela.
Iingxaki zokusingqongileyo eVenezuela
Imeko-bume ihambelana nenye yezihloko zeengxoxo kwihlabathi jikelele, ngokukodwa ngenxa yempembelelo engalunganga yokuba ukuphathwa kunye nokungenelela komntu kwinguqu yabo kuye kwabakho kwimithombo yendalo, ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu ukuya kwinqanaba lokuvelisa ukuwohloka okupheleleyo, kuba ilizwe ngalinye elivelise imimiselo nemithetho evumela ulawulo lobutyebi bendalo kwisizwe ngasinye, ngako konke oku, iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ziye zabonwa ukuba zisaqhubeka.
IVenezuela lilizwe elidume kakhulu kwaye laziwa kwihlabathi liphela ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezenza indawo yalo yendalo. Ilizwe livelele ukuba libe yindawo ene-912.050 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, le ndawo yenziwe ngamanxweme, iintlango, iintaba, iintlambo, amathafa, amanxweme, phakathi kwezinye. Ukwenza isizwe sityebe ngobutyebi bendalo kunye neemveliso ezigcinwe kuyo.
Iqaqambisa into yokuba ngenxa yobuninzi bayo bemithombo yobutyebi iveze iingxaki zezopolitiko, ngenxa yemikhosi yamazwe angaphandle efuna ukubaxhaphaza. Ukugxininisa ikakhulu abo bavela kwimithombo yamandla efana ne-oyile okanye imithombo yemigodi efana negolide; ngaphandle kokubala ukusetyenziswa kwamahlathi ayo aneentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezihluma eziye zachatshazelwa ngokunzulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezenza ingxaki yokusingqongileyo eqhubekayo kwilizwe laseVenezuela, apho ukugcwala kwesizwe, ukungathotyelwa kwemithetho yendalo esingqongileyo, ukuxhaphazwa ngokugqithisileyo kobutyebi bendalo kunye nokwanda okugqithisileyo kwemizi-mveliso. Konke oku kukhokelela kungcoliseko lwemimandla eyahlukeneyo kodwa ichatshazelwa ngokumandla kukungcoliseka kwamanzi nomoya kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zommandla, ukongeza ekujongeni inyanda yenkunkuma kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezikhokelela ekuthotyweni komhlaba kunye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Ukongeza kwimililo yamahlathi ebangele ukunyamalala okukhulu kweentlobo zemithi kulo lonke ilizwe, ikwachaphazela ungcoliseko olubonwayo kunye nengxolo, itshabalalisa imbonakalo-mhlaba yelizwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezininzi eziye zabangela ungquzulwano lwesizwe nelizwe liphela. Imozulu. Ngenxa yoku, uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo egxile ekukhuselweni nasekugcinweni kwendalo iye yadalwa ukuze kuphunyezwe ugcino lwemo engqongileyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba isenzelwa izizukulwana ezizayo.
Ungcoliseko lwaManzi eVenezuela
Amanzi agqalwa njengolwelo olubalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni ubomi kwesi sijikelezi-langa.” IVenezuela lelinye lamazwe ambalwa anemithombo yendalo yamanzi okusela, kwanemilambo neelwandle eziyila umhlaba wayo. Ukuma ngokuba yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili ezichatshazelwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kumanxweme, emilanjeni, kumachibi, kumachibi kunye nakweminye imithombo yamanzi, okuye kwabangela inkxalabo enkulu ukuchaphazeleka kwezi nkqubo zendalo.
Oyena nobangela wokungcoliseka kwamanzi kwilizwe laseVenezuela uchazwa kwiinkampani kunye namakhaya ahlukeneyo kwimimandla yasezidolophini zelizwe. Kule ndlu, inkampani yeoli ejongene nokucubungula i-hydrocarbons ivelele, apho iinkqubo zayo zihlala ziqhutyelwa elwandle, zifikelela ekuchithekeni kweoli kunxweme lwaseVenezuela. Ukugqamisa kule meko ukuchithwa kweoli kuboniswe kunxweme lweGulf of Venezuela, kunye nokuboniswa kunxweme lwaseFalcón oluveliswe ngushishino lwepetrochemical olubekwe kwiilwandle zalo.
Ukongeza, ukugqamisa into yokuba inkampani yeoli yenye yezona zinto zibangela inani eliphezulu lenkunkuma ekhoyo kwimizi-mveliso ekhoyo emanzini, engcolisa amanzi amatsha emilambo kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi okusela, oku kuye kwabonwa eLake ukusuka. Maracaibo, apho kukho imfumba enkulu yenkunkuma eye yangcolisa amanzi echibi.
Ukugqamisa ezinye izinto ezichaphazela ukungcoliseka kwamanzi njengobukho bokuqhuma kwemibhobho evela kwi-guerrilla yaseColombia echaphazela imilambo yaseVenezuela kufuphi ne-Orinoco River. Njengoko inokuchaphazela nabakhenkethi abatyelela iindawo ezingaselunxwemeni zelizwe, beshiya inkunkuma eninzi efana nezikhongozeli zeplastiki kunye neglasi elunxwemeni lolwandle kunye nemilambo.
Ngokwezibalo zongcoliseko lwemizimba yamanzi kweli lizwe, iGuaire kunye nomlambo iTuy zivelele kwikomkhulu lelizwe, kunye nechibi laseValencia, iTocuyo kunye neAroa imilambo, kunye nayo yonke i-tributary yayo. imilambo kwimimandla esentshona. Ngoxa umlambo i-Neverí, i-Unare, i-Manzanares kunye ne-Guarapiche kwicandelo elingasempuma.
Ungcoliseko loMoya eVenezuela
Umoya umele wonke umaleko wegesi ojikeleze iplanethi yomhlaba, ubanzi kwaye ubanzi kangangokuba unokuhlelwa ngokwamanqanaba de uvelise umaleko okhuselayo owaziwa ngokuba yi-ozone layer, ngawo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zinokudibana neoksijini. leyo ivela kwizityalo kwaye ivumela uphuhliso lobomi.
Okwangoku kukho isixa esikhulu sokukhutshwa kwegesi kumashishini afunyanwa kulo lonke ilizwe laseVenezuela, ezi nkampani zifumaneka ikakhulu kwidolophu eyikomkhulu yelizwe kunye necandelo eliphakathi, zinempembelelo enkulu emoyeni wamacandelo akhankanyiweyo kwaye zonakalise okusingqongileyo kulo lonke ilizwe.
Ngenxa yokuba iinkampani zimela ilizwe phambili kwezoqoqosho, akukho manyathelo athatyathwayo okulawula inani lerhasi eyityhefu ekhutshwayo ukulwa le ngxaki. Kule meko, i-oyile kunye ne-petrochemical industry ivelele, ngokukodwa ezo zifumaneka kwizixeko zaseValencia, eMaracaibo, ePuerto Ordaz naseCaracas, apho impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwi-atmospheric layer ibe yinto enzima kakhulu.
Ukongeza koku, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezithuthi ezinoxanduva lokwenza ukukhutshwa okukhulu kweegesi ezifakwe kwi-atmospheric layer, oku kungumba onyuka ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yokuba ichatshazelwa zizithuthi zomntu ngamnye kwaye ngoomatshini bomoya. izithuthi zikawonke-wonke ezijikeleza yonke imihla kwilizwe lonke, ukongeza kwezo zithuthi zinenkqubo yokukhupha inkunkuma emdaka zidla ngokungcolisa ngakumbi kunemeko eqhelekileyo. Lo mba mkhulu kakhulu kwezo zixeko zinabantu abaninzi basezidolophini ezifumaneka kwikomkhulu nakumbindi wengingqi, apho kubonwa umsi omkhulu.
Ukuqokelelwa kweNkunkuma okanye iNkunkuma eZinzi
Inkunkuma yenye yeengxaki eziphambili onke amazwe ajongana nazo kwaye ibe yenye yezona zinto zixhalabisa izizukulwana ezizayo. EVenezuela imele iingxaki ezinkulu ngenxa yokungaphumeleli ekuqokeleleni inkunkuma evela kumakhaya kunye namashishini, eqokelelwa kwaye echaphazela imeko yendawo yesixeko ngasinye.
Ukugxininisa ukuba zonke izixeko zelizwe unyaka ngamnye zibonelela ngengqokelela enkulu yeetoni zenkunkuma, eyandayo ngenxa yefuthe longcoliseko lomoya nokubonwayo, ibe yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuloo mimandla ikhenkethayo kwaye ihanjelwa ngabantu basemzini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kubekho ungcoliseko lomoya. ubungakanani benkunkuma kunye nokwenzakalisa uluntu lwengingqi.
Ngaphandle koku, iVenezuela imele ilizwe elinabantu abaninzi ngokugqithisileyo, ngoko ke ubungakanani benkunkuma eqinileyo ayibonisi inani elibalulekileyo. itiphu ezigunyazisiweyo kwiinkampani ezithile kwimimandla yelizwe.
Ukubala kuphela iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye iidiphozithi zenkunkuma ezivulekileyo ezixineneyo, ngobuninzi bazo kwaye uninzi lwazo sele luphelile. Ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwemithetho yokulawula inkunkuma, idla ngokufakwa kwiindawo eziluhlaza ngokungekho mthethweni, nto leyo echaphazela imbonakalo yelizwe kunye nokungcolisa amanzi, umhlaba nomoya, ide ibe ngomnye woonobangela bomlilo kwamanye amacandelo.
Inyaniso yokuba akukho lawulo olwaneleyo lwenkunkuma eqinileyo icacile, kwaye akukho nkcubeko yokusingqongileyo, ekhokelela ekucwangcisweni okuncinci ukukhuthaza iingcamango zokugcinwa kunye nokucoca izixeko kunye neendawo ezichaphazelekayo.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kunye nokutshiswa kwehlathi eVenezuela
IVenezuela ibonakaliswe ngokubonisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinjengamahlathi, amahlathi kunye neentaba, apho uninzi lwazo lukhuselwe njengeepaki zelizwe kunye namadama ezityalo nezilwanyana, ngaphandle koku ziye zavezwa ukutshatyalaliswa kweentlobo zemithi ekhoyo, kuthathwa njengengxaki ecekethekileyo yokusingqongileyo yelizwe.
Ngexesha lembalela kweli lizwe lihambelana nezo nyanga zasehlotyeni, apho amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye imvula inqabile kakhulu, kunokwenzeka ukujonga ubukho bomlilo wamahlathi ofike ukutshabalalisa amawaka eehektare zamahlathi endalo, kunye nalokhu, ukusebenzisana nongcoliseko lomoya. Ukutshintsha okusingqongileyo kunye nayo yonke i-ikhosistim ezihlala zivela kuyo. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu abangela olu hlobo lomlilo, apho amagqabi awomileyo kunye nenkunkuma eqinileyo idla ngokusebenza njengezinto ezibangela lo mlilo.
Umba wesibini ophembelela ukutshatyalaliswa kweentlobo zemithi ekhoyo kweli lizwe kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kweoli neshishini lemigodi. Ngenxa yokuba ukwandiswa okukhulu kwemithi kubonwa kweli lizwe, kunokubangela ukugawulwa okugqithisileyo kweentlobo, de zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngokungenakuguqulwa. Ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kwamahlathi kubonwa kwimimandla yezolimo okanye yasezidolophini, ngakumbi kwizizwe zaseBolívar naseAmazonas, ngenxa yobutyebi babo bendalo kunye nezimbiwa.
Ungcoliseko loMhlaba eVenezuela
I-Venezuela ibonakaliswe ngobutyebi bayo bendalo, phakathi kwayo iindidi zemihlaba ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso yezolimo ehlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemimandla yaseVenezuela efana neethafa, kwicandelo elingasentshona kunye nommandla wase-Andean. Le mimandla igqame ngokuba yimihlaba echumileyo, ingomnye weyona ifunwa kakhulu ngeenjongo zezolimo.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuthotywa okuthile komhlaba kuye kwaphawulwa ngenxa yobukho obuphezulu bezinto ezingcolisa ezolimo ezifana nezitshabalalisi, imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula kunye nezichumisi. Apho amele isethi yezinto zekhemikhali eziye zawohloka umhlaba, kangangokuba zibangele ukuba ziphulukane neempawu zazo zendalo ngokungazivumeli ukuba ziphinde zikhule ngokufanelekileyo, ukusa kwinqanaba lokuzishiya zingenakusebenziseka kwaye zingenazintsholongwane, zingavumeli ukuba zikhule ngokufanelekileyo. isetyenziswe kwakhona kwixesha elizayo..
Ukongeza, ngenxa yobukho bemichiza apho umhlaba kunye nezityalo ziphantsi kwayo, izinambuzane zikholisa ukwanda kwaye zihlasele izityalo, apho amafama athanda ukusebenzisa imichiza eyomeleleyo kwaye impembelelo kumhlaba waseVenezuela inkulu. Ukudala ukuba kubekho ukukhawuleziswa kokuthotywa komhlaba kunye nokusebenzisana neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo, okuzisa iziphumo ezinkulu, ngenxa yokuncipha kwengeniso yokusetyenziswa kweli lizwe kunye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Kungoku nje kukho ukusetyenziswa ngokungenamkhethe kweemveliso zemichiza ngamafama, eza kusetyenziswa njengendlela enzulu yokutyala kweli lizwe. Apho beza khona ukuvelisa impembelelo ephezulu yokusingqongileyo kwimimandla yaseVenezuela kwaye bavelise imithombo emitsha yongcoliseko oluchaphazela isizwe.
Ukwembiwa kwemigodi ngokungekho mthethweni eVenezuela
IVenezuela iphawulwa ngokuba lilizwe elityebileyo kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yendalo kodwa nokuba zizityebi kwiiminerali kunye namatye anqabileyo anjengegolide kunye necoltan. Ngendlela efanayo naleyo ibonwa ngayo ipesenti enkulu yokugawulwa kwamahlathi okwenziwa ngabantu, ukumbiwa kwemigodi ngokungekho mthethweni kukwaboniswa, okuhambelana nokugrunjwa okukhulu nangokungekho mthethweni kobutyebi bezimbiwa beli lizwe ngeenjongo ezingenangeniso kwisizwe.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunokuba sisiphumo sokumbiwa kwemigodi ngokungekho mthethweni, kuqaqambisa kule meko iziphumo kummandla osemazantsi welizwe. Oku kubonisa ingxaki enkulu yezopolitiko nezokusingqongileyo, kuba badla ngokuba ngumkhosi wabantu abasuka kumazwe angabamelwane ukuza kukha ubutyebi bezimbiwa zesizwe ngokungekho mthethweni, phakathi kwezinye zezona zimbiwa zitsalwayo yidayimane, igolide, icoltan, phakathi kwezinye.
Ukuxhatshazwa kwemigodi kubonisa isenzo sobundlobongela kwimimandla yaseVenezuela elawulwa yi-mafias, apho malunga neetoni ze-14,7 zitsalwa. Olu hlobo lwenyaniso lubonwa ngokubanzi eAmazon apho kukho ukuxhatshazwa okukhulu kwemigodi apho baqhubela khona ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kweentlobo zezityalo, ngexesha lenkqubo zingcolisa amanzi akufutshane.
Olu hlobo lokuziqhelanisa lunokwenziwa ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokungekho mthethweni, kuzo zombini iimeko uhlobo lobundlobongela lwenziwa ngokuchasene nokusingqongileyo okuvelisa iziphumo ezingenakulungiseka kwindawo.
URhwebelwano lweZilwanyana zasendle – Izityalo nezilwanyana eziseMngciphekweni wokuTshabalala
Enye ingxaki yemekobume eye yabonwa kweli lizwe kukurhweba ngeentlobo zezilwanyana ezinjengeentaka ezingaqhelekanga nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezifumaneka emahlathini nasemahlathini, uninzi lwazo oludla ngokuba zizinto eziphilayo ezisemngciphekweni wokuphela, nto leyo ebangela impembelelo kwindalo yasendle. Apho iintlobo zezilwanyana zidla ngokuzingelwa kwaye zikhutshwe kwiindawo zazo zokuhlala zendalo ukuze zisetyenziselwe iinjongo zorhwebo.
Ukuvelisa ukuzingela okugqithisileyo kweentlobo ezingaqhelekanga ze-ecosystem yaseVenezuela, ukwenza esi senzo ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokuvelisa impembelelo kwi-ecosystem yasendle kunye nokuvelisa ingozi eqhubekayo, kuzisa njengesiphumo sokuba iintlobo ezininzi azikwazi ukuzala kwakhona kwaye Ngokuqhelekileyo bafela ekuthinjweni. Ukongezelela koku ngumba wokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi nongcoliso lwemekobume olonakalisa indawo ezihlala kuyo ezi zilwanyana.
Usulelo olubonakalayo
Ungcoliseko lunokugqama kakhulu njengokuchaphazeleka kwemizimba yamanzi, ukuchaphazeleka komoya kunye nokuthotywa komhlaba, kukwakho nohlobo oluzolileyo longcoliseko olufana nongcoliseko olubonakalayo, lube yinto ephembelela ubume bezixeko kunye nokusingqongileyo Ukwanda kokufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini okuthe kwakhula kwaye kutshintsha imbonakalo yembonakalo yendawo yonke.
Iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye i-sewers zifunyenwe zivaliwe okanye zigcwele ngokupheleleyo inkunkuma, inokukhuthaza abantu ukuba balahle inkunkuma yabo okanye inkunkuma ngokuqhelekileyo ifakwe kwiindawo eziluhlaza, ivelise isethi yemigaqo-nkqubo yokugcina inkunkuma yokulawula inkunkuma. Ngale migaqo, ulawulo lusekwe kwintengiso efumaneka kuso sonke isixeko kwaye ibekwe kwiindonga, imihombiso eludongeni eneebhilibhodi kunye neencwadana.
Ungcoliseko lwengxolo
Olunye uhlobo longcoliso olufihlakeleyo yingxolo egqithiseleyo, apho abemi baqhelene nolu hlobo lwemekobume. Ukungabikho kwemigaqo okanye imilinganiselo elawula ingxolo egqithiseleyo, ngokuyintloko ezixekweni, kunegalelo kwiingxaki zemekobume yelizwe. Ingxolo yeempondo zeenqwelo-mafutha, ingxolo evela kwiindawo zemizi-mveliso nkqu nakumakhaya akwimimandla yasezidolophini.
Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku libe luncedo, sikushiyela abanye abaya kuba nomdla kuwe ngokuqinisekileyo:
Ukubaluleka kweMfundo ngokusiNgqongileyo