UMgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo uba yimfuneko ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuze ukwazi ukuhlangula ngandlela ithile umonakalo owenziwe yiminyaka emininzi kokusingqongileyo. Zonke kufuneka zisekelwe kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwezizwe ngeenjongo ezicacileyo ezibekelwe ixesha elifutshane, eliphakathi nelide. Apha sibonisa izicwangciso, imimiselo, izixhobo kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo
UMgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo liqela lamanyathelo amazwe acinga ngawo ukunciphisa amanqanaba ongcoliseko aze wona akhusele kwaye alondoloze okusingqongileyo. Eyona njongo iphambili kukudala isazela esibambekayo kwixesha elifutshane, eliphakathi nelide ngamaqumrhu karhulumente nawabucala, kuquka nabantu abaqhelekileyo. La manyathelo athatyathwe ngoorhulumente abahlukeneyo ngokubambisana nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, evumela ukusekwa kwemimiselo yomthetho ethi ngemithetho, imimiselo, imimiselo kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisemthethweni ziqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwazo ngokufanelekileyo kwizinto zendalo.
Imigaqo ngokubanzi
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo ujolise ekuphuculeni nasekunakekeleni indalo, ukuphakamisa umgangatho wobomi bomntu, ukugcinwa kwezilwanyana kunye nezityalo, ngaphezu kokukhuthaza inkcubeko ezinzileyo ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso ezicacileyo zokujongana nesi sibetho esibi. Kuye kwakho iinzame ezininzi, nangona zinganelanga, nguMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN), onekomishini ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) ejongene nayo yonke into enxulumene nokusingqongileyo kunye nokuvavanya umonakalo kwihlabathi, kwisizwe nakwingingqi. amanqanaba.
Imigaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo yimigaqo esekelwe phezu koxanduva, ukuziphatha kunye nokunyameka okuvumela uphuhliso oluzinzileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imo engqongileyo okanye intlalontle. Phakathi kweyona migaqo ibalaseleyo luxanduva olufunekayo ekuphuculeni ngokubambisana iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Ukuthintela ukunqanda iintlekele zendalo.
Ukutshintshwa kwezinto eziyityhefu kwabanye abanemvelaphi yendalo engaphantsi okanye engangcolisi kwaphela. Imbopheleleko yokuhlawula umonakalo owenziweyo. Ukuhambelana kwimimiselo esekwe ngokubambisana neminye imibutho evumela ukudibanisa izenzo. Ukufezekisa zonke ezi ziphakamiso, kuyimfuneko ukuba nentsebenziswano eyenza ukuba kwenzeke umsebenzi kwiinjongo ezifanayo. Yonke le migaqo ifuna ukuphononongwa rhoqo xa kusenziwa izigqibo.
Kufuneka ube njani uMgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo?
Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo kufuneka yamkelwe njengenxalenye yokuzinikela kwimithombo yendalo. Oku kuphunyezwa ngamaxwebhu amisela ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo imigaqo apho iinkampani kunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente ziya kulawulwa. Le migaqo-nkqubo ngokweyona ngqiqo yayo iphangaleleyo yimithetho nemigaqo yolawulo lokusingqongileyo, ekufuneka ijonge ukunciphisa impembelelo yawo nawuphi na umsebenzi owenziwayo. Ukunyangwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo kunye nogutyulo.
Thatha ukurisayikilishwa kwaye uphinde uyisebenzise njengendawo ebalulekileyo yemodeli entsha ezinzileyo, ukuyinika okufanayo okanye ukusetyenziswa okutsha, oko kuthintelwa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma ngokugqithisileyo. Ukuthintela imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo ngezifundo ezikhethekileyo kwaye ekugqibeleni uphicothe ukuthotyelwa koko kusekiweyo.
Izixhobo zoMgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo
Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba kubekho uluhlu lwezixhobo zomthetho ezifana nemithetho, imimiselo, kunye nemimiselo enxulumene nokusingqongileyo kwinqanaba lasekhaya, lengingqi, lesizwe kunye nelamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokunjalo, imimiselo yolawulo kufuneka isekwe ukuvavanya, ukulawula nokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ekhankanyiweyo. Phakathi kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zezi:
UMmiselo
Le yimigangatho esetyenziselwa ukulawula imisebenzi enokuthi ibe nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo. Ngayo, ijolise ekukhuthazeni ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yobutyebi ngengqiqo, intlonipho yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi. Ngokunjalo, misela imilinganiselo elawula imisebenzi ebandakanya ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinobungozi, ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kunye neemveliso ze-radioactive, ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunye namazinga ongcoliseko.
Inkuthazo yezeMali
Inkuthazo luhlobo lokweyisela olusetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza nokukhuthaza iinkampani okanye abantu ukuba batshintshe iindlela zokuziphatha baze benze izinto ngenkathalo ngokubhekiselele ekusetyenzisweni kobutyebi bendalo. Oku kunokwenziwa ngeenkxaso-mali okanye ngezinye iindlela zenkuthazo ezifana nezaphulelo zerhafu. Nangona kunjalo, izohlwayo, izohlwayo okanye iirhafu zinokusetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezimbi, ingqesho okanye ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezichasene nendalo.
Iingxelo zokusingqongileyo
Yonke imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo kufuneka iseke iindlela zovavanyo ezenziwa ziingcaphephe kulo mmandla. Ngoko ke, ukubaluleka kokwenza iingxelo ezichaza iindleko-inzuzo ukwenzela ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu luyimfuneko xa kusekwa iinkampani, ukwakha izindlu okanye iindlela, iziseko ezinkulu, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.
Ecolabelling
Kungumgaqo-nkqubo wendalo esingqongileyo oquka iileyibheli zeemveliso ezibonisa ukusebenza kwazo kokusingqongileyo, nto leyo edla ngokwenziwa ngemifanekiso. Ezi fom zisekelwe kwi-ISO Norms (i-International Organization for Standardization) i-International Organisation for Standardization, kule meko inombolo ye-14000, esetyenziselwa ukulawula impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.
Kumazwe amaninzi, iilebhile zisetyenziswa ukuze umthengi azi ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga namacandelo kunye nemiphumo enokubakho kwindalo. Ezi lebhile zikwasetyenziswa njengenxalenye yezicwangciso zentengiso, kuba zibalaselisa imiba enxulumene nokhuseleko nokugcinwa kwendalo.
Iimvume ekunokuxoxwa ngazo
Amashishini anxulumene nemigodi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-hydrocarbon okanye amashishini anxulumene neekhemikhali kunye nokutya kufuna iimvume ezikhethekileyo ekufuneka zilawulwe ngaphakathi komgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo. Kuba ezi nkampani zinemfuno enkulu kodwa zinoxanduva ngokuthe ngqo lokuwohloka kwendalo. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, iimvume kufuneka zisekwe apho iindlela zokubuyekeza umonakalo owenziweyo zithethathethwano. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uninzi lweenkampani ezisebenza phantsi kwezicwangciso zoxanduva ziseka eyazo imigangatho yokhuselo nokulondolozwa kwendalo.
Ukusetyenziswa komgangatho we-ISO 14001
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo usetyenziswa ngomgangatho we-ISO 14000, oyiseti yemigangatho equka imiba yokusingqongileyo, iimveliso kunye nemibutho. Kwimeko ye-ISO 14001, iseka imigangatho yolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo yamazwe ngamazwe, eyapapashwa ngowe-1996. Le migangatho yenzelwe ukuphumeza, ukugcina nokunyanzelisa yonke into enxulumene nokusingqongileyo, njengaku: ukuseka umxholo wokusebenza kunye nefuthe lemo inokuveliswa ngumsebenzi wayo.
Ngokunjalo, lo mgaqo useka iinjongo zokusingqongileyo njengohlobo lwembuyekezo kumonakalo onokuthi ubangelwe. Ukuzinikela ekukhuseleni malunga nokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwemithombo, ukhuselo lwe-ikhosistim kunye ne-biodiversity. Ikwaseka izibophelelo ezisemthethweni ezisekelwe kulawulo lokusingqongileyo. Yonke le migaqo kufuneka yaziswe ngokubanzi kubo bonke abo benza imisebenzi enkampanini.
Imizekelo yoMgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo kufuneka usekwe kwinkampani nganye ekhoyo kwiplanethi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba incinci okanye inkulu kangakanani, kuba ngandlela-thile imisebenzi yayo inokuchaphazela okusingqongileyo. Amanyathelo afana nala adweliswe ngezantsi angasetyenziselwa inzuzo yesijikelezi-langa esingangcolisekiyo.
- Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili ngokuwatshintshela ekusebenziseni amandla ombane.
- Sebenzisa iphepha elihlaziyiweyo rhoqo.
- Yenza iteknoloji ibe luncedo ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwe-inki nephepha.
- Ukufundisa, ukwazisa kunye nokukhuthaza abasebenzi ngezicwangciso zezenzo zohlaza.
- Zama kangangoko ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-air conditioning, umbane, amanzi kunye nokufudumeza.
IiNgqungquthela zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zoTshintsho lweMozulu
IZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngenxa yokunyuka okuqhubekayo kunye nokukhawuleza kwinqanaba lokungcoliseka komhlaba, zibone isidingo sokulawula ngokudibeneyo imigaqo-nkqubo yendalo esebenzayo kwiinkampani ezinomsebenzi onokuthi ube nefuthe elibi kwindalo. Ngenxa yoku, amazwe angamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (uMbutho weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo) aye abamba iingqungquthela ezingokutshintsha kwemozulu, afikelela kwizivumelwano zokulawula yonke into ephathelele imibandela yemekobume.
Oku kuye kwaphumela ekuphunyezweni kweminye izivumelwano ezifana ne "Kyoto Protocol" eyathi ngo-1997 yamisela ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kweegesi ezintandathu ezibangela i-greenhouse effect ezifana ne-carbon dioxide, i-methane, i-nitrous oxide, i-hydrofluorocarbon, i-perfluorocarbon kunye ne-hexafluorocarbon sulphur, ezithi zibonakale zingoyena nobangela wokufudumala kwehlabathi. Esi sivumelwano sityikitywe ngamazwe angama-83 kwaye kwindibano ka-2001 isivumelwano samazwe angama-180 saphunyezwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "iSivumelwano saseParis" sivunyelwene ngo-2015, esaqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba 4, i-2016, siseka ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu, sifuna ukuphepha ukunyuka kwe-2ºC kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo lehlabathi. Esi sivumelwano sisekelwe kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo, oluya kwenziwa ngo-2020. Ngo-2019, ingqungquthela yabanjwa ukujongana nemiba enxulumene nemozulu engxamisekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 (esi sivumelwano asikasebenzi ngenxa yokungabikho kwesivumelwano. ).
I-Ajenda yonyaka ka-2030
Kunyaka wama-2030, kujongwe ukuseka iinjongo zehlabathi ezisekelwe kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu. Iinjongo ezimiselwe lo mhla zezi: ukuqinisekisa ubukho bamanzi kunye nolawulo lwawo oluzinzileyo. Ukuba ukufikelela kumandla kuyafikeleleka, kukhuselekile, kuzinzileyo kwaye kwangoku. Ngokunjalo, utshintsho kwindlela yokusetyenziswa kunye nemveliso iya kusekwa, kunye nokumisela amanyathelo angxamisekileyo ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nemiphumo yako.
Kukwajongwe ukuseka amanyathelo okulondoloza nokusebenzisa iilwandle, iilwandle kunye nobutyebi bazo baselwandle ukuxhasa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo. Ukuphumeza amanyathelo anceda ukukhusela, ukubuyisela kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezisemhlabeni. Ngokunjalo, kujongwe ukuseka imimiselo ezinzileyo yamahlathi, ukuphepha ukuba yintlango, ukuphazamisa kunye nokubuyisela umva ukuthotywa komhlaba kunye nokumisa ilahleko yeyantlukwano yebhayoloji.
Imiba yoMgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo uza nenani leengxaki ezinefuthe ekusetyenzisweni kwawo ngendlela eyiyo, njengoko kunjalo icandelo lezopolitiko elinxulumeneyo. Kule meko, iziseko zophuhliso, uqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nocwangco lomhlaba zidibana nemigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo kunye neenjongo zabo. Ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo ngokwanelisayo, umsebenzi wemibutho eyahlukeneyo uyimfuneko ngelixa usazi indlela yokunyanzelisa le midla kwamanye amacandelo.
Kwelinye icala, kukho piingxaki zecandelo lezopolitiko ezineziphumo zexesha elide, ekubeni izigqibo, iinkqubo kunye neeprojekthi zifuna ixesha lokukwazi ukubonisa iziphumo. Ezi ngxaki ziye zipheliswe xa ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa njengenxalenye yamaphulo ezopolitiko, nto leyo eye yaba yingxaki yokwenene ehlabathini lonke. Ekugqibeleni, sifumana i piingxaki zomgaqo-nkqubo we-multilevel, ekubeni kukho iingxaki zokusingqongileyo kwinqanaba lengingqi, lengingqi kunye nehlabathi jikelele, elifuna izisombululo kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, okwenza kube yingxaki eyongezelelweyo, ekubeni ukufikelela kwimvumelwano akuwona umsebenzi olula phakathi kwezizwe.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo eMexico
IMexico igqalwa njengenye yezona zixeko zingcolisekileyo ehlabathini. Ngeminyaka yee-80, ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo kwaqala, ekubeni amanqanaba okuthotywa kwemekobume, awayesele ephakamile ngelo xesha, ayeqalisa ukuba nomdla kuluntu nezopolitiko. Le nkqubo yayinzima kakhulu ngokwemigaqo yesicelo, eyayisekelwe kuMthetho we-Federal to Prevent and Control Environmental Pollution owavunywa ngo-1971.
Eli phulo lenzeka ngenxa yothotho lweentlekele zendalo elathi lahlangabezana nazo ilizwe kunye nezinye ezikwimo yezoshishino ezithe zavelisa iziphumo zokusingqongileyo nezentlalo, ngenxa yemodeli enemveliso eyamkelweyo. Ngo-1983, i-Secretariat for Urban Development and Ecology, i-SEDUE, yenziwa ngenjongo yokusebenzisa imilinganiselo emitsha eya kunceda ukunciphisa imiphumo yophuhliso olwaluphunyezwa.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka kunye nokukhula kokungcoliseka kwendalo apho ummandla ube lixhoba, kuye kwafuneka ukuba kuphunyezwe imithetho emitsha yokujongana nemiba yendalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eMexico kukho inani elikhulu leengxaki ezifana: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawulekiyo, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye ngoko ke ukungcolisa amanzi, iintlobo ezisengozini yokuphela, ukuveliswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwenkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma enetyhefu, ukuphulwa kwemigangatho yezempilo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. yaye okona kubi kakhulu kungcoliseko lomoya.
Izicwangciso zokusiNgqongileyo kunye neZixhobo zoMthetho
EMexico, kukho inani elikhulu lemithetho kunye nemimiselo esebenza ukulawula umsebenzi wezoshishino kunye nokugcina indalo, njengale: uMthetho Jikelele woTshintsho lweMozulu, uMthetho woLingano lweNdalo kunye noKhuseleko lweNdalo, uMthetho Jikelele weZilwanyana kunye noZinzo. uMthetho woPhuhliso lwamaPhandle. Zonke zidalwe ngenjongo yodwa yokulawula kunye nokufezekisa ukuhanjiswa okwaneleyo kwemithombo yendalo. Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziselwa ukulawula izenzo kunye nezenzo ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo, kuyo nayiphi na indlela kunye neendlela zayo.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo waseMexico
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo eMexico usekelwe kwiminyaka yamuva malunga nophuhliso oluqikelelwayo olucingelwa ukuba aluzange luphunyezwe nangona inani lamaziko, imithetho kunye neenkqubo eziphunyeziweyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba noMgaqo-siseko waseMexico umisela kwinqaku lesi-4 ukuba bonke abemi kufuneka banandiphe indawo enempilo engenabumdaka.
Umthetho Jikelele woLingano lweNdalo kunye nokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo
Iseti yemithetho, imithetho kunye nemimiselo esekwe njengenxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo waseMexico, ukuseka kwiinkalo zayo ezininzi zengqondo ezifana nokukhuselwa kwendalo, ukulawula umonakalo onokuthi uveliswe kwizinto zendalo (umoya, amanzi, umhlaba), ukulahla. kunye nokulawulwa kwenkunkuma enetyhefu, ukuchongwa kwemithombo yongcoliseko, kunye nabo batyeshela imimiselo ebangela umonakalo kwizinto eziphilayo.
Kubekho kwakhona imithetho yelizwe ye-31 kunye nemimiselo emihlanu ephumeza uvavanyo lwefuthe lokusingqongileyo, ukukhutshwa okubangelwa zizithuthi kunye namashishini, kunye nokuthuthwa kwenkunkuma enetyhefu.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo eColombia
I-Colombia yilizwe elinezinga eliphezulu lokungcola, yingakho ibonwe iminyaka embalwa, kwisidingo sokudala nokuphumeza imithetho elawula imisebenzi echaphazela kakubi indalo. Ngo-1974, iKhowudi yeSizwe yeMithombo yeNdalo yadalwa, yokukhusela indalo, kwaye ngo-1989 iNkonzo yamaHlathi kaZwelonke yasekwa, eyanikezela iSicwangciso soPhuhliso lwamaHlathi kaZwelonke, kunye neminye imimiselo kunye nemimiselo yokusetyenziswa kwe. amacebo okunciphisa umonakalo wokusingqongileyo.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo kweli lizwe usekwe kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo, phantsi kwezibonelelo ezifana noMthetho 99 ka-1993. Emva koko, uMphathiswa wezokusiNgqongileyo wadalwa ukuze anike ukulungelelaniswa okukhulu kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo kunye namaziko amahlanu. Konke oku ngenjongo yokulawula nokulawula umgangatho wokusingqongileyo, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kobutyebi bendalo. Olu luhlu lwemithetho-siseko lwamiselwa ukuphendula kwithuba elifutshane, eliphakathi nelide.
Phakathi kwemigaqo jikelele yale mithetho kunye nemimiselo, ngumsebenzi wentlalo kunye nendalo yeenkampani kunye nabantu bendalo, ukusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kwemithombo yendalo ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwendalo.
Isiseko soMgaqo-nkqubo wokuSingqongileyo eColombia
Imigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo, imithetho kunye nemimiselo esungulwe eColombia ukulwa nomonakalo wokusingqongileyo inophuhliso oluzinzileyo njengesiseko sabo esisisiseko kwaye ngenxa yoko, izibonelelo kwaye ngoko ke izinto eziphilayo kufuneka zikhuselwe kwaye zisetyenziswe. Ilungelo lokonwabela ubomi obunempilo nobunemveliso obuvisisana nezinto zendalo. Ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo olune-moors, imithombo yamanzi kunye ne-aquifers, ibeka phambili phambili.
Ngokunjalo, uphando olubalulekileyo luye lwenziwa ukumisela impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye neendleko eziye zachaphazeleka kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Oku kuye kwavumela ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezijoliswe ekulondolozweni kwemithombo yendalo ehlaziyiweyo kunye nokukhuselwa kwembonakalo-mhlaba, apho kubandakanywa uRhulumente, uluntu kunye noluntu olulungelelanisiweyo.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo ePeru
Kwimeko ethile yasePeru, umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo kuye kwafuneka usekwe ukususela kwixesha lobukoloniyali, ekubeni umsebenzi wemigodi kunye nezolimo uye waba nefuthe elibi ukususela ngoko. Phakathi kwezinto zokuqala ezenziwa ngo-1925 yayisisibongozo kwiinkampani ezijongene nokusetyenziswa kwezicwangciso zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwamasuntswana ayingozi emoyeni. Kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo, isigqeba sesizwe siye saqonda ukuba asinakuqhubeka singayihoyi impembelelo ekhulayo yemisebenzi yabantu kwindawo ye-biophysical.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, imigaqo-nkqubo yokuthintela ukonakaliswa ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo isetyenziswa ngoMthetho we-ONERN (i-Ofisi yeSizwe yoVavanyo lweMithombo yeNdalo), enjongo yayo iphambili ikukuhlola ubutyebi bendalo nendlela ekufanele busetyenziswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwabo. ukusetyenziswa, ukwenzela uphuhliso oluhle lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo yelizwe.
Izixhobo zoMthetho
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo ePeru usetyenziswa ngamaxwebhu okanye izibhengezo ezivela kumagunya kazwelonke phantsi komfanekiso kaMongameli weRiphabhliki kunye neCongress. Kwimeko yamacandelo, uxanduva luxhomekeke kubaphathiswa kunye namaziko azimeleyo ahambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwinqanaba lokusingqongileyo, njenge-National Environmental Council (CONAM).
Ngolo luvo, ngo-1990 iKhowudi yokuSingqongileyo kunye neMithombo yeNdalo yadalwa, eyanceda ekuqiniseni izenzo zokusingqongileyo ezathi zachithwa-chithwa neenjongo zayo zingenakuphunyezwa. Ngeminyaka yee-70, uMthetho Jikelele waManzi wadalwa kunye neKhowudi yeSanitary, kodwa ngaphandle kwezikhokelo ezicacileyo ezithanda ulawulo lwendalo kunye nokugcinwa. Ngokunjalo, uMthetho Jikelele wezeMigodi kunye noMthetho wamaHlathi neZilwanyana zaseNdle wamiselwa.
Ngenxa yale mimiselo, imithetho kunye nemimiselo, kuye kwabakho imfuneko yokuseka uhlobo lovavanyo kwaye kolu hlobo lwe-Ofisi yeSizwe yoVavanyo lweMithombo yeNdalo, apho kwenziwa khona izigqibo malunga nobukho bee-arhente zeekhemikhali kwindawo engqongileyo. kuquka nomsebenzi. Olu vavanyo luneempawu zomda, apho lugqibe ubungakanani kunye nomthamo wemisebenzi echaphazelekayo, ugutyulo olubhekiselele kumlinganiselo wesiphumo, ukulingana njengoko impembelelo ichaphazela wonke umntu ngokulinganayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa komthetho.
Ngowe-1979 umbandela wemekobume wathathelwa ingqalelo ngokubaluleka okuthile, kungoko kwakuyimfuneko ukuwuquka kwiMagna Carta. Lo mthetho waqaphela ilungelo lommi ngamnye wasePeruvia lokuhlala kwindawo engenangcoliseko, eyavunywa kumgaqo-siseko we-1993.
Ukudalwa kweBhunga leSizwe lokusiNgqongileyo - CONAM
Kwi-1994, iBhunga leSizwe lokusiNgqongileyo (i-CONAM) lenziwe, elithe ngokusebenzisa iqumrhu elilawulayo laseka imigaqo jikelele esekelwe kulawulo lwendalo. Le migaqo-nkqubo ikwazile ukuseka izicwangciso-qhinga ezicacileyo ezayanyaniswa nemodeli ezinzileyo, kunye namanyathelo ajolise kwicandelo labucala, evumela inkqubo ukuba iqhutywe ngendlela ebambekayo, ephambili kunye namanyathelo achazwe kakuhle ukuseka iziseko kwixesha elifutshane, eliphakathi nelide.
Ngaloo ndlela, lo mbutho ucebise imodeli yobuchule bokusingqongileyo kwilizwe ukukhuthaza nokuphuhlisa inkqubo ezinzileyo nelungeleleneyo phakathi kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, kusetyenziswa ubutyebi bendalo ngokwengqiqo, nto leyo eguqulelwa njengolondolozo lwendalo esingqongileyo. Lo mbutho awunayo njengomgaqo wokugxila kwisenzo solondolozo kuphela kulawulo kunye nolawulo. Injongo yayo kukuseka amava ayimpumelelo ukuba aqukwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo ngelixa kuvavanywa ukusebenza kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ingakumbi icandelo labucala.
Ukudalwa koMphathiswa wezeNdalo
UMphathiswa wezeNdalo kunye neMithombo yeNdalo eHlaziywayo yandululwa ngo-1981, ayizange iqhutywe. Endaweni yoko, iKhowudi yamkelwa kunye nothotho lwemigaqo yokugcina indalo esingqongileyo kunye nemithombo yayo. Ngo-1985 iBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko lweNdawo yezeMpilo yeCONAPMAS, ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiNAPMAS. Yayijonge ukudibanisa izenzo eziza kulandelwa ngoorhulumente kunye namashishini abucala kwintsebenziswano yobugcisa, utyalo-mali kunye nokomelezwa kokugcinwa kokusingqongileyo.
Kunyaka ka-2008, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa yasekwa ngomyalelo okhutshwe ligunya lowiso-mthetho, ngenjongo yokongamela nokwenza yonke imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe neyecandelo enxulumene nokusingqongileyo.
Iziseko zoMgaqo-nkqubo wokuSingqongileyo ePeru
Umgaqo-nkqubo wendalo wasePeru usekwe kwilifa lendalo elikhulu. Eli liphakathi kwawona mazwe ali-15 ahlukeneyo ngokwebhayoloji ehlabathini. Liyeyesithoba kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, ekubeni lineehektare ezizizigidi ezingama-66 zamahlathi, likwakwindawo yesine kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, lisithi likwi-13 ekhulwini lamahlathi aseAmazon. Yiyo loo nto uphuhliso lwemisebenzi ecetywayo, enemveliso kunye nenkonzo kufuneka ilawulwe ngokungqongqo ukwenzela ulawulo olufanelekileyo lokusingqongileyo.
Zonke ezi mpawu zenza kube yimfuneko ukuseka imigangatho evumela ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, ukufezekisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nomgangatho wokwenene. Ukwenza oku, imisebenzi yentlalo-qoqosho kufuneka iqhutywe ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya zokugcinwa kunye nentlonipho yendalo. Ngokubhekiselele koku, kucetywa ukukhuthaza ulondolozo lweyantlukwano yendalo ephilayo, ukukhuthaza umdla kuphando lolondolozo lwemithombo yemfuzo yemveli neyendalo. Ngokunjalo, ifuna ukukhuthaza i-biosafety, oko kukuthi, ukulawulwa kokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguqulweyo.
Eminye iziseko zale migaqo-nkqubo kukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yobutyebi ehlaziyekayo nengahlaziyekiyo ngendlela enengqiqo nezinzileyo. Kwelinye icala, iphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yezimbiwa. Ngokunjalo, ulondolozo lwamahlathi, indalo yaselwandle neyonxweme iyacetyiswa. Londoloza iindawo ezinamanzi kunye nemihlaba ngemigaqo ephathelele kunyango lwenkunkuma engamanzi kunye neqinileyo. Ukulawula uphuhliso lwemimandla yophuhliso phantsi kwendlela yolondolozo.
Iinyani zolonwabo
Ngaba ubusazi ukuba kule minyaka ingama-35 idlulileyo isijikelezi-langa siphulukene nesinye kwisithathu sezilwanyana zasendle. Ukuze kuveliswe itoni yephepha, kufuneka kugawulwe imithi emikhulu eli-17. Ngenkulungwane edluleyo, ubushushu behlabathi kunye nomgangatho wolwandle uye wanda ngaphezu ikhawulezisiwe kunanini na kwimbali yehlabathi. Iibhetri zeselfowuni zineentsimbi ezinzima eziyonakalisa kakhulu i-substrate ukuba azihlaziywa okanye azikhuselwanga. IGreat Barrier Reef ebekwe eOstreliya sesona sakhiwo sikhulu sokuphila emhlabeni kwaye sisemngciphekweni wamanzi ashushu.
Ngale vidiyo uya kuba nakho ukwazi kwaye ufunde ngakumbi ngoMgaqo-nkqubo wokusiNgqongileyo:
La makhonkco anokuba nomdla kuwe, ndiyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda la manqaku anokuba nomdla kuwe: