Impembelelo yamaGrike ikhona kubo bonke ubugcisa bakhe, kodwa impembelelo yakhe ibeka izitayile zeempawu kwi umzobo waseRoma: imiboniso yobomi, imiboniso yasentsomini, inkangeleko yomhlaba, kusekho ubomi okanye imihombiso ye-trompe l'oeil. Umhombiso wokwakha wawuthandwa kakhulu ngamaRoma.
umzobo waseRoma
Kanye njengoko ubugcisa bamaGrike baziswa yimpucuko yangaphambili ye-Hellenic yaseKrete naseMycenae, ubugcisa bamaRoma bufumene indawo yokuzalela kwimpucuko yase-Etruscan kunye neGrike. Malunga neminyaka eyi-1000/800 ivela kwimpuma yeMeditera, mhlawumbi isuka eLydia, eAsia Minor, izizwe zase-Etruscan zaseItali ngaphakathi. Ngethamsanqa, ngaloo ndlela bongezelela abemi bomthonyama; ukuya entliziyweni Italy bazisa isiqwenga selifa lenkcubeko ukusuka eMpuma.
Njengoko ama-Etruscans aloyisa phantse lonke usingasiqithi we-Italiya, anegalelo elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwempucuko yaseRoma: ukusebenza kwawo kunye nobuchule bobugcisa bushiya uphawu olunzulu kubugcisa baseRoma. AmaGrike nawo aba nempembelelo enkulu kubugcisa nempucuko yamaRoma.
Ngexesha le-colonization enkulu, i-800-550, bafika kunxweme lweMeditera. Ngaba nabo bahlala eSicily? nakumazantsi eItali, lawo ke ngoko abizwa ngokuba yiGrisi Enkulu. La maGrike azisa impucuko yamaGrike kuzo zonke iinkalo zawo kumhlaba we-Italic kwaye aphembelela ubugcisa baseRoma ngaphezu kwakhe nabani na.
Ngokunyuka kwenkcubeko yaseRoma, ixesha lakudala langena kwinqanaba lokugqibela. Ubugcisa eRoma badlala indima eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kuleyo yaseGrisi, apho yayidityaniswe ngokungenakuphikiswa nobomi.
Abazobi bamaGrike, abakroli, abayili bezakhiwo, iintanda-bulumko neembongi benza imbali ngokwabo. KwiRoma yamandulo, lo msebenzi wenziwa ngabalawuli bezixeko, iinjengele, izithethi. Amagama abo abhalwe kwiingxelo zembali, kodwa amagama abapeyinti bamaRoma kunye nabakroli bemifanekiso abazange behle kuthi, nangona babenobuchule njengamaGrike.
Ukuphela kwenkcubeko ye-Etruscan yaba sisiqalo sobugcisa baseRoma. Mhlawumbi, ngaphambi kwelo xesha kwakukho abaculi kunye nabadwebi kwiRoma yamandulo, kodwa akukho lwazi malunga nabo lugcinwe. Kwakhona kwachaphazela into yokuba phantse kude kube sekupheleni kobukho beRiphabhlikhi, iRoma ihlala ilwa iimfazwe ezoyisa abamelwane bayo, kwaye imfazwe, njengoko uyazi, ayinagalelo kuphuhliso lobugcisa.
Ilizwe nalo lagungqiswa kukulwa: abantu abaqhelekileyo babesilwa nezihandiba, bekhusela amalungelo abo; Izixeko zaseItali (oomasipala) zazifuna ukulingana nabemi baseRoma. Iimfazwe zaqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane, azizange ziphele nomnyaka omnye. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yezi zizathu, ubugcisa bamaRoma abuzange bubekho kwada kwayinkulungwane ye-IV-III BC. I-Architecture yaba ngowokuqala ukuzivakalisa: okokuqala ngendlela yeebhulorho kunye nezakhiwo zokukhusela, kwaye kamva - iitempile.
Kudla ngokuthiwa amaRoma asingawo amagcisa okwenyaniso. Umntu unokufumana loo mbono xa ethelekisa impumelelo yobugcisa yamaRoma, masithi, yamaGrike okanye amaYiputa. Kwiinkulungwane zokuqala zembali yamaRoma, sifumana okuncinci ukubonisa iminqweno yobuhle okanye yobugcisa; ngokuqinisekileyo amaRoma akazange adale ubugcisa bokuqala.
Ukuba iRoma, nangona kunjalo, ibambe indawo ebalaseleyo kwimbali yobugcisa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, kungenxa yokuba amaRoma, emva kokoyisa ulawulo lomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela, nawo aqonda ixabiso lokomoya kunye neendlela zobugcisa zabanye abantu. , ngakumbi amaGrike. , yayinamandla amakhulu okulinganisa kunye nokwazi ukusetyenzwa ngendlela yobuqu.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zomzobo wamandulo waseRoma
Umzobo waseRoma uye wehla kuthi phantse ngokukodwa ngendlela yokudweba eludongeni. Ngokubhekiselele koku, uninzi lwemisebenzi yobugcisa isekwindawo ebidalelwe yona kwaye apho igcinwe phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Ubungqina obubalulekileyo bomzobo waseRoma yimihombiso yamangcwaba nezindlu zabucala, iitempile kunye neendawo ezingcwele kubo bonke ubukhosi.
Impembelelo yamaGrike yayiyeyona nto iphambili kwipeyinti yaseRoma. Indawo ethile yaseRoma yafunyanwa kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. C. kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yimifanekiso yoloyiso. Ukuze kuzukiswe iinjengele ezoyisileyo, imizobo yayisenziwa njengeengxelo ezithandwayo kumngcelele woloyiso ize iboniswe esidlangalaleni. Ngelishwa, le mizobo ayizange isinde kwaye ingqinwe kuphela kwiincwadi zakudala.
Isiko lokupeyinta iindonga zangaphakathi zezindlu zangena kwizixeko zaseRoma ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC ukusuka kwizixeko zaseGrisi ezikumazantsi e-Italiya, kodwa abapeyinti bamaRoma abahombisayo, bezoba kubuchule bamaGrike, baphuhlisa ngobuchule inkqubo yabo etyebileyo yokuhombisa udonga.
Kwipeyinti yodonga lwaseRoma lwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC kuyisiko ukwahlula phakathi kweendlela ezine zokuhombisa, ezithi ngamanye amaxesha zibizwe ngokuba yi "Pompeian" (kuba imizobo enjalo yaqala ukufunyanwa kubuchule befresco ngexesha lokumba ePompeii).
Igalelo elikhulu ekufundeni imizobo eludongeni kwiRoma yaMandulo lenziwa ngusosayensi waseJamani u-August May, owayenoxanduva lokuchonga izitayela ezine zePompeian.
Ukwahlulahlula kwizitayile zokupeyinta akunamkhethe kwaye akudibanisi nemithetho jikelele yenguquko yepeyinti yaseRoma iyonke.
Umzobo waseRoma oseludongeni unokubonwa kwizikhundla ezahlukeneyo: Okokuqala, njengomfanekiso omnye womfanekiso ohlobisa oku okanye ezinye iindawo zobukhulu kunye nenjongo ethile. Okwesibini, njenge-echo yeengoma zamaGrike nezamaGrike.
Okwesithathu, njengokukhangela oku okanye loo mgangatho wenkcubeko, umgangatho wobugcisa bamaRoma obuthandayo ukusuka kwixesha elihlukeneyo. Okwesine, njengommeli weendlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa bomzobo waseRoma ngokwawo, izakhono zobugcisa zabadali bayo.
Ubuchwephesha kunye nezitayela zomzobo waseRoma
Ingaphakathi lezakhiwo zaseRoma lalihlala lihonjiswe ngemibala eqaqambileyo kunye noyilo. Imizobo eludongeni, iifrescoes kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-stucco ukwenza iziphumo zoncedo zenziwe ngenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX BC.
Isetyenziswa kwizakhiwo zikawonke wonke, kumakhaya abantu, iitempile, amangcwaba, kwanakwizakhiwo zasemkhosini kulo lonke ihlabathi lamaRoma.
Uyilo lwalususela kwiinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo, eziyinyaniso ukuya kunikezelo oluchukumisayo oluhlala lugubungela lonke icandelo lodonga olukhoyo, kuquka isilingi.
Ukulungiswa kodaka kwakubaluleke kangangokuba uPliny noVitruvius bachaza, kwimisebenzi yabo, ubuchule obusetyenziswa ngabapeyinti ukukrola iindonga: okokuqala, udaka olusemgangathweni kwakufuneka lwenziwe olunokwakhiwa ngeeleya ezisixhenxe ezilandelelanayo. ukwakheka okwahlukileyo.
Eyokuqala ibingamandla, zaza ezinye ezintathu zenziwe ngodaka nesanti, ezintathu ezokugqibela zenziwe ngodaka nothuli lwemarmore; Ngokuqhelekileyo, umaleko wodaka wawusenziwa ukutyeba malunga neesentimitha ezisibhozo, owokuqala ubekwe ngokuthe ngqo eludongeni ukuze lubambelele kakuhle, yaye wawungowona utyebileyo (iisentimitha ezintathu ukuya kwezintlanu) ezenziwe ngesanti nekalika.
Abapeyinti bodonga baseRoma bakhetha imibala yomhlaba yendalo, kunye nobomvu obumnyama, ophuzi kunye ne-ochers. Ii-pigments eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezimnyama nazo zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuyilo olulula, kodwa ubungqina obuvela kwivenkile yokupeyinta yasePompeii bubonisa ukuba kwakukho uluhlu olubanzi lweethowuni.
Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX BC, imifanekiso ayizange ifakwe ngokuthe ngqo eludongeni. Kwi-plaster yopende, ii-slabs ze-rectangular ze-marble, ukuma kunye nokulala, zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibala, zaxeliswa, ezazisetyenziselwa ukugubungela iindonga kwindawo ephakamileyo. Phezulu lo mhlobiso wawuvaliwe ngesakhelo se-plaster, ezi freyimu mhlawumbi zineephaneli ezikhululekile. Imizekelo emininzi yale nkqubo yokuhombisa iye yagcinwa eCampania, kuquka neNdlu kaSallust ePompeii.
Oku kwalandela ifashoni eyasasazeka kulo lonke ihlabathi lamaGrike. Kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC apho ubugcisa bokwenene bamaRoma bavela. Iipleyiti zazingasenakwenziwa kwi-stucco yeplastiki, kodwa endaweni yoko zapeyintwa kwaye imilo yayicetyiswa yimivimbo yokukhanya nesithunzi.
Kamva, indawo esembindini yodonga yayipeyintwa ngokungathi ihlehle kancinane yaye iintsika zaziboniswa ngamaxesha athile abonakala zime eqongeni yaye kubonakala ukuba zixhase uphahla. Umphezulu wodonga wawunombono welinye igumbi okanye intendelezo. Ulwakhiwo lolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo lukwacwangciswe ngokulinganayo malunga nokuvula okupeyintiweyo, kunocango okanye isango embindini, njengakwindlu kaPublius Fannius Sinistor eBoscoreale, 50-40 BC.
Izifundo yayiyimifanekiso, imiboniso evela kwiintsomi, i-trompe l'oeil architecture, izityalo, izilwanyana, kunye nezitiya, imihlaba, kunye nedolophu yonke ukudala iipanorama ezimangalisayo ezihambisa umbukeli ukusuka kwiindawo ezimxinwa ukuya kwihlabathi elingenasiphelo lentelekelelo yomzobi. uqweqwedisiwe.
Eyona mizekelo mikhulu yepeyinti yaseRoma ivela kwifrescoes kwindawo yeVesuvius (iPompeii kunye neHerculaneum), ukusuka kumacwecwe aseYiputa eFayum nakwimodeli yamaRoma, eminye ethatyathwe kwixesha lePaleo-Christian (imizobo ephuma kwicatacombs). Sinobungqina bomzobo waseRoma ngeendlela ezintathu:
- Umzobo waseludongeni: wenziwa kwifresco, kwikalika entsha, kwaye ke ngoko yomelele ngakumbi; imibala yayixutywe neqanda okanye umthwebeba ukuze ibancede babambe;
- Ukupenda ngokhuni okanye ipaneli: ngenxa yobume benkxaso, imizekelo efunyenweyo ayinqabile. Ukhetho oludumileyo luvela kumatye amangcwaba aseFayum (eYiphutha), ngethamsanqa agcinwe ngumbulelo kwimeko ethile yendalo kunye nemozulu;
- Ipeyinti engabonakaliyo, esetyenziswe kwizinto, ngenjongo yokuhlobisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakala ngesishwankathelo kunye nokubetha ngokukhawuleza.
Ngokubanzi, imizobo yangaphambili kunye naleyo yezindlu ezityebileyo ibonisa iileya ezininzi kunemizobo yamva kunye naleyo yezakhiwo zokuhlala ezingaphucukanga kangako. Ukuqala phezulu, kwaqatywa iileya zodaka kwaza kwaqatywa iipeyinti edongeni yaye ekugqibeleni kwagqitywa ngezantsi.
Nangona ulwahlulo olukhulu kwiinkcukacha, iindonga zakhiwe ngokwesicwangciso esifanayo. Kuhlala kukho indawo yesiseko, indawo ephakathi kunye nendawo ephezulu. Indawo yesiseko ihlala ilula, inokuba yi-monochrome, kodwa inokuba nemarble exelisa okanye imizobo elula yezityalo. Iipateni zejometri nazo zithandwa kakhulu.
Kwindawo ephakathi, nangona kunjalo, iziko lomxhuzulane lomzobo liyavela. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisitayela, uya kufumana ulwakhiwo olucokisekileyo okanye amasimi alula, kunye nombindi wodonga ngokuqhelekileyo unzima kwaye uhonjiswe ngomzobo.
Imizobo yasendle, eyayixhaphake kakhulu kwisitayile sesithathu (somhombiso), ibandakanya ukutshintshwa kobubanzi, i-monochrome, kunye nemimandla emxinwa, ehlala ihonjiswe ngokutyebileyo ngezityalo, ulwakhiwo olungeyonyani, okanye ezinye iipatheni.
Ukupeyinta kwakusele kusenziwa ngabakwa-Etruscans (imifanekiso yamangcwaba), kodwa ubungqina obudala kakhulu bomsebenzi wemifanekiso eRoma bubuyela kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-XNUMX yenkulungwane ye-BC: ngokukodwa, umfanekiso weFabius Pictor owaziwayo (ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC) uyakhunjulwa, umhombi weTempile kaSalus.
Ingqikelelo iphakanyiswa ukuba kwesi sigaba sidala, umzobo waseRoma sele ubonise ukuthambekela okungaqhelekanga komlinganiswa womthendeleko weenkulungwane ezilandelayo, ebonakaliswa ngolwelo kunye nengxelo ecacileyo, njengakwizinto eziqingqiweyo zangoku. Edume kakhulu yinto ebizwa ngokuba yiPompeian peyinti, ebizwa ngokuba yimizobo efunyenwe ePompeii, eHerculaneum nakwamanye amazwe achukunyiswe kugqabhuko-dubulo lweVesuvius (79 AD). Yahlulwe ngokweendlela ezine ezahlukeneyo:
isimbo sokuqala
Ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX-XNUMX BC, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi "inlays". Yayihambelana nobomi bamaRoma benkulungwane yesibini ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Esi sitayela sixelisa ilitye lebhastile elinemibala. Kwiindonga zamagumbi angaphakathi, zonke iinkcukacha zokwakha zenziwa kwiinqununu ezintathu-dimensional: iipilasta, i-ledges, i-cornices, i-brackets ye-masonry brackets, kwaye emva koko yonke into yayipeyintiwe, ixelisa amatye okugqiba umbala kunye nephethini.
I-plaster, apho ipeyinti ifakwe khona, yayilungiselelwe ukusuka kwiindidi ezininzi, apho uluhlu ngalunye olulandelayo lwaluncinci.
Isitayela "se-inlay" sasixelisa izinto zangaphakathi zezindlu zasebukhosini kunye nezindlu ezicebileyo kwiidolophu zamaGrike, apho iiholo zakhiwe ngamatye anemibala emininzi (amabhastile). Isitayela sokuqala sokuhlobisa saphuma kwisitayela se-80 BC Umzekelo wesitayela se "inlay" yiNdlu yeFaun ePompeii. Imibala esetyenzisiweyo, emnyama ebomvu, etyheli, emnyama namhlophe, iyahlukaniswa ngokucoceka kwethoni.
Iifrescoes kwiNdlu yeGriffins eRoma (i-100 BC) inokusebenza njengenqanaba lenguqu phakathi kweendlela zokuqala kunye neyesibini zokuhombisa.
Ukudityaniswa kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-lilac, imibala emdaka ekhanyayo, ukuhlengahlengiswa okufihlakeleyo komzobo wasebukhosini kunye nobalaseleyo, umfanekiso osicaba kunye nomthamo, phakathi komhombiso wodonga lwephaneli kunye neentsika, ngokungathi kunjalo, ziphuma eludongeni, zivumela ukugqamisa umzobo wepeyinti. I-House of Griffins njengendlela yokutshintsha ukusuka kwincinci yokuxelisa i-masonry ukuya kwindlela esebenzayo yendawo yokusombulula udonga.
isimbo sesibini
Kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX-XNUMX BC Ebizwa ngokuba 'yimbono yoyilo', ngokungafaniyo nesimbo sangaphambili esisicaba, esinesithuba esithe chatha kwindalo. Iindonga zibonise iikholamu, ii-cornices, ii-pilaster kunye neentloko ezinobuqhetseba obupheleleyo benyani, kuquka nokukhohlisa. Inxalenye ephakathi kwodonga yayihlanganiswe nemifanekiso ye-pergolas, i-porticos, evezwe ngombono, usebenzisa i-chiaroscuro. Ngoncedo lomzobo wokuhlobisa, indawo ekhohlisayo yenziwa, iindonga zangempela zibonakala zihamba ngaphandle, igumbi libonakala likhulu.
Ngamanye amaxesha imifanekiso yabantu, okanye yonke imizobo emininzi okanye imihlaba, yabekwa phakathi kweekholomu kunye neepilasta. Ngamanye amaxesha embindini wodonga kwakukho imifanekiso emikhulu enemifanekiso emikhulu. Iiploti zemizobo ubukhulu becala zaziyintsomi, kancinane kaninzi mihla le. Ngokuqhelekileyo imizobo yesitayile sesibini yayiziikopi zemisebenzi yamandulo yamaGrike abapeyinti benkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC.
Umzekelo wokupeyinta kwisitayela sesibini sokuhlobisa ngumhlobiso oqaqambileyo we-Villa yeMysteries ePompeii. Kwigumbi elincinci eline-marble-like plinth, ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi yodonga olubomvu olubomvu kunye neepilasta eziluhlaza, amanani angamashumi amabini anesithoba ahlanganiswe kubukhulu bobomi.
Uninzi lokwakhiwa lunikezelwe kwiimfihlakalo ngokuhlonipha uthixo uDionysus. UDionysus ngokwakhe uboniswe apha, encike emadolweni ka-Ariadne (umfazi). Abadala, amantombazana aselula, iimaenads, namabhinqa aboniswe apha.
Unika umdla kakhulu umboniso apho indoda endala eyomeleleyo, eboniswe eludongeni olunye lwegumbi, ijongise amehlo ayo ngakuloo maenad osemncinci, oboniswe kolunye udonga. Kwangelo xesha, uSilenus ugculela intombazana encinci enemaski yemidlalo yeqonga ezandleni zakhe.
Omnye umfanekiso womzobo nawo unomdla, ubonisa uthixokazi owoyikekayo ebetha intombazana eguqe ngedolo ngesabhokhwe eside emqolo ongenanto ezama ukuba ngumthathi-nxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwiimfihlakalo. Indlela emile ngayo intombazana, inkangeleko yobuso bayo, amehlo anorhatyazo, imisonto ephotheneyo yeenwele ezimnyama ibonisa ukubandezeleka emzimbeni nokukhathazeka ngokwasengqondweni. Eli qela likwabandakanya umfanekiso omhle womdanisi oselula ongenamntu osele ephumelele iimvavanyo ezifunekayo.
Ukubunjwa kwefresco akusekelwe kakhulu kumlinganiselo wemithamo kwindawo, kodwa kwi-juxtaposition ye-silhouettes kwinqwelomoya, nangona amanani amelweyo anamandla kwaye anamandla. Yonke i-fresco idityaniswe ibe yinto enye ngezijekulo kunye nokuma kwabalinganiswa ababoniswe kwiindonga ezahlukeneyo. Zonke iimpawu zikhanyiswa kukukhanya okuthambileyo okuphuma kwisilingi.
Imizimba yeze ipeyintwe ngokumangalisayo, umbala weempahla mhle kakhulu. Nangona imvelaphi ibomvu ngokuqaqambileyo, akukho zinkcukacha zinyamalalayo kule mvelaphi yahlukileyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimfihlelo bamelwe ukudala ukukhohlisa kobukho babo kwigumbi.
Inqaku elikhethekileyo lesitayile sesibini yimifanekiso yembonakalo yomhlaba: iintaba, ulwandle, amathafa, ahlaziywa ngamanani abantu ahlukeneyo awenziwe ngokucwangcisiweyo. Indawo apha ayivalwanga, kodwa isimahla. Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-landscape iquka imifanekiso yezokwakha.
Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma, i-pictorial easel portrait yayixhaphake kakhulu. EPompeii kukho umfanekiso webhinqa eliselula elinamacwecwe okubhala, kunye nomfanekiso wePompeian Terentius nomfazi wakhe. Yomibini imizobo izotywe ngendlela ephakathi ngokwepeyinti. Ziyahlukaniswa ngokugqithiswa kakuhle kweeplastiki zobuso. imifanekiso enzulu.
isimbo sesithathu
Isitayela sesithathu sePompeian (ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD) ihambelana nesitayela somhlobiso Esikhundleni semihlobiso enemifanekiso, ngenjongo yokwahlula kunye nokutshintshwa kweendonga zobukhosi, kukho imizobo ehlobisa udonga ngaphandle kokuphula indiza yayo.
Imizobo, ngokuchaseneyo, igxininisa iplani yodonga, ihonjiswe ngemihlobiso ethambileyo, phakathi kwayo kukho iikholamu ezintle kakhulu, ngakumbi njengeentsimbi zentsimbi. Akumangalisi ukuba isitayela sesithathu sokuhlobisa sikwabizwa ngokuba yi "chandelier".
Ukongeza kulo mhlobiso wokukhanya wokwakha, imizobo emincinci enomxholo weentsomi ibekwe embindini wodonga. Sekunjalo ubomi, iindawo ezincinci kunye neziganeko zemihla ngemihla zingeniswa kumhlobiso wokuhlobisa ngobuchule obukhulu.
Iigarlands zamagqabi kunye neentyatyambo ezipeyintwe kwimvelaphi emhlophe zibonakala kakhulu. Ubucwebe beentyatyambo ezipeyintiweyo, imihombiso, imiboniso emincinci kunye nobomi obusekhona bufuna ukujongwa ngokusondeleyo. Umzobo wesitayela sesithathu ugxininisa induduzo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo begumbi.
Iphalethi yabaculi besitayela sesithathu inomdla kwaye iyahluka: isiseko esimnyama okanye esimnyama esimfusa, apho kuboniswa khona izihlahla ezincinci, iintyatyambo okanye iintaka. Kwindawo ephezulu, iipaneli ezitshintshanayo zombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu, otyheli, oluhlaza okanye omnyama zaboniswa, apho imizobo emincinci, iimbasa ezijikelezileyo okanye amanani omntu ahlakazekileyo abekwe.
Abazobi bamaRoma bacacisa isisombululo samaGrike semifanekiso yasentsomini ngokungqinelana nesimbo esikhoyo. Imbonakalo yobuso enzulu, ukuma okuzolileyo kunye nokumodareyithwa kwezijekulo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Ingqwalasela enkulu ihlawulwe kulwandlalo olucacileyo oluchaza ngokucacileyo imiphetho yeengubo. Umzekelo wesitayile sesithathu yiCicero's Villa ePompeii. Iindawo ezibukekayo zobufundisi ziye zasinda ePompeii naseRoma. Ngokwesiqhelo imizobo yobungakanani obuncinci, umzobo, ngamanye amaxesha ipeyintiwe ngombala omnye okanye emibini.
isimbo sesine
Indlela yesine yokuhlobisa iphuhliswe kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Isitayela sesine siyinkimbinkimbi kwaye sivuya, sidibanisa izakhiwo ezithembisayo zezakhiwo zesitayela sesibini kunye nemihlobiso yokuhlobisa yesitayela sesithathu.
Inxalenye yomhlobiso wemizobo ithatha umlingiswa wokuqamba okumangalisayo kwezakhiwo, kwaye imizobo ebekwe kwiindawo eziphakathi kweendonga inomsebenzi wendawo kunye nonamandla.
Uluhlu lwemibala ludla ngokuhlukahluka. Iiploti zemizobo ubukhulu becala ziyintsomi. Ubuninzi bemifanekiso ekhanyisa ngokungaqhelekanga, eboniswa ngokushukuma okukhawulezileyo, kwandisa imbonakalo yobubanzi. Umzobo wesitayela sesine uphinde uphule indiza yodonga, ukwandisa imida yegumbi.
Iinkosi zesitayile sesine, ezenza imizobo eseludongeni, zibonisa kwiindonga isango elimangalisayo lebhotwe, okanye imizobo ebalisayo, etshintshana "neefestile" apho iinxalenye zezinye izakhiwo zezakhiwo zibonakala.
Ngamanye amaxesha, kwindawo ephezulu eludongeni, abazobi babepeyinta iigalari kunye neebhalkhoni ezinemifanekiso yabantu, ngokungathi bajonge abo bakhoyo kwelo gumbi. Ukupeyinta kolu hlobo, ukukhethwa kweepeyinti kwakuphawu. Ngokukodwa ngeli xesha bamele iingoma ezineentshukumo eziguqukayo okanye ezibukhali
Kwimizobo eseludongeni yasePompeii kunye nomoya omsulwa wamaRoma ugciniwe. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Calle de la Abundancia, ekungeneni kwi-workshop ye-dyer Verecundo, eludongeni lwangaphandle kwakukho umzobo owenziwe ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokunyaniseka, okubonisa zonke iinkqubo ze-dyer kunye nabancedisi bakhe. Umzekelo wesitayela sesine ngumzobo webhotwe likaNero eRoma (iNdlu yeGolide), umhombiso onomtsalane owawulawulwa ngumzobi waseRoma uFabullus.
Yayiyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo, edibanisa uyilo olumangalisayo kunye nenkohliso yesitayile sesibini, iipaneli zebhastile zobuxoki kunye nezinto zokuhombisa zesitayile sesithathu (iNdlu yeVettii ePompeii, iNdlu yeDioscuri). Ngeli xesha kukho imizekelo ebalaseleyo yoyilo olunempembelelo yethiyetha kunye nembonakalo yembonakalo, nangona kunjalo, iphinda isebenze kwaye idibanise izinto ezithathwe kwizitayile zangaphambili.
Iivillas ezininzi zasePompeian zazihonjiswe ngolu hlobo ukusuka ekwakhiweni kwakhona emva kwenyikima ye-62 AD Umzekelo wabo yiNdlu yeVettii, ehonjiswe ngemiboniso yobomi bemihla ngemihla (umz. ukulwa phakathi kwemiqhagi) kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, imiboniso ene umxholo wasentsomini.
Imvelaphi yomzobo waseRoma waseludongeni we-II-III yeenkulungwane
Emva kokunyamalala kwePompeii, iHerculaneum kunye ne-Stabiae ngo-79 AD Kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela indlela yokuphuhliswa komzobo waseRoma wamandulo, ekubeni izikhumbuzo ezivela kwii-II-IV zeenkulungwane zimbalwa kakhulu. Singatsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba umzobo wodonga kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaba yinto exhaphakileyo. Ngokuchasene nesitayela sesine sokuhlobisa, apho inkohliso yendawo enkulu yadalwa, indiza yodonga ngoku igxininiswe. Udonga lutolikwa ngokomgca ngolwakhiwo lomntu ngamnye.
Ukongezelela ekupeyinteni xa kuhonjiswa igumbi, kwakusetyenziswa iintlobo ngeentlobo zelitye lebhastile kwaza kwafakwa imizobo emgangathweni nasezindongeni. Umzekelo ngumzobo wekhaya loMlawuli uHadrian eTivoli, kufutshane neRoma. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX kunye nesiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, iindlela zokupeyinta zokuhombisa zenziwa lula ngakumbi.
Iplani yodonga, isilingi, umphezulu wengcwaba wohlulwe ngemivumbo emnyama ibe ngoxande, iitrapezoids, okanye iihexagons, ngaphakathi kuyo (njengesakhelo) intloko yendoda okanye yowesifazane, okanye imotif, yayipeyintiwe. izityalo, iintaka nezilwanyana.
Ngexesha le-XNUMX leminyaka, indlela yokudweba yaphuhliswa, ebonakaliswa yimivimbo egxininisa kuphela imiqulu ephambili kwaye ilandele ifom yeplastiki. Imigca emnyama exineneyo, amehlo achazwe kakuhle, amashiya, impumlo. Iinwele zazidla ngokuphathwa ngobuninzi. Amanani acwangcisiwe. Esi simbo saziwa ngakumbi xa kupeyintwa amangcwaba angamaKristu kunye namangcwaba aseRoma.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, iimosaics zithandwa kakhulu. Amanani kaMosaic ahlukaniswa ngokuqina kobume, umzobo womgca wemigoqo yeengubo, indawo yombala wombala, kunye nenqwelomoya yefom. Ubuso babalinganiswa abamelwayo abunazo iimpawu zomntu ngamnye.
Kwakuqhelekile ukuba abantu abahloniphekileyo babe neendonga zezindlu zabo ezinqabileyo kunye nezindlu zangasese ezihlotshiswe kwaye yingakho ubuninzi bobungqina bemifanekiso ehlileyo kuthi buvela kulo mongo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kumzobo waseRoma kwakuyimpembelelo yamaGrike, ephuma kulwazi lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamaGrike kunye nemizobo, kodwa ngaphezu kwayo yonke into ekusasazeni abadwebi bamaGrike eRoma. Ukusuka kwi-Hellenistic sphere, imizobo yaseRoma ayizuzi nje kuphela imixholo yokuhombisa kodwa kunye nendalo kunye nenyaniso emeleyo.
Imifanekiso yomngcwabo kaFayum
Kunye nomzobo wamaRoma kunye nentsimbi, kukho iiFayum Portraits ezidumileyo (inkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC - inkulungwane yesi-XNUMX yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo) eziluluhlu lwamacwecwe aseYiputa afana nemifanekiso ebekwe kumfi ngexesha lokungcwatywa. Izifundo zaboniswa ziphila, kunye nenyani eyomeleleyo yobuso, imelwe ngaphambili kwaye rhoqo kwimvelaphi engathathi hlangothi. Uphawu lwala macwecwe luphawu olubalaseleyo lokubonakala.
Imeko engumzekelo yokudibanisa phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, eli qela lemizobo laziwa ngokuba yiFayum Portraits ngenxa yendawo apho bafunyenwe khona. Kukho malunga namakhulu amathandathu emifanekiso yomngcwabo, eyenziwe kwiibhodi zokhuni ezinobuchule be-encaustic okanye i-tempera phakathi kwenkulungwane yokuqala neye-XNUMX, kwaye zigcinwe zikwimeko entle kakhulu ngenxa yemozulu eyomileyo yale ndawo. Abemi ababehlala apha yayiyimvelaphi yamaGrike neyamaJiphutha kodwa yayisele inamandla ngokwamaRoma ekusetyenzisweni kwayo, iwaqhelanisa nezithethe zawo.
Olu hlobo lomzobo etafileni ngumzobo wokwenene womfi kwaye luyinxalenye yezithethe zomngcwabo wendawo: iindleko nazo zinokuba phezulu kakhulu kuba umfanekiso unokuhonjiswa ngamagqabi egolide ukuxelisa amatye kunye nezinto ezixabisekileyo, wabekwa phakathi. amabhandeji kamama kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa ngexesha lomboniso womzimba ekhaya phambi kokungcwatywa.
I-Egypt Rite, iSiko lamaGrike kodwa iSimbo saseRoma: Olu luntu lwachatshazelwa bubugcisa baseRoma kwaye lukhuphela imixholo kunye neendlela zalo; yonke imizobo inemvelaphi engathathi hlangothi, kodwa icace kakhulu ekunikezelweni kweempawu zobuso kunye neenkcukacha zempahla kunye neenwele.
Kule mveliso kukho iimpawu eziphindaphindiweyo ezazixhaphake kakhulu eRoma: amehlo amakhulu, ukujonga okuzinzileyo kunye nokulula kwe-volumetric (ukupheliswa kweendiza ze-contour kunye nomzimba) nazo zifumaneka kwimifanekiso ethile yaseRoma yexesha elibi kwaye kungekudala emva koko.
Ihlelwa njengomzekelo wokuqala wepeyinti yebhayibhile yimizobo yeDura Europos (eSyria), ebuyela kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yesithathu. Ukuveliswa kwemifanekiso entsha yobuKristu kuboniswa apha ukuba kuphenjelelwe kakhulu yinkcubeko yamaGrike-yamaYuda: imizobo yokuqala yobuKristu isicatshulwa, ngokwenene, izinto kunye ne-iconography evela kwi-repertoire yamaYuda kunye nabahedeni, ebanika intsingiselo entsha yonqulo.
Ngokujonga i-iconographic esondeleyo kunye ne-stylistic affinities, kukholelwa ukuba amagcisa asebenza ngaxeshanye kubahedeni kunye nabathengi abangamaKristu. Ubunyani obuhlala bubonakalisa umzobo waseRoma walahleka kancinci ngasekupheleni kwexesha lakudala xa, ngokusasazeka kobugcisa bephondo, iifom zaqala ukwenziwa lula kwaye zihlala zifuziselwa.
Kukufika komzobo wamaKristu okuqala, owaziwayo ngaphezu kwayo yonke imizobo yecatacombs edibanisa imiboniso yebhayibhile, imihombiso, amanani asuka kumxholo wobuhedeni kunye nembali etyebileyo yeempawu ezibhekiselele kumanani obuKristu kunye nomxholo (umzekelo, intlanzi , UMalusi Olungileyo). Eyona mizekelo idumileyo ivela kwicatacombs kaPrisila, Callisto kunye neSS. UPietro noMarcellino (eRoma).
UMoses waseRoma
Ukongeza kwi-mosaic ka-Alexander, imiboniso emincinci, ubukhulu becala, eyenziwe ngamatye anemibala emininzi, iye yafunyanwa ePompeii kwaye yadityaniswa njengesazulu semigangatho eyenziwe ngokulula. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-emblemata ibuyela kwinkulungwane yoku-XNUMX BC. Iimosaic ezifanayo ze-Hellenistic zifunyenwe kwi-Delos. Imifanekiso, ehlala ine-Bacchus kwi-panther okanye isaphila njengomxholo wayo, ifana nemizobo.
Yahlukile ngemigangatho emnyama namhlophe, eyavela e-Italiya ngenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX BC. Babulawa ngebhastile kwaye babenemixholo yejometri, izityalo ezinesitayile kunye neentyantyambo, kunye nokubonakaliswa okulula kwabantu kunye nezilwanyana njengomxholo wabo, kwaye zilungele ngokupheleleyo izakhiwo zabo. umsebenzi. Lo mfanekiso omnyama nomhlophe, oqhelekileyo wase-Italiya, waphuhliswa ngokwenene ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ye-AD, ngakumbi e-Ostia, apho kwenziwa khona izinto ezinkulu zezidalwa zaselwandle.
Kumantla-ntshona wobukhosi baqale bajoyina isithethe esimnyama nesimhlophe sase-Italiya, kodwa ukusuka phakathi kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ye-AD abantu baqala ukusebenzisa umbala ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ukwahlula kwiindawo ezisikwere kunye ne-octagonal, apho imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo yayicwangciswe, yayithandwa apho.
Imizobo kaMosaic yachuma eMntla Afrika, apho imiboniso emikhulu yasentsomini kunye nemiboniso evela kubomi bemihla ngemihla yayiboniswa ngemibala emininzi kwimigangatho (i-Piazza Armerina villa eSicily). Iipolychrome mosaics nazo zigcinwe kwa-Antiyokwe. Ngenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, iimosaic eludongeni zazisetyenziswa ikakhulu apho ukupeyinta kwakungafanelekanga (umzekelo kwizakhiwo zequla). Iimosaics zodonga kunye ne-vault ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX ziphantse zalahleka ngokupheleleyo.
I-mosaic yodonga iphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo kwiicawe zobuKristu (inkulungwane yesi-XNUMX). Ukongezelela kwimosaic, kwasetyenziswa ubugcisa obubizwa ngokuba yi<em>opus sectile, apho imifanekiso nemifanekiso yayisenziwa ngamaqhekeza amakhulu asikwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zebhastile. Olu buchule aluzange lusetyenziswe kuphela kwimigangatho, kodwa nakwiindonga.
Curiosities
- Ngokutsho kukaPliny, imibala yahlulahlulwe yaba 'intyatyambo' (i-minium, i-armenium, i-cinnabaris, i-chrysocolla, i-indicum kunye ne-purposorum) ekwakufuneka ithengwe ngokuthe ngqo ngumxhasi kunye "ne-auster", endaweni yoko yabandakanywa ngumculi kwixabiso lokugqibela. kwaye ngokubanzi ibandakanya iochre etyheli nebomvu, umhlaba, kunye nozuba waseYiputa
- Kwafunyaniswa ukuba kwi-Imperial Villa yasePompeii imizobo kwiipaseji, zonke ezizezesimbo sesithathu, zibuyiselwe kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kogqabhuko-dubulo kunye neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kuphela emva kokwakhiwa kwayo, nto leyo ebonisa ixabiso elikhulu esele lichazwe kwakudala .
- Ubume obumelwe kwipeyinti yaseRoma buhlala kwaye buphela kuphela kwimiyezo: kwingqondo yexesha elizenzekelayo indalo yadityaniswa namasiko e-barbarian kunye nokungabikho kwempucuko, imiboniso kuphela enyamezelwayo yileyo yezilwanyana zasendle ekuzingeleni imiboniso yasentsomini.
- Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu eRoma "umqolomba" oneendonga ezipeyintwe ngokupheleleyo wafunyanwa ngengozi: yayiyiDomus Aurea yomlawuli uNero. Umzobi wenkundla uFabullus okanye u-Amulius ukusuka kwi-64 ukuya kwi-68 AD usebenza kwi-Domus Aurea, ekhupha amaninzi amagumbi kwisitayile sesine sePompeian.
Imibala
Imibala yenziwe ngemibala yemifuno okanye imvelaphi yezimbiwa kwaye iVitruvio kwiDe Architectura ithetha ngemibala elishumi elinesithandathu equka ezimbini zezinto eziphilayo, ezintlanu zendalo kunye nezilithoba ezenziweyo. Eyokuqala imnyama, efunyenwe ngokubala i-resin ngamaqhekeza emithi enentlaka okanye i-pomace etshiswe kwi-oven kwaye iboshwe ngomgubo, kunye nemfusa, ephuma kwi-murex, eyayisetyenziswa ngakumbi kubuchule bokuthambisa.
Imibala yemvelaphi yamaminerali (emhlophe, etyheli, ebomvu, eluhlaza kunye namathoni amnyama) ifunyenwe ngokuchithwa okanye ukubala. I-Decantation bubuchule bokwahlula obubandakanya ukwahlula izinto ezimbini kumxube wolwelo oluqinileyo ngamandla womxhuzulane (esiqhelweni, isiqina sizinza ezantsi kwesikhongozeli de luphele lonke ulwelo olungasentla).
I-calcination yinkqubo yokufudumala yobushushu obuphezulu obuqhubeka ixesha elide njengoko kuthatha ukususa zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo kwikhompawundi yemichiza kwaye isetyenziswe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuveliswa kwemibala yepeyinti, kuquka i-cerulean. Ezisithoba zenziwe zafunyanwa ekubunjweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwaye phakathi kwezi zisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-cinnabar (i-vermillion ebomvu) kunye ne-cerulean (i-blue blue yaseYiputa).
I-Cinnabar, yemvelaphi ye-mercurial, kwakunzima ukuyisebenzisa kunye nokugcina (yaba mnyama ekuvezweni kokukhanya) kwaye yayibiza kakhulu kwaye ifunwa kakhulu. Yayingeniswa kwimigodi ekufuphi ne-Efese eAsia Minor naseSisapo eSpeyin. I-Cerulean yayenziwe ngesanti ye-nitro fleur etyunyuziweyo exutywe neefayili zentsimbi ezimanzi ezomisiweyo zaza zagalelwa kwiipellets.
Lo mbala wawungeniswa eRoma ngumthengisi webhanki, uVestorius, owathengisa phantsi kwegama elithi Vesterianum kwaye waxabisa malunga neshumi elinanye leedenari. Umthetho wamisela ukuba umxhasi unikezela ngemibala "yentyatyambo" (yeyona ibiza kakhulu) ngelixa imibala "engqongqo" (yexabiso eliphantsi) ibandakanyiwe kwisivumelwano. Iworkshop, mhlawumbi, yenziwe yinkosi kunye nabancedisi bayo.
Ezi ngcibi zixatyiswe kakhulu zaba yinxalenye yesixhobo sevenkile, kwaye xa ivenkile yathengiswa kwabanye abanini, nabo, kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza (inqanaba, intambo yokulinganisa, isikwere, njl.) kunye nezixhobo, batshintsha izandla. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuqalisa ngonyezi uze uphele ngorhatya, yaye nangona imisebenzi yakhe yayityelelwe yaye inconywa, ayizange icingelwe.
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