Yazi ezinye iimpawu zemizobo yale mihla

Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha yeyona nto iphezulu yokubonakalisa into eyayiyiyo ixesha langoku. Ngokwayo, lo mbutho weza nelinye lamagalelo amakhulu kubugcisa benkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Yiyo loo nto siye sagqiba ekubeni sikwazise ezona mpawu ziphambili zale ntshukumo kubugcisa, ngakumbi kwi umzobo wanamhlanje nangaphezulu

Modernism kunye nepeyinti yanamhlanje

Imizobo yanamhlanje ligama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza ixesha lembali yobugcisa eqala malunga noo-1860 ukuya koo-1970. Eli gama libonisa isimbo kunye nefilosofi yobugcisa obuveliswe ngelo xesha. Iingcambu zayo zilele kumsebenzi wamagcisa asekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX afana noVan Gogh, uCezanne, noGauguin, oqeqesho lwabo kunye nemisebenzi yabo yangaphambili yayisekelwe kwisitayile somzobo semveli.

Nangona kunjalo, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX amagcisa amaninzi aqala ukusuka kwinkcazo eyinyani kumbandela kunye nesimbo, esiya kwisitayile esicacileyo sokupeyinta esijongana nemibono yabo emitsha yobuhle, oku kuya kwaziwa kamva njengepeyinti yanamhlanje. Ke igama elithi "modernist okanye langoku" linxulunyaniswa nobugcisa, lisusa le mbonakalo yobugcisa kwipeyinti yemveli.

Amagcisa ale mihla adlale ngeendlela ezingaphononongwanga zokubona izifundo zabo kunye neendlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa izinto zokupeyinta zesintu. Aba bacel’ umngeni uluvo lokuba ubugcisa bumele bumele ihlabathi ngokwenyani, kulinganwe ngokusetyenziswa okucacileyo kombala, ubuchule obutsha kunye nezinto ezingezizo ezemveli ngoku ezigqalwa njengophawu lobugcisa bale mihla kunye nokupeyinta.

Ukuqala kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwazisa ulingelo olungakumbi. Amagcisa eFauve (Fauvism), baqalisa ukupeyinta imihlaba ecacileyo “eyasendle” kwaye amagcisa eetyhubhu aqalisa ukucazulula imixholo ibe ziimo eziqinileyo, ezenza zicace.

Ezi ntshukumo zobugcisa kunye nezo zazilandela de kwayinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, zazisekelwe kwiindlela ezintsha zokucinga malunga, ukubona kunye nokuphonononga ubugcisa, ukwenza eyona nkcazo yokuba yintoni ubugcisa bale mihla. Apho ubugcisa bale mihla ligama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza intshukumo yobugcisa kunye nexesha lembali yobugcisa, imodernism ligama lentshukumo yefilosofi eyavela ngaxeshanye.

INguqulo yezoShishino, ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemimandla yasezidolophini, neendlela ezintsha zezothutho zaba negalelo ekuphuhliseni intanda-bulumko yale mihla eyayigatya iindlela ezingokwesithethe zokucinga, ubugcisa, unqulo nokuziphatha kwezentlalo. I-Modernism kunye nobugcisa bale mihla bunxibelelene kwaye buhlala kunye: iithiyori zesimanjemanje zondla indlela yokucinga yamagcisa, kwaye ubugcisa bale mihla bukhuthaza intanda-bulumko kwisenzo sokwenyani.

Iimpawu zale mihla kubugcisa

Nangona kungekho phawu olunye oluchaza "ubugcisa bale mihla", belubalasele kwinani leempawu ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nezi zilandelayo:

Iintlobo ezintsha zobugcisa

Amagcisa anamhlanje ayengabokuqala ukuphuhlisa ubugcisa bekholaji, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlanganisana, iintlobo ngeentlobo zobugcisa bekinetic (kubandakanywa neemobiles), iindidi ngeendidi zokufota, oopopayi (umzobo kunye nokufota), ubugcisa bomhlaba okanye i-embankments, kunye nobugcisa bokusebenza.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha

Abapeyinti bale mihla batyala izinto ezifana neziqendwana zamaphephandaba nezinye izinto kwiiseyile zabo. Abakroli basebenzise izinto ezifunyenweyo, ezifana ne "readymades" zikaMarcel Duchamp, apho benza imisebenzi yobugcisa obungenamsebenzi. Iindibano zaveliswa ngezinto eziqhelekileyo zemihla ngemihla, njenge: iimoto, iiwotshi, iisutikheyisi, iibhokisi zokhuni kunye nezinye izinto.

ukusetyenziswa okucacileyo kombala

Imisinga yobugcisa bale mihla obufana neFauvism, ukupeyinta ibala lombala kunye nokubonakalisa imbonakalo yaba yeyokuqala ukugqabhuza umbala ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ubuchule obutsha

I-Chromolithography yaqulunqwa ngumculi weposta uJules Cheret, umzobo ozenzekelayo wachazwa ngabaculi be-surrealist, ngendlela efanayo neFrottage kunye neDecalcomania. Abapeyinti bezijekulo bacinge ngomzobo wentshukumo. Okwangoku, amagcisa e-pop azisa "amachaphaza e-Benday" kunye nokuprintwa kwesikrini kubugcisa obuhle. Ezinye iintshukumo kunye nezikolo zobugcisa bale mihla eziye zazisa ubuchule obutsha ekwenziweni nasekucaciseni imizobo.

Iintshukumo zobugcisa zanamhlanje

Ukuqala kwepeyinti yesimanje ayinakuthintelwa, kodwa kukho isivumelwano esiqhelekileyo sokuba yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX eFransi. Imizobo kaGustave Courbet, u-Edouard Manet kunye ne-Impressionists ibonisa ukugatywa nzulu kwelifa lemfundo elikhoyo kunye nokukhangela ukubonakaliswa kwendalo kwendalo ebonakalayo.

Abangena ezihlangwini zabo banokubonwa njengabanamhlanje ngakumbi ekuzichaseni izenzo zesithethe kunye nemixholo nasekubonakaliseni umbono wobuqu ongekho ngqiqweni.  Ukuqala ngeminyaka yee-1890s, kwavela uthotho lweentshukumo kunye nezimbo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezingundoqo kubugcisa bexesha langoku kwaye zimele enye yeendawo eziphakamileyo zenkcubeko yokubona yaseNtshona. Ezi ntshukumo zangoku ziquka:

• neo-impressionism
• Uphawu
• UbuFauvism
• Cubism
• Ikamva
• Ukucacisa
• Ukuziphakamisa
• Ulwakhiwo
• ukupeyinta imetaphysical
• UDe Stijl
• Dada
• I-surrealism
• inyani yentlalo
• Ukuchazwa okungabonakaliyo
• Ubugcisa bePop
• op art
• Minimalism
• i-neo-expressionism

Nokuba loluphi uhlobo olukhulu olubonwayo kwezi ntshukumo, uninzi lwazo luphawu lwangoku kuphando lwazo lwezinto ezinokwenzeka kwimizobo ebonisa impendulo yenkolo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zobomi kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX nangaphaya.

Ezi meko ziquka ukukhawulezisa utshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ukukhula kolwazi lwenzululwazi kunye nokuqonda, ukubonakala kokungabinamsebenzi kweminye imithombo esemgangathweni yeenkolelo kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni, kunye nokwandisa ukuqonda kweenkcubeko ezingezizo zaseNtshona.

Ubalo-maxesha kunye nendaleko

Uphuhliso lobugcisa bale mihla kulo lonke umboniso walo (umzobo wangoku kunye nokunye), lwaboniswa kwaye lwavela kwihlabathi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizathu, eziya kuchazwa ngokulandelelana kweziganeko ngezantsi:

1870-1900

Nangona isithathu sokugqibela senkulungwane ye-XNUMX yayilawulwa yindlela entsha yokudweba i-Impressionist, kwakukho imicu emininzi yobuvulindlela yobugcisa banamhlanje kunye nomdwebo wesimanje, nganye inendlela yayo ethile. Ezi ziquka:

• Impressionism (ukuchaneka ekuthatheni iziphumo zokukhanya kwelanga).
• Ukwenyani (umxholo-umxholo).
• Ubugcisa bezemfundo (imifanekiso yokwenyani yesitayela seklasikhi).
• Romanticism (imeko yengqondo).
• I-Symbolism (i-enigmatic iconography).
• Imizobo yepowusta ye-lithographic (i-motifs enesibindi kunye nemibala).

Ishumi leminyaka lokugqibela leli xesha libone uthotho lwemvukelo ngokuchasene nezikolo kunye neesalon zazo ngendlela yentshukumo yeSecession, ngelixa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1890s yabona ukwehla kobugcisa obusekwe kwindalo, njengombono, onokuthi ukhokelele ekunyukeni ngakumbi. ubugcisa obusekwe kumyalezo.

1900-14

Phantse kuyo yonke into, eli yayilelona xesha libalaseleyo lobugcisa bale mihla, xa yonke into yayisenokwenzeka kwaye xa "igajethi" yayisabonwa kuphela njengehlakani lomntu. Amagcisa aseParis avelise inani leendlela ezintsha, ezibandakanya: iFauvism, Cubism, kunye neOrphism. Ngelixa amagcisa aseJamani aphehlelela esabo isikolo sokupeyinta sanamhlanje.

Zonke ezi ntshukumo zinenkqubela zikhaba izimo zengqondo zakwaNtu kubugcisa kwaye zafuna ukukhusela i-ajenda yazo yesimanjemanje. Ngaloo ndlela, i-cubism yayifuna ukubeka phambili iimpawu ezisesikweni zokupeyinta, ngelixa i-futurism ikhetha ukugxininisa okunokwenzeka komatshini, kwaye i-expressionism ikhusela imbono yomntu.

1914-24

Imbubhiso nentshabalalo yeMfazwe Enkulu yaziguqula izinto ngokupheleleyo. Ngomnyaka we-1916, umbutho weDada wasungulwa, uzaliswe ngumnqweno we-nihilistic wokubhukuqa inkqubo yexabiso eyayizise iVerdun kunye neSomme. Ngequbuliso, ubugcisa bokumela babonakala bungamanyala. Akukho mfanekiso wawunokukhuphisana neefoto zabafileyo emfazweni. Amagcisa sele eguqukele kubugcisa obungenanjongo njengendlela yokubonakalisa. Iintshukumo zobugcisa bexesha zibandakanyiwe:

• Cubism (1908-40)
• I-Vortisticism (1914-15)
• I-Suprematism (1913-18)
• Ulwakhiwo (1914-32)
• Stijl (1917-31)
• Neoplasticism (1918-26)
• I-Elementarism (1924-31)
• EBauhaus (1919-33)
• Isikolo samva iSt Ives

Nkqu neentshukumo ezimbalwa ezifuziselayo ngokucacileyo avant-garde, njengoko kubonisiwe kwipeyinti yemetaphysical (1914-20). 

1924-40

Iminyaka yoxolo phakathi kweemfazwe yahlala iphawulwe ziingxaki zezobupolitika nezoqoqosho. Ipeyinti yesimanjemanje kunye nesculpture yahlala ibalasele, njengoko ubugcisa obahlukileyo kwinyani buhlala bungaphandle kwefashoni.

Nditsho nephiko lenyani lentshukumo ye-surrealist, eyona ntshukumo inkulu yelo xesha, ayinakuphatha ngaphezu kwesitayile sokwenyani. Ngeli xesha, eyona nyani imbi kakhulu yayivela kwilizwekazi, ngohlobo lobugcisa bamaNazi kunye ne-Soviet agit-prop. Kuphela i-Art Deco, isitayile soyilo esihle esijolise kuyilo kunye nobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo, sibonakalise nakuphi na ukuzithemba kwikamva.

1940-60

Ihlabathi lobugcisa latshintshwa yintlekele yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukuqala, umbindi wayo womxhuzulane wasuka eParis waya eNew York, apho ubuhlala khona ukusukela ngoko. Phantse onke amaxabiso exesha elizayo erekhodi yehlabathi aya kufumaneka kumagumbi okuthengisa eChristie's naseSotheby's eNew York. Ngeli xesha, into engachazekiyo yase-Auschwitz yayijongele phantsi ixabiso labo bonke ubugcisa bokwenyani ngaphandle kobugcisa bokuBulawa kweNkohlakalo kwabo bachaphazelekayo.

Njengesiphumo sayo yonke le nto, intshukumo enkulu elandelayo yamazwe ngamazwe, i-abstract expressionism, yenziwa ngamagcisa aseMelika eSikolo saseNew York. Ewe, kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo, ukuthambana kuya kulawula, njengoko kuvela iintshukumo ezintsha. Ezi ziquka:

• Ubugcisa obungekho sikweni.
• Ukupeyinta isenzo.
• Ukubonakala kweGestural.
• Ukutshaya
• Umzobo webala lombala.
• ukutsalwa kweengoma.
• Ipeyinti yomphetho onzima
• I-COBRA, iqela elahlulwe ngemifanekiso yabantwana kunye nemigca ecacileyo.

Ngexesha lee-1950s, kwantshula ezinye iintlobo ezibukhali ngakumbi zezitayile, ezinje: ubugcisa bekinetic, i-Nouveau Realism kunye ne-Neo-Dada, zonke ezathi zabonakalisa ukungazinzi okuqhubelekayo ngeshishini elimxinwa lobugcisa.

1960

Ukudubula komculo odumileyo kunye nomabonwakude kwabonakaliswa kwintshukumo yePop-Art, ebonisa imifanekiso yabantu abadumileyo baseHollywood kunye nomfanekiso wenkcubeko odumileyo wabhiyozela impumelelo yokuthengwa kwabantu abaninzi eUnited States. Ikwanayo nemvakalelo entsha, yale mihla, eyathi yanceda ukususa ubumnyama obabuvela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-60 eyayanyaniswa nengxaki yaseCuba ka-1962.

• UGeorge Maciunas
• UJoseph Beuys
• Nam June Paik
• Ingcuka Vostell

Ubugcisa bepop obusezantsi ukuya emhlabeni bukwayindawo eyamkelekileyo yokubonisa ngakumbi i-erudite abstract expressionism, eyayisele iqalile ukuphela. Kodwa ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kwakhona kwavela enye intshukumo yodidi oluphezulu eyaziwa ngokuba yiMinimalism, uhlobo lokupeyinta lwale mihla kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ecociweyo kuzo zonke iimbekiselo zangaphandle okanye izijekulo, ngokungafaniyo nolwimi olunemvakalelo olubi lwentetho engabonakaliyo.

Imodernism kubugcisa begraphic

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, amagcisa ayesiya edinwa ziindlela zobugcisa zemveli kunye nezamagcisa. E-Vienna, iqela labaculi elikhokelwa nguGustav Klimt bazibiza ngokuba yi-Vienna Secession kwaye bazinqumla kumaziko obugcisa bekomkhulu lase-Austrian ngelo xesha.

Iqela liphonononge iindawo ezingachazwanga ngokwemo, ukwakheka, kunye nokubonakalisa, oko kuvusa ulingo olufanayo nakwamanye amazwe akufutshane anje ngeFransi neJamani. Ipeyinti yepeyinti etyebileyo yanamhlanje kunye nokwenyani ziguqulelwa kwimibala ecaba kunye ne-stylistic typography, amabinzana anokuthi avule indlela yobugcisa begraphic.

Ngexesha lokuqalisa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, umzobo wawusele usetyenziselwa urhwebo, ushishino nobuhle. Indima yakhe entsha yayiza kuba yezopolitiko, isetyenziswe kwiipowusta kunye neepropaganda ngexesha lemfazwe.

Inkqubela phambili yoshicilelo lwemibala emininzi yenze ukuba ukuveliswa kwemiyalezo ngokufanelekileyo kuqokelelwe imali, kukhuthazwe ukubhaliswa, nokukhuthaza umoya wokuziphatha. Izidubedube kunye nemiceli mngeni ekujongwe kuyo kuzo zombini iimfazwe zehlabathi ekugqibeleni yaphefumlela igagasi lokuqala lemeko yanamhlanje yokwenyani kuyilo lwegraphic.

EYurophu naseMelika, abayili bemizobo bafumene impembelelo kwiintshukumo zobugcisa ezibanzi ezinje ngeCubism, iFuturism, iDe Stijl, kunye neSurrealism. EJamani, intshukumo ye-Bauhaus nayo yaba nefuthe elibonakalayo kuyilo lwegraphic. Ngemigca engqindilili, imibala ephambili, kunye nesithuba esimhlophe esiphazamisayo, yayimangalisa kwifomathi ye-2-D njengoko injalo kuyilo okanye kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo.

Ekugqibeleni, uyilo lwangoku lwachazwa ngokuchazwa okungabonakaliyo, uhlobo olunesibindi, kunye nemibala ephambili kunye neemilo. Aba baqulunqi bajongana nomsebenzi ngokufanelekileyo, begxininisa ingqiqo phezu kokuvakalisa (kwaye begxininisa inkolelo yesimanje yanamhlanje ukuba ifom ilandela umsebenzi).

Xa amaNazi eqala ukulawula ngeminyaka yee-1930s, iimvavanyo zale mihla kuzo zonke izenzo zagxekwa, kwaye amagcisa amaninzi, abayili bezakhiwo, kunye nabayili bafudukela eUnited States. Nangona uyilo lwangoku lwaphazamiseka ekukhuleni kwalo, luhlala lulolona ntshukumo lunempembelelo kwimbali yoyilo lwegraphic.

Ubucwebe be-Art Nouveau, i-glassware, i-ceramics, ifenitshala kunye nentsimbi ekhandiweyo

Abenzi bobucwebe bexesha langoku baseUnited States ababeqhelisela umsebenzi wabo wezandla ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1930 ukuya kowe-1960 babegxininisa kakhulu ekuchaseni izimbo ezazikho ngaphambili. Ubucwebe be-Victori bachithwa njengezinto zokuhombisa kakhulu, iziqwenga ze-Art Nouveau zabonwa njengezifuna kakhulu, kwaye ubuhle be-Art Deco bubonwa njengobungqongqo ngokugqithisileyo. Aba baqingqi bamatye anqabileyo bavakalelwa kukuba babefana kakhulu nabazobi banamhlanje, abakroli bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo namanye amagcisa aloo mihla.

Injongo yakhe yamabhongo yayikukwenza imisebenzi yobugcisa eyodwa enokuthi isetyenziswe ngabantu. Enye yeentshatsheli zokuqala kunye nabasebenzi befomu yayinguSam Kramer, owathi, njengabaninzi bexesha lakhe, waphila, wasebenza, kwaye wathengisa indalo yakhe kwisiXeko saseNew York kwilali yaseGreenwich. UKramer wayesebenza ikakhulu kwisilivere, kodwa wayenobuchule bokwenza amakhonkco obhedu, amacici, kunye nezikhonkwane kwaye wafumana izinto zobugcisa ezibandakanya amazinyo e-elk, amaqhosha, iifosili kunye neengqekembe zakudala.

Ngamanye amaxesha, uKramer wayesebenzisa amatye anqabileyo anje ngegarnet okanye ii-opals kwi-surreal, ijometri, okanye iziqwenga ze-biomorphic. Enye inkokeli engekho semthethweni yentshukumo yezacholo zanamhlanje yayingummelwane kaKramer u-Art Smith. Ubucwebe bakhe babususela kwiringi ezilula zentamo yesilivere ukuya kwiziqwenga zebhayomorphic ezisekelwe kwimixholo yaseAfrika.

Ngelixa uSmith wayesenza amaqhekeza amancinci anje ngee-cufflinks kunye namacici, uninzi lweyona misebenzi yakhe ibalaseleyo yayimikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukugquma umzimba, ngokungathi ubume bomntu buyimvelaphi yendalo yakhe.

Iibhanti zakhe zobhedu zakudala, ngakumbi "i-jazz" yezandla ezinamanqaku omculo afakwe kwindawo yazo yangaphandle, ziqokeleleka kakhulu. Iibhoomerangs, imigca ethe tye enqumla amagophe, kunye neemilo ze-atom yobudala zibonakalisa umsebenzi ka-Ed Wiener.

Maxa wambi amacici amabini esilivere akhangeleka okweeglasi eziphothiweyo ayehonjiswe ngeperile enye. Ngamanye amaxesha, iagate yamehlo ekati yayibekwa embindini weqhekeza, ngokungathi inika izinto zayo ezingaphiliyo inkangeleko yobuso bomntu.

Omnye uMmi waseGreenwich ohonjiswe kakhulu ubucwebe bexesha lanamhlanje nguPaul Lobel, owayila izikhonkwane zesilivere ezithandekayo nezacholo, kunye neglasi yesilivere, ifenitshala kunye nesidlo sangokuhlwa. Ngaphandle kweNew York kwakukho uBetty Cooke, esebenza kwimowudi yeBauhaus eBaltimore.

Ubucwebe bakhe benziwe ngeemilo zejometri kwaye bubonakaliswe ngombono oqinileyo wolungelelwano, awayeza kuphazamisa ngabom ngokubekwa okubukhali kweeperile, iibhloko ezincinci zomthi, okanye amatye angagqitywanga afana ne-quartz.

Omnye uBauhaus acolyte yayinguMargaret De Patta, umsebenzi wakhe wawubonisa impembelelo enzulu yenkosi yaseBauhaus uLászló Moholy-Nagy, awayefunda nayo. Ngeli xesha, eSan Francisco, uPeter Macchiarini wajonga kwiimaski zaseAfrika kunye neCubism ukuze ikhuthazeke. Ubhedu, ubhedu, nesilivere yayizizixhobo eziqhelekileyo, kunye nee<em>opal, iiagates, nomthi.

EScandinavia ngeminyaka yee-1940 kunye nee-1950s, intshukumo efanayo yayisenzeka. UHenning Koppel kunye noNanna Ditzel babengabayili ababini abaphawulekayo bakaGeorg Jensen, onesilver teardrop kunye nenecklace ye-amoeba edityaniswe nokugqibelela kwe-Danish goldsmithing kunye nomdla kwindalo, nakwiifomu zamandulo.

Kamva, ngoo-XNUMXs eFinland, uBjorn Weckstrom watshata isilivere eyomeleleyo kunye namasuntswana e-acrylic ekhazimlisiweyo ukwenza imisesane, izacholo, kunye neependants zombini zazineminyaka yobudala kunye nendalo. Eminye imimandla ephononongwe ngamagcisa anamhlanje yayiyimveliso yeeseramiki, ifenitshala, iiglasi kunye nesinyithi. Phakathi kwawona magcisa abalaseleyo, oku kulandelayo kunokukhankanywa:

• ULouis Comfort Tiffany (umyili)
• U-Émile Gallé (i-ceramist kunye nomenzi weglasi)
• Antonin Daum (glazier)
• ULluís Masriera (izacholo)
• UCarlo Bugatti (umyili wefenitshala)
• ULouis Majorelle (umyili wefenitshala)
• UGustave Serrurier-Bovy (umyili wefenitshala)
• UJacques Grüber (umhombi kunye nomzobi)
• UJules Brunfaut (umyili wezakhiwo kunye nomhombisi)
• UAuguste Delaherche (i-ceramist)
• UGeorges de Feure (umzobi kunye nomhombisi)

umzobo wanamhlanje

Ixesha lanamhlanje lembali yobugcisa lalingumbukeli omkhulu wokuqhekeka kwemida yemveli, zombini ngokwemiba (imbonakalo yobugcisa) kunye nomxholo (umbandela). Oku kwenzeka kuwo onke amasebe obugcisa, imizobo iphambili. Ewe, abapeyinti babekhokele ukuqamba izinto ezintsha eYurophu ukusukela ekupheleni kwakudala.

Olona tshintsho lubalaseleyo kwifomu yayikukunyuka kwezitayile ezigqwethekileyo zokupeyinta, okukhokelela ekuzalweni kobugcisa obungabonakaliyo. Ngokubhekiselele kumxholo, umzobo wesimanje udla ngokubonisa imiboniso eqhelekileyo, yemihla ngemihla, ngokuchasene nezifundo "eziphakamileyo" zendabuko (ibhayibhile, intsomi, imbali).

Ukuzalwa komzobo wesimanje kudla ngokulandelelwa kwinyani, intshukumo yaseFransi ebonisa imiboniso yobomi bemihla ngemihla ngendlela ebonakalayo ngokwasemzimbeni. Nangona imizobo eyinyani yobomi bemihla ngemihla inokulandwa emva kwiRenaissance Low Country yokupeyintwa, intshukumo yeModern Realism yathatha indlela entsha ngokujolisa kwizinto eziyinyani ezibuhlungu eziquka: intlupheko, ukungabi namakhaya kunye neemeko zokusebenza.

Le ntshukumo yayikhokelwa nguGustave Courbet, owona msebenzi wakhe uphawuleka kakhulu "I-Stone Breakers" kunye ne "Entierro de Ornans". Nangona ukugqwetheka, ingeyiyo into yokwenyani, kuya kuba yeyona ndlela iphambili kwimizobo yale mihla, ubugcisa benyani buqhubekile buchuma ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Ubuninzi bobu bugcisa bufana nentshukumo yaseFransi yantlandlolo, ixhala ngokwentlalo.

Isigaba esilandelayo esikhulu somzobo wesimanje sasiyi-Impressionism, isitayile esikhawulezayo, esinemizobo esithatha imbonakalo yonke yendawo (ngokuchaseneyo neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo). Ngokukodwa, i-Impressionism izama ukubamba iziphumo zokukhanya okomzuzwana, ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa iibrashi ezikufutshane zemibala eqaqambileyo, eyahlukileyo (ephucula ukubengezela kwayo yomibini imibala, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa umphumo oqaqambileyo).

I-Impressionists yayiliqela lokuqala lamagcisa ukupeyinta ngokuyintloko kwindawo, kunokuba uzobe kwindawo kunye nokupeyinta kwi studio. Imvelaphi ye-impressionism ikwimisebenzi ka-Édouard Manet, owapeyinta ngendlela esengqiqweni. Nangona kunjalo, i-Manet ibangele impikiswano ngokubambelela ngokukhululekileyo kuphela kwimbono, inika imvelaphi ngendlela yesicwangciso esilula, kunye nokuthoba umphezulu wezinto kwiindawo ezinombala oqinileyo (kunokulinganisa izinto ezinomthunzi ogudileyo).

Olu tyekelo lwaqala ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kwiLuncheon kwiGrass, eyona mizobo idumileyo yokuqala kaManet. Baye babonakala ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yakhe yamva, kubandakanya: "Ibha e-Folies-Bergére", ihlala ijongwa njengomsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa. Ukongezwa kwesitayile sikaManet kukhokelele kwi-Impressionism, njengoko iinkcukacha ezibukhali kunye nemodeli eyinyani zayekwa ngokuthanda iibrashi ezikhawulezayo kunye nokutshiza kombala oqinileyo.

Oyena mntu waziwa kakhulu nguClaude Monet, owayesebenza ubukhulu becala kwimbonakalo yomhlaba kunye nembonakalo yolwandle. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ibandakanya imizobo emininzi yolwandle ejikeleze idolophu yakowabo iLe Havre, kubandakanya "Impression, Sun Rising." Xa lo msebenzi ugxekwa ngokuthi "umbono nje", igama lesitayela lalikhuselekile.

Ngamanye amaxesha iMonet yayibuyela kwisifundo amaxesha amaninzi, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okanye amaxesha onyaka, ukubamba uluhlu olupheleleyo lweemeko zokukhanyisa. Le ndlela yafikelela kuvuthondaba ngoluhlu oludumileyo lwaManzi lweLily, olubonisa unyango oluninzi lwechibi lenyibiba lamanzi ngaphandle kwendlu apho uMonet wathatha umhlala-phantsi.

I-Impressionism ibandakanya uninzi lwamagama aziwayo kwimizobo. Kunye neMonet, umzobo we-Impressionist landscape wawukhokelwa nguSisley noPissarro. Abapeyinti ababalaseleyo besitayile se-Impressionist babe:

• Renoir
• I-Morisot
• Yegesi.

I-Impressionists, eyathi yafiphalisa kancinane kwaye yayenza lula inyaniso, yalandelwa liqela lamagcisa athatha ukugqwetheka ngakumbi: i-Post-Impressionists, eyafumanisa ukuba iziphumo ezitsha zeemvakalelo zinokwenzeka ukuba iimilo kunye nemibala yenyani yayiguqulwa ibe yinto emangalisayo.

Abanye abaPost-Impressionists basukela ukugqwetheka kwejometri (apho umhlaba ucinezelwe ube ziimilo zejometri, udala imvakalelo yokuqina kunye nolawulo), ngelixa abanye baphonononga ukugqwethwa kolwelo (apho umhlaba utyhutyha ngendlela yolwelo kunye ne-organic). Zombini ezi ntlobo zokugqwetheka (ingakumbi ulwelo) zihlala zibonisa imibala engaqhelekanga.

Oyena vulindlela uphambili wokugqwetheka kwejiyometri yayinguPaul Cézanne, owathi walula ngokulula iimpawu zembonakalo yomboniso waba ziimilo zejometri. Oku kubangele ukubukeka komhlaba (umbandela awuthandayo) kunye nenkangeleko eqinile, ebhloko.

Oyena vulindlela ubalulekileyo wokuphazamiseka kwamanzi nguVincent van Gogh. (Amanye amanani abalulekileyo abandakanya iGauguin, iMunch, kunye neToulouse-Lautrec.) Isitayela sikaVan Gogh simanzi kwaye sinemibala, ngokugxininiswa ngokukodwa kwiphuzi. Ubusuku obuNkwenkwezi inokuba ngowona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo.

Ngelixa uGeorges Seurat ephuhlise uhlobo olwahluke kakhulu lwe-post-impressionism: i-pointllism, apho imiboniso inikezelwa ngamachaphaza amaninzi ombala omnye. Owona msebenzi udumileyo we-pointllist yi "Cawe Afternoon" ebonisa isiqithi saseLa Grande Jatte.

umkrolo wanamhlanje

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wanamhlanje uchazwa ngokwembali njengomfanekiso oqingqiweyo oqala ngomsebenzi ka-Auguste Rodin kwaye uphela ngokufika kobugcisa be-pop kunye nobuncinci kwi-1960. Ingxoxo ka-Alex Potts ka-2001 ye-historyography ye-sculpture yanamhlanje ibanzi ukuze kuqondwe imidiya, ixesha, kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswa ngamagcisa aphambili.

Ngelixa ngoku kubonwa njenge-cliché ukuqala intshukumo yesimanjemanje kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nomsebenzi kaRodin, emsebenzini wakhe umntu uqala ukubona iindlela eziza kuba luphawu lomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wale mihla, njengomdla omtsha kwisiqwenga, ngakumbi umzimba.

Ngokunjalo, unyango olungaphezulu kunye neenkcukacha ezicacileyo zomphezulu, ukuqwalaselwa kwentshukumo, ukudityaniswa komfuziselo wembonakalo yangaphakathi yomzobo kunye nokumelwa kwayo kwangaphandle, okanye oko uConstantin Brancusi akubiza ngokuba "ngundoqo." Kwaye ingqwalasela enkulu yokuthabatha, ukuqhekeka kunye nokungameli kwizinto eziqingqiweyo, oko kukuthi, ukuhamba ngokuqaphela kwi-realism kunye ne-dealism yezemfundo.

Abakroli ngeli xesha baphinde bagxininise kuyilo, ifom, kunye nomthamo ngaphezu kokumelwa kwesifundo esithile. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingasetyenziswanga ngokwesiko kwiingqikelelo eziqingqiweyo zokugqibela kwabonakala ngakumbi, njengokusetyenziswa kwe: impahla, iingubo kunye nezinye izinto ezixubeneyo. Njengoko kubonwa "kwi-ballerina encinci eneminyaka elishumi elinesine" eyenziwe ngu-Edgar Degas phakathi kweminyaka ye-1878-1881, ngoku ikhona kwi-National Gallery, eWashington.

Ukudityaniswa kwezinto zabantu kunye noomatshini kubonwa ngexesha leXesha loMatshini, njengakwimisebenzi ka-Umberto Boccioni kunye noJacques Lipschitz, ukongeza ekugqwetheni kunye nobuthathaka obuvela kwimisebenzi yexesha lemfazwe, njengakwimisebenzi eyenziwe Medardo Rosso kunye no-Alberto Giacometti.

Impembelelo yobugcisa ngaphandle kweNtshona, oko kukuthi, iYurophu, isithethe saba nefuthe kakhulu kubadwebi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane kwaye inokubonwa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaPaul Gauguin kunye noPablo Picasso. Abaculi abafana noNaum Gabo kunye no-Antoine Pevsner baqala ukusebenzisa izinto ezingazange zisetyenziswe kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobugcisa ngexesha elidlulileyo kunye nezinto ezisandul 'ukusungulwa ezifana neeplastiki.

Izinto eziye zasetyenziswa kwixesha elidlulileyo ziye zabaluleke kakhulu kwixesha langoku, ezifana: i-aluminium kunye ne-Isamu Noguchi, umbane wezibane kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nokunyakaza kweemoto nguCamille Claudel, intsimbi nguJulio González, ekhokelwa ngu-Aristide Maillol, intsimbi kunye ne-welded. iintsimbi nguDavid Smith kunye noJulio González, iinkuni nguConstantin Brancusi kwaye bafumana izinto zikaLouise Nevelson.

Nangona kukho imizekelo yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ehambayo eyenziwe ngabadwebi bangaphambili njengale: Antonio Canova kunye noLorenzo Bartolini. Esinokuthi sicinge njengomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wekinetic namhlanje, zombini iingcebiso zokushukuma kumzobo oqingqiweyo kunye neyona mifanekiso ishukumayo iye yavela ngakumbi kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-XNUMX. U-Alexander Calder kunye noLászló Moholy-Nagy baphumeze ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kweteknoloji yokuhamba kwimisebenzi yabo kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane.

Ukuxinana kunye nokusabela phakathi komfanekiso omhle kunye nesithuba esibi esijikeleze umsebenzi wobugcisa kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo, kwaye oku kunokubonwa ngokukodwa kumsebenzi wokuqala kunye "nemizobo yendawo" kaGiacometti, uPicasso noDavid Smith, kunye nakwi. umfanekiso oqingqiweyo nguJean Arp, uHenry Moore kunye noBarbara Hepworth.

Abaculi abakhankanywe ngasentla, kunye nabanye abaninzi, kuquka: u-Alexander Archipenko, uRaymond Duchamp-Villon, uMax Ernst, uHenri Gaudier-Brzeska, uGaston Lachaise, uHenri Laurens kunye no-Aristide Maillol, benza ikhefu elibalulekileyo kunye nomzobo wexesha elidlulileyo, bakhululwa. ukusuka ekuthembeleni kwabo kwi-anatomy kunye nasekukhonzeni kwabo ubugcisa bokwakha, kwaye bathatha i-medium kude naso nasiphi na isizukulwana ukususela kubakroli beRenaissance yokuqala.

Uyilo lwangoku

Uyilo lwangoku lwakhula ekukhatyweni kweemvuselelo, i-classicism, i-eclecticism, kunye nazo zonke izilungiso zeendlela zangaphambili kwiintlobo zezakhiwo zoluntu oluphuhlileyo ekupheleni kwe-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane. Ngaphaya koko, iye yakhula kwiinzame zokudala iifom zoyilo kunye nezimbo ezinokusebenzisa kwaye zibonise ubuchwephesha bokwakha obusanda kufumaneka bentsimbi kunye nentsimbi, ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo, kunye neglasi.

Kude kube nokusasazeka kwe-postmodernism, ulwakhiwo lwangoku lukwabandakanya ukugatywa kwe-honament esetyenzisiweyo kunye neempawu zokuhombisa zezakhiwo zaseNtshona zangaphambili. Undoqo wolwakhiwo lwale mihla ibe lugxininiso olungqongqo kwizakhiwo ezinolungelelwaniso lwesingqi lwabantu kunye neefom ziseka ipateni yejometri ekukhanyeni nangombala.

Olu phuhliso lwalunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo neendidi ezintsha zokwakha ezifunwa luluntu oluhambele phambili kwezoshishino, olufana nezakhiwo zeeofisi ezinolawulo lweshishini okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kunye neentshukumo zoyilo lwangoku:

• Isikolo saseChicago
• ukusebenza kakuhle
• i-deco yobugcisa
• ubugcisa obuhle
• De Stijl, iBauhaus
• Isimbo saMazwe ngaMazwe
• I-Brutalism Entsha
• I-postmodernism

amagcisa anamhlanje

Imbali yobugcisa bale mihla yimbali yawona magcisa abalaseleyo kunye nempumelelo yawo. Abazobi banamhlanje baye benza imigudu yokubonisa iimbono zabo ngehlabathi elibangqongileyo besebenzisa indlela yokubona. Ngelixa abanye bewuqhagamshele umsebenzi wabo kwiintshukumo okanye kwiimbono zangaphambili, eyona njongo iphambili yalo lonke igcisa kule mihla yangoku yayikukuqhubela phambili umsebenzi wabo kwindawo enemvelaphi enyulu.

Amagcisa athile azimisa njengeengcingane ezizimeleyo, etyhutyha ngaphaya koko kwakuquka iindlela ezamkelekileyo “zobugcisa obuphezulu” ngelo xesha, exhaswa ngamaziko emfundo ephakamileyo karhulumente kunye nabaxhasi bodidi oluphezulu kubugcisa obubonakalayo. Aba basunguli bachaza umbandela abaninzi ababewugqala njengento engcolileyo, ephikisanayo, okanye embi kakhulu.

Igcisa lokuqala lanamhlanje ukuma lodwa ngokusisiseko yayinguGustave Courbet, owathi phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-1849 wazama ukuphuhlisa isimbo sakhe esahlukileyo. Oku kwafezwa kakhulu ngomzobo wakhe we-1850-XNUMX, Ukungcwatywa e-Ornans, eyothusa ihlabathi lobugcisa baseFransi ngokubonisa umngcwabo womntu oqhelekileyo ovela kwidolophana elihlwempu.

IAkhademi ibichwayitile kukuboniswa kwabasebenzi basezifama abamdaka bengqonge ingcwaba elivulekileyo, njengoko kuphela iintsomi zamandulo okanye imiboniso yembali yayiyeyona nto ifanelekileyo kulo mzobo mkhulu. I-Courbet ekuqaleni yayingafunwa ngumsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ekugqibeleni waba nefuthe elikhulu kwizizukulwana ezalandelayo zamagcisa anamhlanje. Lo mzekelo jikelele wokugatywa kunye nempembelelo elandelayo iye yaphindwa ngamakhulu amagcisa kwixesha lanamhlanje.

Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lwawona magcisa abalaseleyo ohlobo lwangoku lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa:

• Eugene Atget
• i-hippolyte blancard
• UPaul Cézanne
• USalvador Dalí
• UMax Ernst
• UPaul Gauguin
• UVincent van Gogh
• UHector Guimard
• UWassily Kandinsky
• URaoul Francois Larche
• UJacques-Henri Lartigue
• UFernand Leger
• UHenry Matisse
• UJoan Miro
• Edvard Munch
• UPablo Picasso
• UPiet Mondrian
• UFranz Klein
• UPaul Klee
• Frantisek Kupka
• UPaul Strand
• uCharles Sheeler
• UHenry waseToulouse
• Lautrec
• Oudouard Vuillard

Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga nokupeyinta kwangoku linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye:

• Umfazi waseVermeer's Milkmaid
• Salvador Dali imizobo
• Umzobo wothando