AmaYiputa amandulo ayebiza ilizwe lawo ngokuthi yiTa-Meri, ilizwe elithandekayo. Kwaye babenesizathu sokuthanda ilizwe labo, indalo ekhethekileyo yavumela impucuko enkulu ukuba ivele kwiindonga zeNayile kumaxesha amandulo. I umzobo waseYiputa sisikhumbuzo sale nkcubeko eyashiya uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbali kwaye isaqhubeka inempembelelo nanamhlanje.
umzobo waseYiputa
Ubugcisa bamaYiputa babungaqhelekanga kwaye bucacile; asiboni nto ifanayo phakathi kwabanye abantu. Kwimozulu eyomileyo, imizekelo eyaneleyo yepeyinti yamandulo yaseYiputa iye yasinda kwiindonga zetempile kunye namangcwaba atywiniweyo ukuqonda iimpawu zayo, izithethe kunye nophuhliso ngokuhamba kwexesha. Iindonga ezine-bas-reliefs zasebenza njengesiseko sokupeyinta rhoqo. Iipeyinti zaziqatywa kwiindonga ezityatyekiweyo yaye ukubekwa kwemizobo yaseludongeni kwakuxhomekeke kwimigaqo eyayimiselwa ngababingeleli.
Imigaqo efana nokulungiswa kweemilo zejometri kunye nokucamngca kwendalo kwaqwalaselwa ngokungqongqo, ihlala ihamba kunye ne-hieroglyphs echaza intsingiselo yento emele yona. Kwipeyinti yaseYiputa, zonke izinto zokwakheka zibonakala zicaba kwaye xa kufuneka ukuba zibonise amanani ngokunzulu, amagcisa abeka ngaphezulu komnye nomnye. Imizobo isasazwa ngemicu ethe tyaba eyahlulwe ngemigca apho eyona miboniso ibalulekileyo ihlala isembindini.
Imizobo yaseYiputa yayingaphantsi kwehlelo lonqulo. Engqondweni yamaJiphutha, bonke ubomi yayilulungiselelo nje lokufa kunye nobukho obungunaphakade obulandelayo kubomi basemva kokufa. Imizobo yasengcwabeni yayimele ixelele uthixo wokufa, uAnubis, owayengcwatywe apha aze anike umfi zonke iingenelo zehlabathi labafileyo. Ubugcisa abuzange busukele olunye usukelo, ngoko asifumani mazwe anomtsalane kuwo okanye imifanekiso eshukumayo.
Imizobo yaseYiputa yabantu ikwabandakanya iimpawu ngaphambili nakwiprofayili. Ukugcina umlinganiselo, abaculi bazoba igridi eludongeni. Ezona zindala zinezikwere ezilishumi elinesibhozo (iikubhite ezine), ngoxa ezona zintsha zinezikwere ezingamashumi amabini ananye. Abafazi babezotywe belusu olumthubi okanye olupinki. Ukudala umfanekiso wendoda, i-brown okanye ibomvu emnyama isetyenziswe. Kwakulisiko ukuzoba abantu bekwixesha labo.
Umzobo waseYiputa ubonakaliswa yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-hierarchical view, umzekelo, ukuphakama kwentlalo yomntu obonakalisiweyo, ubukhulu bobukhulu bomfanekiso. Ngoko ke, kwiindawo zokulwa, uFaro uhlala ekhangeleka njengengxilimbela. Imifanekiso yabantu inokwahlulwa ibe yi-archetypes: uFaro, umbhali, umchweli, njl. Imilinganiselo yemigangatho yentlalo esezantsi isoloko inyanisekile kwaye iguquguquka.
AmaYiputa ayesebenzisa ipeyinti eqaqambileyo nehlala ixesha elide eneminerali eyayingafane ixutywe. Umbala wesiseko ngamnye unikwe intsingiselo ethile yomfuziselo, apho kufuneka kuboniswe ngale peyinti kuxhomekeke:
- Mhlophe: Luphawu lokusa, uloyiso kunye novuyo.
- Umnyama: Ufuzisela ukufa kunye nokuzalwa kwakhona emva kokufa.
- Ubomvu: Umbala wawunxulunyaniswa nomhlaba owomileyo ogqatswa lilanga kwaye ubonisa ububi. I-fratricidal god Set kunye nezilwanyana ezinobungozi zazibhalwe ngombala obomvu.
- Mthubi: Omnye wemibala ethandwayo yamaJiphutha. Kwakuthetha ukubonakaliswa kobunaphakade kunye nenyama yobuthixo engenakonakala
- Luhlaza: Umbala wethemba, ukuzalwa ngokutsha kunye nolutsha. Uphawu lothixo ovusiweyo uOsiris.
- Blue: Yayithetha amanzi kunye nesithembiso sobomi obutsha.
Amaxesha obugcisa bamandulo baseYiputa
Elona xesha lakudala apho imizobo eludongeni iye yasinda lixesha le-dynastic, elathatha ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesine ukuya kweyesithathu BC. Emva koko, kwiindonga zomlambo weNayile, i-ome state yokuqala yezolimo yenziwa, phakathi kwayo umzabalazo wamandla wenziwa.
Ubukumkani obudala (inkulungwane yama-XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
Kungelo xesha apho ukwakhiwa kweePiramidi ezinkulu zenzeke. Ngeli xesha, i-bas-relief kunye nomzobo wawungekahlulwa omnye komnye. Zombini ezi ndlela zokuthetha zazisetyenziselwa ukuhombisa amangcwaba oofaro, amalungu endlu yasebukhosini namagosa. Ngexesha loBukhosi obudala kwaqulunqwa indlela yokupeyinta efanayo kulo lonke ilizwe.
Imizobo yaseludongeni yamandulo yahlulahlulwe ngoluhlu olumxinwa lwemibala, ikakhulu emnyama, emdaka, emhlophe, ebomvu, kunye neethowuni eziluhlaza. Umfanekiso wabantu uxhomekeke kuluhlu oluqinileyo lwecanon, xa umxhuzulane umkhulu, inkulu imeko yomntu omelwayo. I-dynamism kunye nenkcazo yimpawu yamanani amele abalinganiswa besibini.
Ikakhulu imiboniso evela kubomi boothixo kunye noofaro babedla ngokuboniswa ngeentloko zezilwanyana, kodwa le mifanekiso yayingenaburhalarhume kwaye isoyikeka, kodwa yayinobungangamsha kwaye ihloniphekile. Imifanekiso eshukumayo emibalabala kunye neyokukhululeka iphinda idale imeko-bume ekufanele ijikeleze umfi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kweliphi na ihlabathi. Umzobo ufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-filigree, zombini kwimifanekiso yabalinganiswa kunye ne-silhouettes ye-hieroglyphs.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaRahotep kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uNofret (ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX BC) ithathwa njengenye yezona zikhumbuzo zibalulekileyo zobukumkani obuDala: umfanekiso oyindoda upeyintwe ngezitena ezibomvu kwaye umfanekiso wesetyhini utyheli. Iinwele zezibalo zimnyama kwaye iimpahla zimhlophe kwaye azikho i-halftones.
Ubukumkani obuphakathi (kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
Ngeli xesha, ukupeyinta udonga lwaseYiputa kwaphuculwa kwaye kwenziwa lula. Imiboniso eboniswayo iye yantsonkotha ngakumbi kwaye iguquka, ibonisa ulwakhiwo kunye nocwangco olwalungekho ngexesha lobuKumkani obudala. Indawo ekhethekileyo ihlaliswe yi-multi-colored painted relief. Imifanekiso entsonkothileyo inokubonwa kumangcwaba emqolomba aguqukayo ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Ingqwalasela engakumbi ihlawulwe ekucingeni kwendalo, kwaye imizobo iyanda ihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso yeentyatyambo.
Ayisiyo kuphela iklasi elawulayo kodwa kunye namaJiphutha aqhelekileyo aboniswayo, umzekelo amafama angabonwa emsebenzini. Ngexesha elifanayo, iimpawu zendalo zomzobo zilandelelana ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nokucaca kwento ebonakalisiweyo. Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into, kumxholo wezinye izikhumbuzo, imizobo yengcwaba le-monarch Khnumhotep II ivelele, apho iindawo zokuzingela kunye nemifanekiso yezilwanyana zimelelwa ngokusebenzisa i-halftones. Imizobo yamangcwaba aseThebes ayithandeki kangako.
UBukumkani Obutsha (kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuya kweye-XNUMX BC)
Eli xesha libalaseleyo kwimizekelo emihle yokudweba kwaseYiputa. Ngeli xesha ukupeyinta, njengenkcubeko ngokubanzi, kufikelela ekukhuleni kwayo okukhulu. Amagcisa anesibindi ekusebenziseni iicanon ezazingaqhawuki ngaphambili kwaye asebenzisa umbala obanzi wegamut kunye neengqimba eziguquguqukayo. Ixesha loBukumkani Obutsha laliphawulwa kukuhla kombala ukuza kuthi ga ngoku okungaziwayo kunye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya.
Ukusebenzisana nabanye abantu baseAsia kuzisa umdla kwimihlobiso kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu leenkcukacha. Umbono wokuhamba uphuculwe. I-Tints ayisasetyenziswa kuluhlu lwe-matte, amagcisa azama ukubonisa i-tonal spillovers egudileyo. Ekubeni eli xesha linxulunyaniswa noloyiso oluyimpumelelo, ngokupeyinta ooFaro babonisa amandla abo kwiidolophu ezisemdeni, ngoko ke kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubonisa iziqendu eziphinda zivelise iziqendu zemfazwe.
Ekubeni eli xesha linxulunyaniswa noloyiso oluyimpumelelo, imiboniso yemfazwe idla ngokuveliswa kwimizobo. Imifanekiso kaFaro ibonakala kwinqwelo yokulwa ethatyathwe kwizizwe ezoyisiweyo. Ingcwaba likaNefertari yiseti egqibeleleyo yoyilo lwaseYiputa kunye nokupeyinta. Okwangoku, lelona ngcwaba lihle kwiNtlambo yaseQueens. Imizobo eseludongeni igubungela indawo eyi-520 m². Kwiindonga unokubona ezinye izahluko zeNcwadi yabafileyo, kunye nendlela yokumkanikazi eya kubomi basemva kokufa.
Kamva, inkcubeko yaseYiputa ngokuthe ngcembe ilahlekelwa yimpawu zayo phantsi kwempembelelo yabanqobi, kuqala amaGrike, kwaye emva koko amaRoma. Ekuqaleni kwexesha elitsha, ubugcisa be-eclectic beFayoum portraiture bakhula eYiputa. Le mifanekiso yayisetyenziselwa ukungcwatywa, kodwa yadalwa ngexesha lobomi, xa umntu wayesegcwele amandla. Okanye abazobi basebenzisa intelekelelo yabo ukupeyinta umfanekiso onjalo. Iifoto zeFayum zibonakaliswa ngumnqweno wokuhambisa iimpawu eziphambili zeqhawe, ukumenza abonakale.
Abemi baseYiputa yaMandulo babekholelwa ukuba wonke umntu emva kokufa uya kufuna umzobo okanye umfanekiso omhle ukuze kufuduke umphefumlo. Ezi mveliso zenziwe ngamanani amakhulu kwaye ezininzi zazo ziye zasinda kuze kube namhlanje.
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