Amagama abo aluphawu lomgangatho kwaye aqhelekile nakwabo bakude nehlabathi lobugcisa. nganye ye Abapeyinti abadumileyo Yayiyinto ekhethekileyo ngexesha layo. Omnye unendima yobuvulindlela, omnye umtsalane ngemfihlelo yakhe, lo omnye wothuswa yinyani eyahlukileyo.
Abapeyinti abadumileyo
Amagcisa ngabantu abanokuthetha esidlangalaleni noluntu ngolwimi lwemifanekiso kunye neefom ezibonakalayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthandwa kwayo kunye nokufaneleka kwayo akubonakali kuxhomekeke kwitalente yodwa. Ngoobani abona bapeyinti badumileyo embalini?
Albrecht Dürer
Umzobi waseJamani u-Albrecht Dürer (Albrecht Dürer) wayengomnye wabokuqala ukusondela kumbono ophakathi waza wakhetha ulwakhiwo lwemifanekiso ecetyiweyo kunye nomfuziselo wemizobo yakhe, enjengoMnyhadala weRosari. Umzobo wakhe udume kwihlabathi. Idyasi yakhe imenyezela kunye nelaphu elikhohlisayo lisamangalisa izigidi zabantu namhlanje.
Ukongeza kwipeyinti, wenza imizobo emininzi kunye ne-watercolors yendalo, efana ne-Young Hare. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwakhe njengegcisa kwimizobo yakhe yamaplanga nemikrolo yobhedu, eyathi yasasazwa njengemizobo yeencwadi kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
UPaul Gauguin
UPaul Gauguin wazalelwa eParis ngo-1848. Ungomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo baseFransi. Ngaphambi kokuba afudukele eFrench Polynesia, apho wahlala khona de kwasekufeni kwakhe, wayengomnye wabapeyinti abakhulu besikolo sasePont-Aven. Isimbo sakhe siphefumlelwe yimpressionism kunye nokwenziwa koshicilelo lwaseJapan, kwaye imizobo yakhe emikhulu ngoku iboniswe kwiimyuziyam ezinkulu ezifana neMusée d'Orsay. Umzobi odumileyo wafela kwiZiqithi zaseMarquesas ngowe-1903.
Michelangelo i-buonarrotti
UMichelangelo, okanye ngokwenene uMichelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, wazalelwa eCaprese ngo-1475 waza wafela eRoma ngo-1564. Ugqalwa njengenxalenye ye-Italian High Renaissance, nangona wenza eli xesha. Umzobi waziwa ngakumbi ngemisebenzi yakhe yenkolo, ngakumbi, ewe, ngokupeyinta kwakhe kwisilingi yeSistine Chapel. Emva koko, ubuchule kunye nesimbo sakhe sithathwa kwakhona, ngaloo ndlela kukhokelela ekuqaleni kwesimilo.
Ngexesha le-Renaissance, endaweni yesigwebo esingunaphakade, ubuhle bendalo beza ngaphambili. UMiguel Ángel Buonarroti, owaziwa ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, naye wazinikezela kuyo. Wadibanisa ulwazi lwe-anatomical kunye nothando lokugqibelela.
UPope ngokwakhe ugunyazise umzobo omkhulu wesilingi wokudalwa kwehlabathi kwiSistine Chapel eRoma. Mhlawumbi eyona motif idumileyo ehlabathini yiNdalo ka-Adam, apho uAdam waziswa ebomini ngokuchukunyiswa kweminwe kaThixo.
U-Michelangelo naye wakwazi ukwenza okufanayo njengomkroli, ekwazi ukuzisa iibhloko zebhastile ezinzima ebomini. NjengoDavide oselula okhangeleka ekhaliphile, onika isigebenga uGoliyati ibunzi lakhe eligoso. Njengombangi kaLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo wayegqalwa njengendoda yeRenaissance ngezakhono zakhe zokuzoba, ukupeyinta, kunye nemibongo. Impembelelo negalelo lakhe kuphuhliso lobugcisa baseNtshona ayinakulinganiswa nanto kude kube ngoku.
U-Edouard Manet
Umzobo wakhe owaziwayo othi "Breakfast on the Grass" uyaziwa kwihlabathi jikelele namhlanje. Utata kaEdouard Manet wayefuna ukuba afundele ubugqwetha, kodwa uManet wala waza waqalisa ukufunda ukupeyinta noThomas Couture. Ubeka umgangatho kwintshukumo ye-Impressionist, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into nge-motifs akhetha ukuyipeyinta: i-portraits, i-landscapes, i-lifes okanye ubomi baseParis.
Nangona wayengqongwe ziinkcuba-buchopho (ezinje ngo-Émile Zola okanye uCharles Baudelaire), abantu bexesha lakhe bamgxeka ixesha elide. Indlela yakhe yokuyila, njengoko ifanele indlela yomzobi wokwenyani, yayingeyona ilula kakhulu: imizobo yakhe yabangela impikiswano kunye namahlazo, ngeminyaka yoo-1860 waboniswa kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiHolo yeOutcast. Yayingumboniso ongomnye wamagcisa awayengamkelwanga kwiSalon esemthethweni eParis.
Yayinjalo ke isiphelo somsebenzi wakhe othi Olympia, owabothusa uluntu. Babhala ukuba i-protagonist ye-canvas ibheka umbukeli ngokuchasa okunjalo kwaye ibambe isandla sakhe sobunxele njengokungathi unesikhwama kule sandla, kwaye umfazi ngokwakhe akakhathali ukuba bacinga ntoni ngaye. Lo mfanekiso wawugqalwa usicaba kakhulu yaye icebo lawo lalikrwada. Ngubani owayenokucinga ukuba emva kweminyaka elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu le canvas iya kuba yenye yezona zibalaseleyo emhlabeni.
UMichelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio
Umzobi webarocco waseItali uCaravaggio ngokungathandabuzekiyo ungomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo ngalo lonke ixesha. Imisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa, efana nobizo lukaMateyu oNgcwele, ibonakaliswa kukukhanya okuqinileyo/ukwahluka kobumnyama kwaye ihlala inemifanekiso yezenkolo okanye imizekeliso, kwangaxeshanye ikhohlakele kakhulu: ukusuka ekubethweni kukaKristu ukuya kuJudith, owathi wanqunqa intloko kaHolofernes. .
Wafumana abangeneli abaninzi, abanjengomzobi onobuchule obulinganayo kodwa owaziwa kakhulu uArtemisia Lomi Gentileschi. Wahlukana nesithethe sabaculi beRenaissance ababekhokelwa ngumbono omhle. Imodeli yakhe yayingengoomolokazana, kodwa abaqhankqalazi kunye namanxila aneenyawo ezimdaka. Esi simbo sitsha sasivuselela inkanuko yesini yaye sasixatyiswa kakhulu.
Amagcisa amaninzi aphefumlelwe nguye (njengoko kukhankanyiwe, ngokunjalo noRembrandt), ngoko ke isitayile sakhe esinegama lakhe siphuma kuye: iCaravaggism. Imizobo yakhe, ngamanye amaxesha iyinyani, iye yabumba abantu bexesha lakhe kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo.
UPaul Cézanne
UPaul Cézanne (1839-1906) waziwa ngabaninzi njengoyise wepeyinti yanamhlanje, nangona waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba yibhanki. Ekugqibeleni, eParis, italente yakhe njengomzobi ifika phambili kwaye ifuna indawo yakhe kwihlabathi lobugcisa. UPaul Cézanne waziwa kakhulu ngemizobo yakhe yomhlaba yaseAix-en-Provence, apho wachitha khona ubuntwana bakhe.
Imvelaphi yaseAix-en-Provence, uPaul Cézanne ugqame njengomnye wawona magcisa abalaseleyo ale mihla. Ubugcisa bakhe benza ikhonkco phakathi kwezitayile zemveli zenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye nezitayile ze-avant-garde zenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ukuba yinxalenye yentshukumo ye-post-impressionist, waphuhlisa isimbo sakhe kwaye waphembelela, ukongeza kumagcisa amaninzi anamhlanje, uphuhliso lweentshukumo zamva.
Indlela yakhe yokubonakalisa imifanekiso isekelwe kwindlela eyakhayo ebandakanya ukudibanisa iindiza zezinto zokwenza isethi yokugcwala okukhulu. Ingcamango yakhe yayiza kuthathwa kamva nguPicasso noBraque. UCézanne ngokwakhe waphefumlelwa ngabazobi be-French Impressionist, efaka isicelo sokujonga izinto njengeseti yeemilo. Ubambelela kokubini kwimbono ebonwayo yomsebenzi wakhe kunye nombandela oxutyushwayo.
Ngokupeyinta umxholo ofanayo amaxesha amaninzi (ama-apile, iiorenji, iintaba) umzobi ulawula ukugqibelela ubuchule bakhe. Funda ifuthe lokukhanya kunye nembono, ujonge indlela ahluke ngayo amabakala ezinto. Ezi ziveliswa kwakhona ngemibala yemibala ebonisa amacandelo ejometri yezinto.
Ngokuqhawula ifom ngokusebenzisa umdlalo wokukhupha, umdwebi uzama ukubamba utshintsho olufumana amava ngokumalunga nokucwangciswa kwabo kwindawo. Izimvo zikaCézanne eziguquguqukayo ngendlela yokuphatha umxholo kunye nomlamli oligcisa ziya kuba nefuthe kwii-expressionists, ii-cubists kunye nekamva.
UDiego Velazquez
ILas Meninas ngomnye wemifanekiso edumileyo kwimbali yobugcisa kunye nomsebenzi wobugcisa kaVelázquez. U-Diego Velázquez wapeyinta intombi kaPhilip IV kunye neentombi zakhe kwaye wazifihla kumda womzobo njengomzobi wenkundla kwintsapho yasebukhosini yaseSpain. Wazisa uPope kwaye wade wanika isidima kwinkundla.
Nakumdlalo wakhe othi The Surrender of Breda, ubonakalise isakhono sozakuzo. Esikhundleni soloyiso lwemikhosi yaseSpain phezu kweNetherlands, ibonisa ukunikezelwa kobuhlobo kwezitshixo zesixeko. Kwiingoma zakhe kuyenzeka nokuba umva wehashe wolulelwe kulowo ubukeleyo, ngokungathi ngumntu owazibonela ngawakhe loo ndawo.
Oku kunokubonwa ngobuhle ngakumbi kumfanekiso wevili elijikelezayo kumzobo wakhe othi The Fable of Arachne, owaziwa ngcono njenge The Spinners.
auguste renoir
UAuguste Renoir (1841-1919), ogama lakhe elipheleleyo lalinguPierre-Auguste Renoir, ngumzobi oye wanconywa ngemisebenzi yakhe ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ekuqaleni, inokwabelwa intshukumo ye-Impressionist, kodwa wasuka kuyo kwaye wayipeyinta ngakumbi nangakumbi imifanekiso eyinyani.
Ubunqunu, imizobo, imbonakalo yomhlaba okanye ubomi obusaphilayo: URenoir ngumzobi ophumeleleyo noguquguqukayo ongazivumeli ukuba aphumle. Kwanakwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, xa wayenesifo samathambo esiqatha yaye engasakwazi nokushukuma amalungu amaninzi omzimba wakhe, waqhubeka epeyinta ngokubophelela iibrashi zakhe ezihlahleni zakhe.
Igcisa laseFrentshi laziwa kakhulu ngemifanekiso yakhe yobufazi kunye nenkolo yakhe yobuhle. Omnye weyona misebenzi yakhe idumileyo nguMdaniso eMoulin de la Galette (1876), ethi, ngokwefashoni ye-Impressionist, ibambe eyona nto iphambili yepati evulelekileyo ngobusuku beCawa yaseParis, apho abahlali basezixekweni banokusela, badanise, bancokole kwaye bancokole. yonwaba.
Imisebenzi yakhe yamva ithanda imixholo yemveli, umfanekiso, okanye izafobe. Ngaphandle kolu tshintsho, uRenoir uhlala ethembekile kumelo lwabahamba ze. Indlela yakhe enomdla kakhulu kwi-femininity iphefumlelwe nguRubens. Ukuphela komsebenzi wakhe kuya kuphawulwa ngokuveliswa ngokufanelekileyo kweenqunu zabasetyhini. Utshintsho lomxholo luphendula kutshintsho lwesimbo.
UJan Vermeer
Ngenkulungwane ye-2003, oko kwakubizwa ngokuba yiGolden Age, urhwebo lobugcisa lwahambela phambili kumantla eNetherlands. Abazobi abafana noRembrandt, uVan Delft, noJan Vermeer (uJohannes Vermeer) baba ngabazobi bemifanekiso abadumileyo. Lo mva wakwazi ukumangalisa ababukeli bakhe kunye nentombazana yakhe ngecici leperile. Ngo-XNUMX, imuvi esekelwe kumfanekiso wakhe ongaqondakaliyo yade yakhululwa.
Imifanekiso efana namanene namanenekazi asela iwayini okanye i-alkore exoxwe kakhulu yokupeyinta inokubonwa namhlanje njengobungqina bembali malunga nempahla kunye nehlabathi labantu. Akunjalo nje ngokukhanya kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo, kodwa ngaphezu kwayo yonke into malunga neso ngeenkcukacha kunye nokugxila kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla. Iziganeko zembali kwafuneka zabelane ngomfanekiso nabantu abaqhelekileyo, abachwephesha, abakhonzazana, nabanxilayo.
UJan Vermeer wayengomnye umzobi waseDatshi okhethekileyo ekuboniseni ubunzulu bezindlu ezikumgangatho ophantsi kunye nobomi bodidi oluphakathi. Nangona wayengaqatshelwanga ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, umsebenzi wakhe wafunyanwa kwakhona ngowe-1860. Kamva, eminye yemizobo yakhe yayingachanekanga yachatshazelwa ngamanye amagcisa, kodwa umbhali wokwenyaniso wakhawuleza wachongwa ngenxa yomsebenzi onzima wabaphandi bezobugcisa nababhali-mbali.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imisebenzi engamashumi amathathu anesine eyaziwayo, eyeyebrashi kaVermeer. Eyona idumileyo kwimizobo yakhe "Intombazana enecici lePearl" (1665). Umzobo ukhanga ukuqaphela kunye nokuxhalaba kwentombazana egqoke iimpahla ezingaqhelekanga, kunye necici elikhulu elikhanyayo, elidla ngokubhekwa njengeperile.
UHenry Matisse
UHenri Matisse wazalelwa kumazantsi eFransi ngowe-1869. Eneneni, wayefanele ukuba athabathele kwifama yabazali bakhe, kodwa uMatisse wagqiba kwelokuba afundele ubugqwetha eParis. Ngowe-1889 wasebenza ixesha elifutshane njengegqwetha yaye kwangaxeshanye wathabatha iiklasi zokuzoba kwakusasa e-École Quentin de la Cour.
Ngo-1890 waqalisa ngenene ukupeyinta kwaye wayefuna ukulungiselela uviwo lokungena e-École des Beaux-Arts, kodwa akazange aluphumelele. UMatisse uchithe ihlobo le-1905 kunye no-André Derain kwaye kunye baphuhlisa isitayile esitsha esiya kuhla kwimbali yobugcisa njengeFauvism.
Frida Kahlo
Abasetyhini ababesebenza njengamagcisa ubukhulu becala ngamanani akwiincwadi zakudala. Omnye owenze indlela yakhe kwi-domain yamadoda nguFrida Kahlo. Ummi waseMexico waziwa ngemifanekiso yakhe ecacileyo nemibalabala.
Imifanekiso yakhe ithetha ngentshiseko nangeemvakalelo malunga neentlungu kunye namandla. Wenza amava akhe abuhlungu kwimizobo yakhe, ingozi yebhasi enzima ( El pilar roto ), ukungahambi kakuhle kwakhe kunye nobuhlungu bentliziyo ( Las dos Fridas ) kunye nomyeni wakhe u-Diego Rivera.
Ababhinqileyo bayawabhiyozela ngokubonisa amava abo obufazi. Kwilizwe lakhe lemvelaphi, ungumfanekiso ozise inkcubeko yendawo eYurophu. Apho wafumana ukuthandwa okukhulu phakathi kweqela le-surrealist elijikeleze uAndré Breton. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe edumileyo yi-Self-Portrait eneNecklace yeMeva kunye ne-Hummingbird (1940). Ziphawuleka kakhulu njengomzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwakhe ngokukhululekileyo kwesimboli. Ikhola enespike nengcungcu engaphiliyo isenokuba zazifanekisela intlungu yakhe engaphakathi.
Edvard Munch
U-Edvard Munch wazalelwa eLoten, e-Hedmark, eNorway ngo-1863 waza wasweleka e-Oslo ngo-1944. Ungomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo bale mihla kwaye uthathwa njengovulindlela kwindlela yokubonisa ukupeyinta kwixesha lobugcisa bale mihla. Uyaziwa ngemixholo yakhe yengqondo kunye neenuances, eziphenjelelwe kakhulu sisimboli senkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nefuthe kakhulu kwi-German Expressionism ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Umculi u-Edvard Munch waziwa ngaphandle kwehlabathi lobugcisa ngokuyinhloko ngomzobo wakhe othi "The Scream." Nangona kunjalo, luchungechunge lwemifanekiso eyahlukeneyo ebonisa i-motif efanayo. I-Scream (1893-1910) ineenguqu ezine ezihlukeneyo kwiinguqulelo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: ioli kunye ne-pastel.
Umzobo ubuhlungu ngokumangalisayo kwaye ukrwada, kodwa nangona kunjalo unencasa ngombala, kwaye uboniswe kubuso obungafihli neemvakalelo ezibuhlungu ngokuchasene nemvelaphi eorenji eqaqambileyo. wabona wamothusa.
Indlela yokubuyela kaMunch yadlula kwindawo yokuxhela kunye nesibhedlele sabagula ngengqondo, apho udade womculi wayehlala khona. Abantu ababephila ngelo xesha babhala ukuba ukuncwina kwezigulana kunye nokukhala kwezilwanyana ezifileyo kwakunganyamezeleki. I-Scream kukholelwa ukuba iye yaba luhlobo lwesiprofeto senkulungwane yama-XNUMX yobugcisa, obuzaliswe ziintshukumisa zobulolo, ukuphelelwa lithemba, kunye namaphupha amabi akhoyo.
Umfanekiso okanye i-motif ethi "The Scream" ngu-Edvard Munch yathathwa kaninzi, umzekelo kwakhona kuqikelelwa ukuba imaski yochungechunge lwefilimu eyaziwayo "Scream". Ngenxa yoko, kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo zokuthengisa mhlawumbi ezaziwa ngcono namhlanje kunegcisa uqobo.
Claude Monet
URenoir, uDegas, uCezanne, uManet, uPissarro kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yonke iMonet baphakathi kwabapeyinti abadumileyo kwihlabathi. Isitayile sobugcisa seMonet sinika igama layo kwintshukumo entsha yobugcisa yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Impressionism". Imihlaba yendalo, umbala kunye nembonakalo yokukhanya yayisoloko iphambili kwimisebenzi yakhe. Oku kube nefuthe kwisitayile sokupeyinta esingangxamiyo kunye nesicelo sepeyinti esichukumisayo.
UClaude Monet, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngomnye wabaseki be-Impressionism, wayengumzobi ongumFrentshi kwaye wayengomnye woovulindlela abakrelekrele nabanobuchule bombutho weFrench Impressionist. Enyanisweni, kwaigama elithi “impressionism” lamkelwa emva kokuba ebonise incwadi ethi Impression, ukuphuma kwelanga.
I-Monet ithathwa njengommeli obalaseleyo we-Impressionism. Wazinikela kule ndlela kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, apho abalinganiswa abaphambili belula kunye nombala, imigca iyanyamalala kwaye izithunzi zinokuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-Rouen Cathedral yakhe ibonisa indlela into eguquka ngayo ukuba uyijonga kwimitha yelanga. I-cathedral iyangcangcazela, ihlala kwimitha.
UMonet wazama kakhulu ngemivumbo ukuhambisa hayi kakhulu ubume njengembonakalo yayo kwaye kwakule nto awayibonayo inyaniso.Umsebenzi wakhe odumileyo yiLes nymphéas (Iinyibiba Zamanzi) uthotho lwemizobo engamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu. ezimela umyezo kwindlu yegcisa laseFransi eGiverny, eFransi. Olu ngcelele lwaba lukhokelo oluphambili lomsebenzi wegcisa kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokugqibela yobomi bakhe.
Ungabona kuphela imifanekiso emininzi, efana neenyibiba zamanzi ezidumileyo, isidlo sakusasa elizweni okanye umbono weRouen Cathedral ukude, xa umbala ngamnye ukhomba kwiliso lakho kumfanekiso. Wazalelwa eParis ngo-1840 waza wafa eGiverny ngo-1926.
URené Magritte
URené Magritte wayengumzobi waseBelgian surrealist owaziwayo ngokusebenzisa izinto zasekhaya ukuhambisa imbono yakhe entle yehlabathi lemihla ngemihla. Kwakhona wayesaziwa ngokudala imisebenzi eyenza umbukeli acinge, ebakhuthaza ukuba bahlukane neengcinga eziqikelelweyo zobunyani.
Omnye weencwadi zakhe ezidumileyo obambelela kulo mgaqo uthi, Ubuqhophololo beMifanekiso (928-1929), obungumbhobho wokutshaya onombhalo othi “Ceci n’est pas une pipe” (Lo asingombhobho). Kwaye ayingombhobho ngenene ngenxa yokuba ingumfanekiso wayo. Obu buchule kunye nesimbo sokutshintsha into esiyaziyo ukuba yinyani yayiqhelekile kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe kunye neembono.
UEdgar Degas
U-Edgar Degas (1834-1917) ekuqaleni wafunda umthetho ngomnqweno kayise, kodwa kamva wabuyela kuthando lwakhe olukhulu: ukupeyinta. Akazange afunde ukupeyinta kwikhosi yokupeyinta kwisikolo sobugcisa, kodwa ngokukopa imisebenzi emikhulu yaseLouvre.
Njengomgaqo jikelele, ibalwa njengenxalenye ye-Impressionist art movement, kodwa olu luhlu luhlala luphikisana. Ayilandeli zonke iimpawu zolu lwangoku, kodwa ivumela inkululeko ethile ye-avant-garde. Umzobi uyaziwa ngokukodwa ngemifanekiso yakhe kunye nemiboniso yomdaniso.
UPablo Picasso
"Akuyena wonke umntu onokupeyinta njengePicasso" yintetho eyaziwayo. Umzobi, owazalelwa eSpain, waya eParis esengumfana kwaye wahlakulela ukuthanda iFauvism ngobudlelwane bakhe noMatisse. Oku kuthetha ukurhoxiswa kweemilo kunye nemibala ecocekileyo neyomeleleyo. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala onjalo, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon udume kwihlabathi namhlanje. Ekuqaleni, kwanabahlobo bakhe babengayiqondi intsingiselo enzulu yalo.
Umzobi waseSpain waphila ubomi bokudala, kamva waba ngomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo benkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Akazange apeyinte imifanekiso kuphela, kodwa wayengumkroli, imbongi, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga. Kwaye konke oku phezu kwenkitha yeminye imisebenzi.
Le nkosi idumileyo yabasetyhini ayizange idume ngokutshintsha rhoqo i-muses, kodwa kunye nokutshintsha rhoqo kwiindlela zobugcisa. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, wadala imisebenzi emininzi "kwisitayela saseAfrika", xa endaweni yobuso wapeyinta iimaski zezizwe ezingaqhelekanga, emva koko kwakukho i-cubism, kunye ne-abstractionism kunye ne-surrealism.
Incopho yomsebenzi wakhe inokubizwa ngokuba yiGuernica, ezinikele kwisixeko esitshatyalaliswe yimfazwe, isimboli sokubandezeleka kunye nebarbarism. YayinguPicasso oweza nombono wokudibanisa ubuso obupheleleyo kunye neprofayili kwimifanekiso, ukwahlula izinto zibe ngamanani alula, ukuzihlanganisa kunye neemilo ezimangalisayo.
Wayitshintsha yonke imimandla yobugcisa, eyiphucula ngeengcamango zenguquko.” NjengoCézanne, waqalisa ukusebenzisa umbala njengecubism, kuquka nakwimizobo yakhe ebangel’ umdla yemfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpeyin eGuernica.
Ngo-1970, lo msebenzi wasetyenziselwa uqhanqalazo oluchasene neMfazwe yaseVietnam kwaye, njengehobe likaPicasso loxolo, awayeliyilele iNkongolo yoXolo lweHlabathi eParis ngo-1949, yashiya umfanekiso kanaphakade. Umzobi owaziwayo wayedume kwihlabathi ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, nangona kunjalo akazange afumane ukuqatshelwa emva kokufa kwakhe.
UAnders Zorn
UAnders Zorn ngumzobi waseSweden kunye nomzobi ozalelwe eMora. Wafunda kwiRoyal Swedish Academy of Arts eStockholm, eSweden, ukususela ngowe-1875 ukusa kowe-1880. Ngowe-1880, uAnders Zorn watyhila umfanekiso wenkwenkwe eyayisentlungwini ebudeni bomboniso, owaqalisa umsebenzi wakhe waza wakhokelela kwiikomishini ezininzi. Uqhubekile wayonwabela impumelelo kumazwe ngamazwe kwaye waba ngomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo bexesha lakhe.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, impumelelo ka-Anders Zorn yakhuphisana naleyo yawona magcisa adumileyo exesha lakhe, kuquka noJohn Singer Sargent. Phakathi kwemizekelo yakhe kukho oomongameli abathathu base-US: uGrover Cleveland, uWilliam Taft (umfanekiso oseWhite House namhlanje), kwaye ekugqibeleni uTheodore Roosevelt kwifomu yokushicilela. UAnders Zorn ukwadume ngemizobo yakhe ehamba ze kunye nemifanekiso ecacileyo yamanzi.
Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo inokubonwa kwimyuziyam yeSizwe (iMyuziyam yeSizwe yoBugcisa obuLungileyo) eStockholm. Phakathi kwazo yiDanza de San Juan (1897), umdlalo odlalwa ngabadanisi ngorhatya lombhiyozo wasemaphandleni woSuku lukaYohane lukaYohane. Yiyo loo nto ephakathi kwabazobi abadumileyo baseMelika.
URembrandt van Rijn
URembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606 – 1669) ligcisa laseDatshi lexesha leBaroque. Umsebenzi wakhe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX wehla ngexesha leGolden Age kuMazwe Asezantsi. Wabumba ihlabathi lobugcisa ngokukodwa ngoluhlu lwakhe lokuzibonakalisa. Wakhuthazwa ngokukodwa ngumzobo okhanyayo kunye nomnyama weCaravaggio, onika umzobo wakhe umahluko okhethekileyo. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwakhe, uthathwa ngokubanzi njengegcisa elikhulu lokubonwayo kwimbali yobugcisa.
Ukuguquguquka kwakhe kwamvumela ukuba apeyinte yonke into ukusuka kwimihlaba kunye nemifanekiso ukuya kwiziganeko zembali kunye nemiboniso yeBhayibhile. Omnye weyona misebenzi yakhe idumileyo, iThe Night Watch (1642), ngoku ikwiMyuziyam kaRhulumente eAmsterdam. Umzobo uneempawu ezikhethekileyo ezenza ukuba zivelele: ubukhulu bayo, umdlalo wokunyakaza oqhelekileyo kuthi kwi-portrait yomkhosi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kokukhanya kunye nesithunzi, apho umdwebi odumileyo wayenobuchule obukhethekileyo.
U-Rembrandt wabonisa ihlabathi njengoko linjalo, ngaphandle kokuhonjiswa okanye ivanishi, kodwa wayenza ngengqondo kakhulu. Kwiiseyile zikaRembrandt kukho urhatya apho kuphuma khona amanani akhanyiselwe kukukhanya kwegolide. Intle kwindalo yayo, njengoko kunokubonwa kubalinganiswa kumfanekiso wakhe othi "Umtshakazi ongumYuda".
Ikamva lomzobi omkhulu waseDatshi lifana ne-springboard: ukusuka ekusithekeni ukuya kubutyebi kunye nokuthandwa, kuphela ukuwa nokufa kubuhlwempu. Abantu bexesha lakhe abazange bamqonde; U-Rembrandt wayemele iimvakalelo zomntu kunye namava, okwakungekho imfashini, nangona kunjalo namhlanje ungomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo kwihlabathi.
ULeonardo da Vinci
Xa uLeonardo Da Vinci ebizwa, umntu ucinga ngokuthe ngqo ngeMona Lisa. Namhlanje mhlawumbi ngowona mfanekiso udumileyo ehlabathini. Inenekazi elinoncumo olungaqondakaliyo, elichongwe njengoLisa del Giocondo (umfazi kaGiocondo), lixhokonxa iingxoxo eziphindaphindiweyo kwaye likhuthaze ukucinga kwabenzi befilimu.
Ngezifundo zakhe ze-anatomical kunye nemizobo yetekhnoloji yezixhobo, wade wakwazi ukukhuthaza eyona ndoda yayinamandla ngexesha lakhe, uDuke Ludovico Sforza waseMilan, kwaye wamoyisa njengomphathi. Imizobo efana neNtombi Enyulu yaMatye okanye iNenekazi eline-Ermine ibonisa ukuthanda kwakhe ukujonga ngononophelo kwabasetyhini kunye nokuphatha kwakhe ngobuchule umbala.
Kuphela ngeSidlo sangokuhlwa sokuGqibela kufuneka ukuba apeyinte kudaka olumanzi. Imibala yemizobo eseludongeni yayiza kuba mbatshileyo emva kokumiswa, kodwa izinze ngakumbi. Oko kuthethiweyo, bubungqina obumangalisayo bokusebenzisa kwakhe ngobuchule imbono esembindini.
ULeonardo da Vinci wayengumzobi, umkroli, ingcali yezibalo, kunye nomqambi oye wabandakanyeka kuphando lwezakhiwo, isayensi, umculo, ubunjineli, i-astronomy, i-geology, kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto wafumana igama elithi "Renaissance Man", ekubeni wayenolwazi phantse kuzo zonke iindawo ezikhoyo ngelo xesha.
Ngombulelo kwimizobo yakhe, umzobo wehlabathi ufikelele kwinqanaba elitsha lomgangatho. Wafudukela kwinyani, ukuqonda imithetho yembono kunye nokuqonda ukwakheka kwe-anatomical yomntu. Wayemele imilinganiselo efanelekileyo kumzobo othi "Vitruvian Man". Namhlanje igqalwa njengobugcisa bobugcisa kunye nomsebenzi wenzululwazi. Ungomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo beRenaissance.
USandro Botticelli
USandro Di Mariano Filipepi, okanye obizwa ngokuba nguBotticelli, wayengumzobi waseTaliyane owazalwa ngowe-1445 waza wafa ngowe-1510. UBotticelli wayeyipeyinti yegolide kodwa kamva wafunda ukupeyinta kwizitudiyo zamagcisa ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseItali.
Ngowe-1481 wagunyaziswa nguPopu Sixtus IV ukuba ahombise iSistine Chapel. Ekunye noCosimo Rosselli, uDomenico Ghirlandaio kunye noPerugino, uBotticelli emva koko wayibumba imbali yomzobo wase-Italiya. Imisebenzi yakhe isaxatyiswa ngamawaka abatyeleli suku ngalunye.
UJoaquin Sorolla kunye noBastida
UJoaquín Sorolla y Bastida ngumzobi waseSpain, owazalelwa eValencia, ophume phandle kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba yelizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, ngakumbi unxweme, ukukhanya kwakhe kunye nobukho bomntu budlala indima ebalulekileyo. Uhambo oluya eParis ngo-1894 lwamsondeza kumzobo we-Impressionist kwaye kwazisa uguquko kwisitayile sakhe.
Kweyona ndlela iqhelekileyo ye-Sorolla, uyilo lobuchwephesha emva koko lunombono, kwaye luphawulwa bubukho bomzobo womntu, abantwana, abafazi abanxibe iimpahla, ngokuchasene nolwandle okanye imvelaphi yembonakalo yomhlaba, apho imbonakalo, izithunzi, izinto ezingafihliyo, ubunzulu bokukhanya. ukukhanya kunye nombala womfanekiso udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni izifundo. UJoaquín Sorolla ligcisa elikhutheleyo, elipeyinte imifanekiso emininzi yabantu baseSpain.
Isimbo sakhe esimnandi nesilula simvumela ukuba afumane izicelo ezingapheliyo, ngoko uyonwabela indawo etofotofo ekuhlaleni. Udumo lwakhe lwawela imida yaseSpain lwaza lwasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseUnited States, apho wabonisa khona izihlandlo eziliqela.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, uSorolla wamkelwa njengomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo kwihlabathi laseNtshona, efumana iimbasa zegolide ezininzi kwimiboniso emikhulu yehlabathi. Uninzi lomsebenzi wakhe uboniswa kwiMyuziyam yaseSorolla eMadrid apho umboniso unikezelwa kuye.
Andy Warhol
UAndy Warhol wayeligcisa elibonakalayo laseMelika elaziwa kakhulu ngesitayile sakhe esibizwa ngokuba yiPop Art. Kwimisebenzi yakhe, waphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kweshishini lefilimu elinomtsalane, intengiso, inkcubeko edumileyo, kunye nembonakalo yobugcisa. UWarhol usentloko yabapeyinti abadumileyo kwinkcubeko yobuninzi.
Owona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo yiCampbell's Soup Cans (1962), equlathe iziqwenga ezingama-32, ngalinye liziisentimitha ezingama-51 ukuphakama kunye neesentimitha ezingama-41 ububanzi. Inqaku ngalinye linokuthathwa njengomfanekiso owahlukileyo. Iziqwenga ezizimeleyo zenziwa kusetyenziswa ushicilelo lwescreen semi-automatic, olube negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lobugcisa bepop kunye nokudibana kwenkcubeko edumileyo enobugcisa obubonakalayo njengoko sisazi namhlanje.
UAndy Warhol wenze inkitha yemisebenzi kwaye wayengomnye wabarhwebi abaphambili benkcubeko ngeminyaka yoo-50. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-consciousness mass, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuhlala engumbhali we-canvases enezinto eziphinda zenziwe kwakhona: kwenye imeko, into enjalo yayiyitoti yesuphu ye-tomato enkonkxiweyo, kwaye kwelinye, isimboli sesondo seminyaka engama-XNUMX kunye uphawu lwexesha lokwabelana ngesondo laseHollywood, uMarilyn Monroe.
UVincent van Gogh
UVincent Van Gogh ngomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo abadumileyo, nto leyo emangalisayo, njengoko isimbo sakhe sokupeyinta esichazayo kunye neemvakalelo sifumana umdla omncinci ngexesha lakhe. Iibrushstrokes ezikrwada zePost-Impressionist kunye nokusetyenziswa kwepeyinti ye-impasto, kunye nokukhetha kwakhe okuhlala kumibalabala kodwa okulumkileyo kwemibala, kuphinda kuxatyiswe kakhulu namhlanje kwaye kurhwetywa ngazo kwezona zindlu zefandesi zibiza kakhulu.
Ukhetho lwakhe lwemizobo lwalungathandeki, ifanitshala, iintyatyambo, imbonakalo yomhlaba, kunye nentaphane yemifanekiso yakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ikakhulu kumbulelo kwintengiso yabathandi bezobugcisa baseMelika ukuba athande uthotho lwakhe lukajongilanga olutyheli, umbono wakhe weCafe Terrace Night, The Starry Night kunye negumbi lakhe lokulala ezifumaneka kwiipowusta, amakhadi eposi kunye neepowusta. .
Nokuba ngumfanekiso wakhe ocacileyo okanye imfihlakalo yendlebe yakhe enqunyulweyo kunye nokufa okuxelwe ukuba kube ngumphumela wokuzama ukuzibulala okuxoxwe kakhulu, igama lakhe liphezulu kuluhlu lwabazobi abadumileyo ngalo lonke ixesha.
Ekuqaleni, imizobo kaVan Gogh yayinzima. Kuzo, wayebonakalisa uvelwano olungenasiphelo ngamahlwempu. Kwaye umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wobugcisa yayingumsebenzi onjalo: "Abadli bePotato." Kuyo sibona abantu abadiniweyo ngumsebenzi onzima nongenamali. Kangangokuba badinwe bafana neetapile. UVan Gogh wayengekho ngokoqobo kwaye wayebaxa iimpawu zabantu ukuhambisa eyona nto.
Kodwa ababukeli bayamthanda uVan Gogh ngokukhanya kwakhe kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo. Imizobo yakhe yaba nemibala emva kokuba edibene ne-Impressionists, ukususela ngoko, uye wapeyinta iintyatyambo ezininzi, amasimi asehlotyeni kunye nemithi ehlumayo.
Akukho mntu ngaphambi kokuba uVan Gogh abonise iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo zakhe ngoncedo lombala, kodwa emva kwakhe - abaninzi. Ngapha koko, ungumphembeleli ophambili wazo zonke ii-expressionists. Iyamangalisa nokuba umfundisi-ntsapho, osentlungwini yokudakumba, nto leyo eya kumkhokelela ekubeni azibulale kule minyaka idlulileyo, apeyinte umsebenzi ochwayitisayo onje ngoojongilanga.
Ubusuku beNkwenkwezi (1889) ngomnye wemisebenzi yakhe edumileyo, ipeyintiwe ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe kwisibhedlele sabagula ngengqondo eFransi. Ibonisa ifestile yedolophu yasentsomini, apho kuphuma ilanga elimthubi eliqaqambileyo.
Lo ngomnye wemizobo eyaziwayo kungekhona kwihlabathi lobugcisa kuphela, kodwa kwihlabathi liphela. Kodwa udumo lokwenyani lweza kumzobi emva kokufa kwakhe, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1890. Ngoku umsebenzi wakhe uthathwa njengenye yezona zinto zixabisa kakhulu emhlabeni kwaye uphakathi kwabapeyinti abadumileyo.
UJheronimus van Aken – Hieronymus Bosch
Elinye lamagcisa aphambili kwiRenaissance kuMntla Yurophu nguJheronimus van Aken, owaziwa ngeSpanish njengoEl Bosco. Ubume bomzobo wakhe ngokuqinisekileyo buyabonakala, nangona kukho kuphela ishumi elinesibini lemizobo eseleyo. Wayeligcisa leRenaissance lokwenyani, linamacala amaninzi kwaye lizele ziisimboli kunye nentelekelelo.
Imizobo yakhe yayithetha kakhulu kubantu ababephila ngexesha likaBosch kunabantu benkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kuba wayesebenzisa kakhulu imizobo yebhayibhile neyamaxesha aphakathi.
Ngokomzekelo, kumsebenzi odumileyo we-Hieronymus Bosch, i-triptych "Igadi yolonwabo lwasemhlabeni," iqulethe iinkcukacha ezininzi: ichaza izono ezisixhenxe ezibulalayo, eziveliswa izihlandlo ezininzi, ichaza ngokubanzi malunga neentuthumbo ezingenasiphelo ezilindele aboni. icala Elilungile). Apha inkosi yazimisela ukoyikisa umlimi kunye nonqulo lwalo xesha ngemibono ecinezelayo eyayilindele emva kokufa.
Ngasekhohlo ifestile ibonisa ukuwa kuka-Adam noEva. Isiqingatha somntu, isiqingatha se-mutant, iintaka ezinkulu kunye neentlanzi, izityalo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili kunye nenkitha yaboni ehamba ze. Konke oku kuxutywe kwaye kudityaniswe kwimixholo yamanani amaninzi. I-capriciousness yamanani, inani elikhulu leenkcukacha ezincinci kunye nokucinga okuthe ngqo komzobi kushiya ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba ngubani umbhali we-canvas. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo omnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo ngalo lonke ixesha.
Alikho elinye igcisa elisebenzisa iinkcukacha ezininzi kangaka ukubonisa izimvo. Ziziphi iingcamango? Akukho mvisiswano kulo mba. Banikezela iidissertation kunye neencwadi ku-El Bosco, bakhangela ukutolikwa kwabalinganiswa bakhe, kodwa abazange bafikelele kwisigqibo.
Kodwa uBosch wavela kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Kwaye ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, imisebenzi emikhulu, emininzi yatshintshwa yindlela esondele kakhulu kubalinganiswa. Ngoko ke azingeni kakuhle kwifreyimu. Oku kuphawuleka kuKristu enomnqamlezo emqolo. Nokuba ngaba uBosch ubajonga abalinganiswa bakhe ekude okanye ekufutshane, umyalezo wakhe uyafana. Ubonisa ubungendawo babantu yaye ngokububonakalisa uzama ukusinceda sisindise imiphefumlo yethu.
UPaul Rubens
Umzobi waseFlemish uPieter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) ngomnye wabapeyinti abakhulu bexesha lakhe. Ekubeni abaninzi abapeyinti bafuna ukumsebenzela, uRubens wayenesinye sezona studio zokupeyinta ezinkulu ngexesha lakhe. Wapeyinta imizobo emininzi kunye nemizobo yezenkolo efana ne "Descent from the Cross" kwaye waphefumlela abanye abapeyinti kwihlabathi liphela. Uthathwa njengenkosi yomzobo weFlemish Baroque kwaye ufanelekile phakathi kwabapeyinti abadumileyo baseNetherlands.
Raphael Sanzio
Ummeli odumileyo wexesha le-Renaissance uyamangalisa ngeengoma ezihambelanayo kunye neengoma. Ukupenda abantu abakhangayo akunzima njengokubeka ngokuchanekileyo kwi-canvas. Kulapho uRafael wayeyi-virtuoso. Mhlawumbi akakho omnye umfundisi-ntsapho ehlabathini owaphembelela oogxa bakhe njengoRaphael.
Isitayile sakho sokupeyinta siya kusetyenziswa ngokungapheliyo. Abalinganiswa bakhe babhadula ukusuka kwinkulungwane ukuya kwenye kwaye baya kulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwabo kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ngexesha le-modernism kunye ne-avant-gardeemring uRaphael Sanzio, siqala sicinga ngeeMadonnas zakhe ezintle.
Ngethuba lobomi bakhe obufutshane (iminyaka engama-38), wenza imizobo engamashumi amabini ngomfanekiso wakhe, oku akuzange kube yinto eqhelekileyo. Eyona idumileyo yiSistine Madonna (Madonna di San Sisto). Asiyiboni intombi eyomileyo ye-iconographic, kodwa umama onobubele, ogcwele isidima kunye nokucoceka ngokomoya. Iingelosi ezinobuqhophololo zingumfanekiso othembekileyo wokuzenza ngokuzenzekelayo okomntwana, zizele ngumtsalane.
Umsebenzi obiza kakhulu kaRaphael Sanzio wawungowona mzobo umangalisayo "iNtloko yoMpostile omncinci." Yathengiswa eSotheby ngezigidi ezingamashumi amane anesibhozo zeedola. Umzobi waseTaliyane, oxatyiswa ngabantu bexesha lakhe ngenxa yokuthamba nokuba nendalo, unexabiso elixabisekileyo namhlanje yaye ungomnye wabapeyinti abaxatyiswa kakhulu.
UFrancisco de Goya
UFrancisco de Goya (1746-1828) ngumculi omkhulu waseSpain wexesha leRococo kwaye kwangaxeshanye omnye woovulindlela kwibala lokupeyinta kwangoku eYurophu. Kuyaziwa ukuba uGoya wapeyinta iSpain njengoko yayinjalo ngexesha lakhe, njengobungqina bokwenyani bexesha langoku. Imixholo yakhe ayithandayo yimiboniso ebalulekileyo yemfazwe kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni, kunye nemifanekiso yobomi bemihla ngemihla eSpain.
UGoya waqala umsebenzi wakhe ngentshiseko yobutsha kunye neminqweno. Wada waba ngumzobi kwinkundla yaseSpain. Kodwa kungekudala wadikwa bobo bomi, ebona ukunyoluka kwehlabathi, ubudenge, uburharha. Jonga nje iqela lakhe uMfanekiso wosapho lwasebukhosini, apho uGoya engazange azame nokuthambisa iintetho ezingenanto kunye nekratshi elinyanyekayo losapho lwasebukhosini.
UGoya udale iiseyile ezininzi ezibonisa isikhundla sakhe soluntu kunye nobuntu. Kwaye ihlabathi liyamazi ngaphezu kwayo yonke into njengegcisa elinesibindi, umthandi wenyaniso. Ubungqina buyinto nje engakholelekiyo "iSaturn edla unyana wakhe". Oku kukutolika okunegazi elibandayo kunye nokunyaniseka ngokugqithisileyo kweyelenqe lentsomi. Yiloo nto i-Kronos ephambeneyo ifanele ibonakale, ngubani oyikayo ukuba oonyana bakhe baya kumbhukuqa.
UGiotto di Bondone
UGiotto di Bondone, uthathwa njengenye yeenkosi zokuqala ngaphambi kweRenaissance, wayeyitalente yehlabathi jikelele: umzobi, umyili wezakhiwo kunye nomkroli. Umfundi waseCimabue kunye nomhlobo kaDante, othandwa nguMichelangelo, uGiotto wanceda ekuguquleni umfanekiso wonqulo ngokusuka kwisithethe saseByzantine. Ukudibanisa ukubuyela kwi-Antiquity, ingqiqo yendalo kwaye ifunyenwe ukususela ekupheleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi, ubugcisa bakhe bujoliswe ngokusisiseko kumntu.
UGiotto kuthiwa ungumbhali weefrescoes ezidumileyo kwiCawe ePhezulu yaseAssisi ezinikele kubomi bukaSanta Francis, nangona kungekho xwebhu lokungqina oko. Ikwakwimvelaphi yenye yezona mpumelelo zintle zeTrecento: iScrovegni Chapel ePadua.
Umzobo kaGiotto ufuzisela uloyiso lwefresco, ubuchule obushiye umva kwimosaic. Umzobo odityaniswe kakhulu kunye nozinzileyo wesitayela saseByzantine ubalasele. UGiotto wenza izinto ezintsha ngokumela abalinganiswa ngobunyani, kungekhona kwinqanaba le-anatomical kodwa kwinqanaba leemvakalelo. Umbono wakhe wobuthixo awuyontsomi okanye ungaphaya kwendalo njengalowo kaFra Angelico, kodwa ujikela emntwini kunye nokulula kobomi basemhlabeni.
IGustave Courbet
UGustave Courbet wayengumzobi wokwenyani waseFransi. Ngexesha lomsebenzi wakhe, umzobi wazama ukumela ihlabathi lexesha lakhe kunye nabantu bexesha lakhe kwaye wada waya kufikelela ekuphuleni i-taboos kunye nokothusa abantu.
Ngokomzekelo, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe othi "Imvelaphi yehlabathi", ebonisa i-genitalia yabasetyhini kwaye ngoku iboniswe kwi-Musée d'Orsay. Waqhawula ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi yothando waza waguqula ihlabathi lobugcisa, lihlala lihlala phantsi. ukusukela kwiqela elikhethiweyo labapeyinti abadumileyo.
USalvador Dalí
USalvador Dalí (okanye uSalvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech), owaziwayo ngendlela yakhe yokupeyinta ingqondo, wazalwa ngo-1904 waza wafa ngo-1989. Umzobi omkhulu waseSpain walukuhla ihlabathi lobugcisa ngexesha elifutshane waza waba ngummeli we-surreal yangoku. . Imizobo yakhe ibonisa awona maphupha ahlukeneyo, ngalinye libhideke ngakumbi kunomnye. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo uDalí ngomnye wabona bapeyinti badumileyo benkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
UDalí waziwa kakhulu ngobuhle bakhe obungaqhelekanga. Ubugcisa bakhe yayikukongezwa kwakhe, kodwa ngenxa yokuthetha kwakhe kweSpanish kunye nothando lokuhoya, wayebhiyozelwa ngokulinganayo ngenxa yokuziphatha kwakhe okungaqhelekanga. Owona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo nguThe Persistence of Memory (1931).
Enye yeenkcazo zomfanekiso yindlela ixesha eliqala ngayo ukunyibilika, ngokukhawuleza ukuba umntu alale. Xa ebuzwa ukuba yintoni kanye kanye eyaphefumlela uSalvador Dalí ukuba apeyinte lo mzobo, waphendula ukuba imilo yewotshi enyibilikayo iphefumlelwe yiCamembert cheese inyibilika elangeni.
Ivan Aivazovsky
U-Aivazovsky ubekwe ngokufanelekileyo phakathi kwabapeyinti abadumileyo behlabathi. I-"Ninth Wave" yakhe ibetha kwisikali sayo. Ubukhulu beziqalelo, ukungabi nathemba. Ngaba iqaqobana labasindi kwisiphango liya kukwazi ukusaba? Ilanga lasekuseni kunye nemitha yalo efudumeleyo libonakala linika ithemba elifihlakeleyo.U-Aivazovsky unokubizwa ngokuba ngumdwebi obaluleke kakhulu waselwandle kulo lonke ixesha.
Akukho mntu upeyinte ubume bento yaselwandle ngendlela eyahlukileyo, akukho mntu ubonise iimfazwe ezininzi zaselwandle kunye nokuphuka kwenqanawa. Ngelo xesha, u-Aivazovsky wayengumdwebi wefilimu, echaza ngokucokisekileyo izixhobo zenqanawa. Kwaye iphupha elincinci, ngokwenene, ngenjongo, i-Ninth Wave ipeyintwe ngokungalunganga: elwandle oluvulekileyo, i-wave ayifuni ukugoba njenge-apron. Kodwa ngenxa yedrama eyongeziweyo, u-Aivazovsky wampenda ngolu hlobo.
IHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec
UHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec, owazalwa kumazantsi eFransi ngowe-1864 waza wafa ngowe-1901 eneminyaka engama-36 kuphela ubudala, ligcisa elibalaseleyo elabumba ubomi eParis ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Umzobi kunye nomzobi uhlala kwindawo edumileyo yaseParis yaseMontmartre, isithili sobugcisa sekomkhulu laseFransi ngokugqwesa. Ubomi bemihla ngemihla eParis sesinye sezona motifs zakhe zidumileyo, nokuba yicabaret yaseParis okanye imiboniso yesithili esikhanyayo ejikeleze iMoulin Rouge.
UMarc Chagall
UMarc Chagall wazalelwa eBelarus ngo-1887 phantsi kwegama elithi Moïche Zakharovich Shagalov, kodwa wafumana ubumi baseFransi ngo-1937. Wafa ngowe-1985. Namhlanje, uMarc Chagall uyinxalenye yemiboniso emininzi yabapeyinti abakhulu benkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
UPaul Klee
Umzobi odumileyo uPaul Ernst Klee wazalelwa kwidolophu yaseBern ngowe-1879 waza wafa ngowe-1940 kummandla othetha isiTaliyane eSwitzerland, eTicino. Uyise wayengumJamani kunye nonina waseSwitzerland. Umzobi kunye nomzobi akazange abe nemveliso ephezulu kuphela ngeentsuku zakhe zokudala, kodwa wahluke kakhulu kubugcisa bakhe kunye nokupeyinta.
Ngoko imisebenzi yakhe inokuthi inikezelwe kwiintshukumo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa: i-expressionism, i-constructivism, i-cubism, i-primitivism kunye ne-surrealism. Ngendlela, uPaul Klee wayengumhlobo kaWassily Kandinsky kwaye njengaye, uKlee wafundisa eBauhaus e-Weimar ukusuka kwi-1921 kwaye kamva eDessau. Emva kokuba amaNazi ethabathe ulawulo, wagxothwa waza wabuyela eBern.
UWassily Kandinsky
Phakathi kwabadwebi abadumileyo kufuneka kukhankanywe nguWassily Kandinsky. Wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1866 waza wasweleka e-Neuilly-sur-Seine France ngo-1944. Ekunye nabanye abapeyinti abadumileyo abafana noPaul Klee noFranz Marc wayeyinxalenye yeqela lamagcisa elithi "Blauer Reiter", kwaye bade baliseka kunye. kunye noFranz Marc, njenge-counter-movement okanye i-derivative ye-Neue Künstlervereinigung München, (i-New Munich Artists Association).
Isimbo sakhe, ke ngoko, sinokwabelwa kwi-expressionism. Wayekwangomnye woovulindlela bobugcisa obungabonakaliyo kunye nabanye abapeyinti abadumileyo. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, wasebenza njengomfundisi-ntsapho e-Bauhaus e-Weimar nase-Dessau, apho yena no-Paul Klee babengomnye wabahlali beZindlu zooTitshala base-Bauhaus. Emva kokuba iNational Socialists ivale iBauhaus (1933), uKandinsky wafudukela eFransi nomfazi wakhe.
U-Eugène Delacroix
Umzobi ongumFrentshi uEugène Delacroix wabona ukukhanya ngo-1798 waza wafa ngowe-1863. Waphembelela ngakumbi uthando lwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, urhulumente waseFransi wayalela umzobi ukuba enze imizobo emininzi, kodwa wanikwa imisebenzi yoyilo kunye nokuhombisa. Umzobo wakhe othi "Inkululeko Ikhokelela Abantu" ngowona udumileyo kwimbali yesiFrentshi kwaye ngoku unokunconywa eLouvre eParis.
Jackson Pollock
UJackson Pollock wayengumzobi waseMelika kunye nenkokeli ye-abstract impressionism. Uphakathi kwabazobi abadumileyo ngobuchule bakhe obungaqhelekanga bokupeyinta idriphu, apho ipeyinti igalelwa okanye ithontsizwe kwiseyile. UPollock wayesaziwa ngokuba likhoboka lotywala, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwingozi yemoto eyathatha ubomi bakhe ngo-1956.
Omnye weyona mizobo yakhe idumileyo, inombolo 5, 1948, yenye yemizobo ebiza kakhulu kwihlabathi. UJackson Pollock ubonise ulawulo olukhulu kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwentsimbi ngendlela yakhe ephithizelayo. Umzobo ngoku uyaziwa kangcono ngegama elithi "Nest's Nest", ngenxa yemibala engwevu, emdaka, etyheli, emhlophe, edibeneyo omnye komnye.
Gustav Klimt
Wayengumzobi we-Symbolist wase-Austrian owaziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe we-eroticism, imizobo eyahlukeneyo, imizobo, kunye nobomi. Ukongeza ekuboniseni umzimba wabasetyhini, uKlimt uphinde wapeyinta imihlaba kunye nemiboniso, ngokuyinxenye ephenjelelwa bubugcisa baseJapan.
Omnye weyona misebenzi yakhe idumileyo nguThe Kiss, omnye wemisebenzi emikhulu yexesha lakhe legolide. Eli xesha lomsebenzi wakhe laphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kwakhe okumangalisayo kweetoni zegolide kweyona mizobo yakhe imangalisayo, ehlala esebenzisa igqabi legolide lokwenyani.
UKazimir Malevich
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba igcisa elidumileyo laseRashiya lingabizwa ngokuba nguKazimir Malevich. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isikolo saseRussia sokupeyinta sanika ubugcisa bamagama amaninzi (Repin, Aivazovsky, Vereshchagin kunye nabanye abaninzi) kwinkumbulo yombukeli omkhulu, kwasala umntu omnye owayengumakhi wepeyinti yakudala kunomlandeli wezithethe zakhe. omnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo bendlela yakhe.
UKazimir Malevich wayengumseki we-Suprematism, oku kuthetha ukuba, ngandlela-thile, uyise wabo bonke ubugcisa beli xesha. Umsebenzi wakhe othi Black Square waboniswa ngo-1915 waza waba yinkqubo. Kodwa uMalevich akakho phakathi kwabapeyinti abadumileyo kungekuphela ngenxa yeBlack Square: wasebenza njengomyili wemveliso kwimidlalo eyoyikisayo kaMeyerhold, ekhokela isitudiyo sobugcisa eVitebsk, apho omnye umzobi omkhulu, uMarc Chagall, waqala ukusebenza.
UJean-François Millet
Umsebenzi womzobi waseFransi uJean-François Millet yinxalenye yentshukumo yenyani. Imizobo yakhe kunye neeseyile zibonisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla, uninzi lwemiboniso yasemaphandleni evela kuMntla Yurophu. Imvelaphi yakhe yobuhlwempu imenza ukuba abonise ubukho basemaphandleni njengendlela yokuphila yehlabathi kunye nokuphucula uluntu. Ibonisa abalimi baseFransi besasaza ubuhandiba bangaphakathi.
Imizobo yakhe, ethathwa ngokungalunganga njengesikhundla sezopolitiko esixhasa abantu, ibonakalisa kuphela amava akhe obuqu kunye nokunamathela kwakhe kwilizwe lasemaphandleni Umdla womzobi kubantu abaqhelekileyo uya kuthakazelisa amagcisa afana noPissarro, uMonet noVan Gogh.
Isimbo sakhe, ngakumbi i-palette yakhe ekhanyayo, umgca wakhe onamandla, kunye nokuthanda kwakhe ii-pastels, kunempembelelo enkulu kwi-Impressionism. UJean-François Millet wayehlala ehlwempuzekile kwaye wayephila ngokupeyinta imifanekiso. Unyana wakhe kunye nomzukulwana wakhe ngabayili bendawo.
UJohn imvumi sargent
UJohn Singer Sargent wazimisa njengomnye wabapeyinti abakhulu baseMelika bexesha lakhe, owaziwa ngokuba ngumzobi onesiphiwo somhlaba kunye nomzobi omkhulu wamanzi. USargent wazalelwa eFlorence, eItali, kubazali baseMelika kwaye wafunda eItali naseJamani, emva koko eParis, phantsi kwempembelelo ye-portraitist u-Emile Auguste Carolus-Duran, impembelelo yakhe iya kuba sisiseko. Usondele kubaculi abakhulu bexesha elinjengoClaude Monet okanye uPaul Helleu.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, uJohn Singer Sargent wayengumzobi we-portrait wabalawuli kunye nodidi oluphezulu eYurophu nase-United States of America. Imizobo yakhe, yokwenyani ekhohlisayo, ibuyisela umfanekiso woluntu. Iifoto ezimele kakhulu zikaSargent zibonisa ubunye kunye nobuntu bezifundo zakhe. Isimbo sakhe siphawulwa kukufana kokugqwesa okothusayo nabathile abamgxekayo.
Ngo-1907 wabhengeza ukuba uya kuyeka ukuthatha imifanekiso aze agxile kumhlaba kunye nemiboniso yobomi basemkhosini ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Ngexesha lomsebenzi wakhe wenza malunga namakhulu alithoba amaseyile kunye nemibala yamanzi engaphezu kwamawaka amabini, kunye nemizobo engenakubalwa kunye nemizobo.
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