Ngeposi ilandelayo uya kuba nako ukwazi kancinci malunga nembali, iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwezinye ze Abapeyinti beRenaissance owayenempembelelo ngelo xesha, kwaneyona misebenzi yakhe yayiyimifuziselo.
Abapeyinti beRenaissance
Kwinqaku lethu namhlanje siza kube sisazi abanye abapeyinti beRenaissance babalaseleyo nabanempembelelo ngelo xesha, ukongeza ekufundeni ngembali kunye neempawu zeli xesha lohlaziyo lwenkcubeko oluphawule uphawu lwalo kwaye lwashiya igalelo elibalulekileyo kwihlabathi leenkcubeko. ubugcisa.
I-Renaissance ithathwa njengexesha lokuhlaziywa kwenkcubeko, ubugcisa, uncwadi kunye nesayensi, okwenzeka phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine kunye neshumi elinesihlanu kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Ukuvela kwale ntshukumo kwakungabangelwa sisiganeko esithile, nangona inkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu neyeshumi elinesithandathu yabona iziganeko ezinkulu, ezinjengokuwa kweConstantinople, ukoyiswa komzantsi-mpuma weYurophu ngamaTurkey kunye nokufunyanwa kwehlabathi elitsha.
Kunokuthiwa i-Renaissance isekelwe ekuphuhlisweni kweengcamango zendalo kunye nezesayensi, imvelaphi yazo inokubonwa kwasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX kwaye iqhubeke phantsi kwe-Gothic naturalism.
Ngokuqinisekileyo akukho siqalo sicacileyo seRenaissance, nangona kunjalo abaphengululi abaninzi bayavuma ukuba eli xesha laqala ukusebenza ukususela ngelo xesha abantu baqala ukuqaphela ukuba abasaphili kwiminyaka ephakathi.
Umdla wakhe wahlukile kwaye uzazi ngakumbi yena kunye nokusebenza kwakhe kwezentlalo nenkcubeko. Ngokuchasene noko kwenzekayo kubantu ababephila kumaXesha Aphakathi ababengacacanga malunga nobukho babo ngexesha elahlukileyo kwixesha lamandulo lamandulo.
Ixesha elidlulileyo lalibabandakanya kwi-BC kunye ne-AD: ixesha "lomthetho" elihambelana netestamente endala kunye nexesha elithi "ubabalo" eliye lihambelana nexesha emva kokufika kukaYesu Kristu.
Ukubaluleka kweRenaissance kwiinkalo ezininzi zoluntu akunakuthandabuza. Yayilixesha eliphawulwa ikakhulu ngokufunyanwa kunye notshintsho. Ngeli xesha utshintsho olukhulu lwenzeka: inkqubo yeCopernican yatshintshwa yiPtolemaic kwi-Astronomy, i-feudalism yawa, urhwebo lwanda kunye nephepha, ukushicilela, ikhampasi yaselwandle kunye nerhuluwa.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwakunombulelo kumatshini wokushicilela ukuba ezinye iintetho ezifana nobugcisa zinokusasazwa ngempumelelo ngexesha le-Renaissance, ngaloo ndlela kunceda ukuvela kwale ntshukumo yenkcubeko entsha.
“Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, umdla omkhulu kwindalo yomntu kunye nokuhlaziywa kwesidima somntu, uvumela uxolelwaniso lomntu noThixo ngaphandle kweentshukumo zobutshaba, uhlaselo okanye usukuzwano. Lixesha eliphawulwa yi-syncretism yalo, eqiniswa nomdla wokuqala: umntu ”.
Izixhobo
Ukuze udibanise izinto zobugcisa kunye nokupeyinta kwi-Renaissance, kubalulekile ukuqalisa ukugqamisa ezinye zeempawu eziphambili ezaziyinxalenye yeli xesha:
Ukuqwalaselwa kwehlabathi kunye nokumelwa kweenkcukacha zalo, imigaqo emithathu yemathematika: ibhalansi, intsebenziswano kunye nombono. Uluhlu olukhulu kakhulu lwemifanekiso enokwenzeka ebonelelwa bubuchule obutsha bokupeyinta ioyile, ukudityaniswa kobugcisa, ukumelwa kobuze, umzobo kunye nokutyikitywa kwemisebenzi.
Kwakukho ngexesha le-Renaissance xa nganye yeenkcukacha ezincinci ezibandakanyekayo ekubunjweni komzobo zaqala ukuqwalaselwa ngokubaluleka okukhulu. Ngaloo minyaka, zonke ezo nkcukacha zaqala ukubaluleka kwaye zigxininiswa ukuze zenziwe zaziwe ngokwazo okanye njengenxalenye yesimboli esipheleleyo.
Umzobo wawunotshintsho olubalulekileyo ngaphambi nangemva kwexesha leRenaissance. Kwiminyaka engaphambi kweRenaissance, enye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zokupeyinta yayiyi tempera yokupeyinta, eyayibandakanya ngokusisiseko ukusebenzisa umbala oxutywe neqanda lomthubi, ukuvelisa umxube ocolekileyo, onganyangekiyo, ongadibaniyo kakhulu kwaye womiswe ngokukhawuleza.
Kukholelwa ukuba omnye wabantu bokuqala ukukhuthaza indlela yokupeyinta i-oyile yayinguJan Van Eyck, nangona kunjalo kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukupeyinta kwe-oyile kwakusele kudumile ukususela kwi-Middle Ages, ngakumbi kwimigangatho yamatye okanye yesinyithi. Umzobo kwiseyile wawuqaqambileyo, wawusetyenzwa ngendlela egqibeleleyo yiFlemish.
"Umxube ofunyenwe kwibala lemibala kwindawo ephakathi kwe-viscous uvumela umxube odibeneyo kunye namathuba amakhulu ee-shades, iifilimu eziguquguqukayo kunye ne-velvety shades engaziwayo kude kube ngoko, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa iziphumo ezithathu."
Ngeli xesha, imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yobuchule yenziwa ekuphatheni iimpahla kunye neengubo ezingenakwenzeka kwizigaba zangaphambili. Igcisa likwanikwe ithuba lokuphuhlisa ubuchule ngaphandle kwemiqobo yokulungiswa kunye nokucokisa. Ngokunjalo, ubunzulu obukwiatmosfera yembonakalo-mhlaba bufikelelwa ngokuchaneka okukhulu.
IRenaissance yaphawula imbalasane engazange ibonwe kwimbali yobugcisa behlabathi. Kwakulixesha kanye ngeli xesha apho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ezifana nokupeyinta, izakhiwo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo zadityaniswa okokuqala. Inani elikhulu lamagcisa akwazile ukuphuhlisa izakhono zawo ngokugqibeleleyo kwisebe ngalinye lala magcisa.
Kuze kube ngoko, ukumelwa komzimba womntu kwakusenziwa njengengcamango yesono, nangona kunjalo ukususela ekufikeni kweRenaissance, yafumana ukuqonda okutsha, de yaba yinto ephawulekayo yokubonakaliswa komzobi. Iicontours, intshukumo, amandla, iimilo, umthamo kunye nazo zonke ezo mpawu zivumela ukumelwa okuguquguqukayo kunye nendalo kuyafundwa.
Ngale ndlela, kuhloswe ukubuyisela kumntu ukubaluleka kwayo okusemthethweni, elahlekileyo ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi kunye nobuKristu, ukubuyisela umdla oboniswe ngamaGrike ekuphuculeni kunye nokuxabisa nganye yeenkcukacha zomntu. Le yindlela umntu aye waba yi-axis yemiboniso yobugcisa.
Ngomzimba womntu ekujoliswe kuwo ocacileyo wokusasazwa kobugcisa, umfanekiso nawo waqala ukufumana ukubaluleka okukhulu kumsebenzi womzobi. Ngaphambili, ubuso kuphela bupeyintwe ngaphandle kokucaca, ngaphandle kokubonakalisa, ngaphandle komdla, kodwa ngoku inyaniso yayihluke ngokupheleleyo kunye nenkululeko enkulu.
Ngexesha le-Renaissance, ukuvuselelwa kobuchule obutsha obunxulumene ne-portraiture bunokubonwa ngokucacileyo. Ngoku imizobo equlunqwe kule ndawo ibonakaliswe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokugqamisa iimpawu eziphambili kumzekelo, umoya wabo, indawo engqongileyo kunye nokugqithiswa kwesikhundla sentlalo salabo balinganiswa abaphezulu.
Kodwa kungekuphela nje umzobo obaluleke kakhulu emva kweRenaissance, kodwa i-self-portrait nayo yaba yinto edlulayo kubomi bomculi, kuba umculi ngokwakhe uyaliqonda ixabiso layo, iprojekthi yoluntu olumeleyo. Ukubaluleka okufunyenwe ngumculi kukhulu kangangokuba imisebenzi iqala ukusayinwa. Masikhumbule ukuba kwi-Middle Ages abadali bemisebenzi babengaziwa.
Abapeyinti beRenaissance kwangethuba
Njengakwamanye amaxesha, i-Renaissance ibonise inqanaba elithi "incubation", apho abapeyinti bokuqala abanomdla we-Renaissance baqala ukudlala indima ephambili. Kule meko, i-precursor ye-Renaissance eyamkelwa ngababhali-mbali ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga umfanekiso nguGiotto.
Emva koko kwavela ukubonakala kwexesha elitsha elaziwa phantsi kwamagama amabini ahlukeneyo: iGothic engasekho kunye neRenaissance yokuqala. Ngelo xesha kwavela awona magcisa adumileyo obugcisa beFlemish. Oyena wayenempembelelo kubo ngokungathandabuzekiyo nguJan Van Eyck, owakwazi ukuphuhlisa isakhono esihle sokupeyinta ioli. Umzekelo ocacileyo ngumsebenzi wakhe othi "Umtshato weArnolfini":
URoger Van Der Weyden
Omnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo beRenaissance ngelo xesha yayinguRoger Van Der Weyden, owazinikela ngakumbi kwiinkcukacha zokutolika ngokweemvakalelo kwidrama yeGothic ngolu hlobo lutsha kwaye ubalasele ngobuchule bakhe kwiinkcukacha zobuso kunye nomlinganiswa omkhulu. kwiintetho.
UHugo Van der Goes
Kwakhona wayengomnye wabalinganiswa ababaluleke kakhulu ngexesha leRenaissance. Wayebonakaliswe ngobuntu bakhe obunzima kunye noxinzelelo, ogqiba ukuthatha ubomi bakhe kwaye ngubani onokuthelekiswa ngendlela ethile noVan Gogh. Wenza imisebenzi emininzi, enye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yayiyiPortinari triptych.
UHieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ungomnye wamanani amakhulu eRenaissance kuMntla Yurophu. Wagqama kakhulu ngomnye weyona misebenzi yakhe iyimifuziselo eyenziwayo waza wawubeka phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Igadi yolonwabo lwasemhlabeni". Ngumsebenzi owenziwe ngendlela ye-triptych apho imele amaxesha amathathu ahlukeneyo enkolo. kwiphiko lasekunene iNkosi inika uAdam kuEva osandul' ukudalwa, kumbindi weparadesi nakwiphiko lasekhohlo lesihogo.
Conrad Witz
Lo mzobi waseJamani naye wayenexesha lakhe lodumo ngexesha leRenaissance, ngakumbi ngenxa yobuchule bakhe obuchukumisayo bokuphatha amalaphu, edala ngokucacileyo iziqwenga zesatin ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Ukuhlaziywa kweNtaliyane
KwiRenaissance yase-Italiya bekukho nabapeyinti abaninzi kunye namagcisa akwaziyo ukugqama ngemisebenzi yawo:
I-Masaccio (1401-1428)
Umsebenzi wakhe awuzange ube mde kakhulu, kodwa waba yimpumelelo. Eneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, wafumana udumo, kodwa kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva wasweleka. Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kuye bubungangamsha bakhe obubalaseleyo kumfanekiso wemifanekiso ekroliweyo, oyena unempembelelo kakhulu yile kaBathathu Emnye okwiCawe yaseSanta Maria Novella eFlorence.
Umbingeleli uAngelico (1400-1455)
Inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengomnye wababambeli ababalulekileyo bakaMasaccio. Ngethuba lomsebenzi wakhe wakwazi ukugqama kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi ukwenza amanani abantu, ebonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kukukhanya, umbala kunye neenkcukacha ezincinci.
UPiero da Francesca (1420-1491)
Iyaziwa ngokubanzi ngeefrescoes zayo. Waphuma phandle kwimbono yakhe encomekayo yobungakanani bezibalo.
USandro Botticelli (144/5-1510)
Yaba ngomnye wabaculi abathandayo oogqirha kwaye elinye lamalungu alo ligunyazise umsebenzi Ukuzalwa kwe-Knm, apho umphumo ophantsi wokunceda unokubonwa ngenxa yokugxininisa kwi-layout.
ukuvuselelwa kade
IRenaissance kade yayimelwe ngamagcisa adumileyo, phakathi kwawo sinokuqaqambisa oku kulandelayo:
ULeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Omnye wabaculi abakhulu bexesha. Impumelelo yakhe, ngokuyinxenye, yayingenxa yobuchule obukhulu awabubonakalisa kumasebe ohlukeneyo obugcisa apho wayesebenza khona. Phakathi kweyona misebenzi yakhe ibalulekileyo yiNkozo yeMagi, engazange igqitywe, nangona yayiyenye yezona zinto zakhe zibalaseleyo ngokwembono yobugcisa.
Isidlo sokugqibela
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ngowona msebenzi udumileyo nobalulekileyo kubo bonke abo benziwa ngexesha leRenaissance kade. Okwangoku lo mzobo useSanta Maria da Gracia eMilan kwaye uthathwa njengowona msebenzi mkhulu welo xesha, nangona ngelishwa umsebenzi wabonisa ukuwohloka kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba ugqityiwe, ngenxa yokuba le oli ayibambeleli kakuhle kumphezulu. Udonga.
UMona Lisa
UDa Vinci uphinde wapeyinta uLa Monalisa, omnye weyona mizobo yakhe idumileyo neyimifuziselo. Udumo lwalo mzobo alukho ngokuthe ngqo ngenxa yomsebenzi, kodwa kunokuba imfihlelo ejikeleze lo mlinganiswa iminyaka emininzi. Apha unokubona umgangatho omkhulu ekuphatheni kwengqondo kunye nobuntu.
UMichelangelo (1475-1564)
Omnye wabapeyinti abakhulu beRenaissance. Omnye weyona mibhalo mifuziselo yakhe iseSistine Chapel eRoma; umsebenzi othathe malunga neminyaka emine ukuwugqiba.
UGiorgione (1478-1510)
Enye yezinto ephawule kakhulu eli gcisa yayikukuthanda kwakhe ukuqaqambisa imbonakalo-mhlaba njengomxholo ophambili wemizobo yakhe. Phakathi kweyona misebenzi yakhe ibalulekileyo ngu "El Baranal", ejongene nomxholo oqinisekileyo wobuhedeni, phantsi kweethoni ezifudumeleyo nezithambileyo ezichasene neethoni eziqaqambileyo kunye neendlela ezichaziweyo zabantu.
Amagcisa eRenaissance yaseMntla
I-Renaissance yaseMantla nayo yayinabaculi bayo ababalaseleyo, phakathi kwabo sinokubiza oku kulandelayo:
Albrecht Durer (1471-1518)
Waziwa njengelona gcisa leRenaissance kuwo onke amagcisa eRenaissance, kuba wayengowokuqala ukubonisa umdla wakhe ngomfanekiso wakhe, ewumele oko wayeneminyaka eli-13 kuphela ubudala.
ULucas Cranach (1472-1553)
Eli gcisa ligqame ngokubonisa intelekelelo enkulu kumsebenzi walo, ngelixa amanani akhe abantu engenabuntununtunu be-anatomical. Ngeli xesha namanye amagcisa abalaseleyo nawo agqama, anje:
- Albrecht Altdorf (1480-1538)
- I-Baldung Grien (1484/5-1545)
Kukwabalulekile ukukhankanya amanye amagcisa aziwayo eMannerism avela eRoma naseFlorence, phakathi kwawo:
- URosso Fiorentino (1495-1540)
- Pontormus (1494 -1556/7)
- I-Parmigianino (1503-1540)
- Agnolo Bronzino (1503-1572)
- UGiorgio Vasari (1511-1574).
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku alandelayo: