Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-robins, ezifana ne-spring blackbird okanye ezinye iintaka, njengoko igama labo libonisa, zibe namabele abomvu okanye a-orenji. Nangona kunjalo i robin yaseYurophu iya kuba yi-protagonist yolu ngeniso ukufunda malunga nokubonakala kwayo, ukuziphatha kwayo, indlela yokutya, indlela evelisa ngayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
robin yaseYurophu
Ngokuqhelekileyo yaziwa ngokuba erithacus rubecula njengo robin okanye robin yaseYurophu, nangayiphi na indlela yeyosapho Muscicapidae kunye nomyalelo Passeriformes (umyalelo oquka iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka ngaphezu kwezinye, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha), ibizwa ngokuba robin yaseYurophu ngenxa yokuba ukusasazwa kwayo igubungele yonke yaseYurophu. kwilizwekazi kwaye kulapho ihlala khona unyaka wonke. Uyahamba kodwa uhlala kumntla weYurophu kwaye ukuba uhambela kude kancinane ukusuka ekhaya kuya kumntla-ntshona welizwekazi laseAfrika.
Olu hlobo lunxulunyaniswa nothixo weendudumo kwintsomi yaseNorse: Thor, njengoko iyintaka engcwele kwesi sithixo. Oku kumntywilisela kwisimboli ngaphakathi kwenkcubeko yaseBhritane emenza umlinganiswa ophambili wamabali kunye neengoma eziviwa ngabantwana. Ukuba mandulo, malunga nokusukela phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19 ukuya phambili, le ntaka inxulumene neKrismesi kwaye umfanekiso wayo unokubonwa kumakhadi amaninzi, iiposikhadi kunye neemveliso zeKrisimesi ezithunyelwa okanye ezisetyenziswa ngelo xesha.
Olu dlelwane neli xesha leeholide lubangelwa kukuba abathunywa baseNgilani, eSkotlani naseWales (yonke i-Great Britain) ababethwele iileta ukuya kwindawo ababesiya kuyo basebenzisa iyunifomu eyayineliso kwiibhatyi zabo, i-robin yaqala ukubonakala. amakhadi njengophawu loonoposi ababebizwa ngokuba yi-"Robins". Ngo-2015 le ntaka yabhengezwa njengentaka yesizwe nangona ingumbandela nje wokwenza ivoti esemthethweni eyayicebise ukuba ibe yintaka yesizwe kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.
Nakwamanye amabali eenkolo le ntaka inakho ubukho obunxulumene novelwano emva kokuba kukholeleka ukuba yacula endlebeni kaYesu xa ebethelelwa emnqamlezweni, ngelo xesha le ntaka yayinezandi ezimdaka kuphela emzimbeni wayo kodwa isifuba sayo sijike sabomvu ngenxa yelizwi eliphantsi. igazi likaKristu elamdyobhayo. Elinye ibali lisixelela ukuba isifuba sakhe singuloo mbala ngenxa yomlilo owamtshisayo ngoxa wayehambisa amanzi kwimiphefumlo eyayikwindawo yentlambululo-miphefumlo.
Ukongeza kuloo nto, ikwamele ithemba kanye njengoko ihobe limele uxolo, kodwa yonke le nto yesimboli kunye nesithethe esijikeleze intaka ayizange ithintele ukuba izingelwe kwaye idliwe, abantu abaninzi abaye benza oko babonisa ukuba ukuwa kwayo kuthambile kwaye bafana. Nevukuthu lona lithandeka ekhuhlangubeni.
Ubukho bayo benkcubeko abupheleli nje apho, amaziko nemibutho eyahlukeneyo isebenzisa umfanekiso wale ntaka ukumela iiklabhu zabo nokugcina imibala ebomvu nemhlophe ihambelane. Kwezemidlalo kukho imibutho eliqela eyayithatha njengomfuziselo kuba le ntaka ikwaluphawu lokuphaphatheka. Ibe yinkuthazo nakwiimbongi kwaye ibonakala nakwimisebenzi yazo.
EBelgium umbutho okhusela iintaka i-LRBPO inayo njengenxalenye yelogo yayo kwaye eFransi yayisetyenziselwa isitampu sokuposa. Ekubeni yaqala ukukhankanywa ngo-1758, le ntaka ibe yinxalenye yezithethe zamazwe amaninzi aseYurophu. Ngaphambili, i-genus ekuyo yayiquka ezinye iintaka ezikwabizwa ngokuba yi-robins, kodwa iyantlukwano yazo yayizahlula kwimizi eyahlukeneyo kunye neentsapho.
Ukwenza igama lakho robin female kwaye indoda yahlalutywa kwaye isifuba sabo esiorenji sabangela ukuba babizwe ngokuba yi-robin. Noko ke, le ntaka xa ivalelwe yayibizwa ngamagama abantu anjengoRobin, uRobinet, uRobert noRuddock. Kuncwadi kwakungabizwanga ngokuba yi robin yaseYurophu kodwa kwabizwa ngokuba yi-English robin kwaye kwakhankanywa nezinye ezifana ne-robin yesiFrentshi, isiTaliyane, iSpanish okanye isiJamani ezazizintaka ezineminye imibala.
Ngokwenyani ibizwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kodwa i-robin ibisoloko iyinto eqhelekileyo kwiimvaba, kunye nohlobo lwe-Erithacus oluhlala kuyo kunye Mockingbird kunye nezinye iintlobo.
Izinto ezingaphantsi
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-subspecies yale ntaka, ezisithoba zifunyenwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwilizwekazi:
- Erithacus rubecula balcanicus: Ezi subspecies zabonwa kwi-Balkan Peninsula kwaye zigcinwa unyaka wonke kwintshona yeTurkey.
- Erithacus rubecula hyrcanus: Ezi robin zigcinwe kumantla e-Iran kwaye zikhe zabonwa kumazantsi eCaucasus, zinkulu ngokobukhulu kwaye zahluke kakhulu kwezinye ii-subspecies eziza kukhankanywa.
- Erithacus rubecula melophilus: Iziqithi zaseBritane zilikhaya kolu hlobo lwe robin kwaye nakuMntla Yurophu ngokukodwa eScandinavia.
- Erithacus rubecula rubecula: Ifumaneka eMorocco (kumntla-ntshona), kwingingqi yeAzores, eMadeira naseCanary Islands, njengeziqithi apho ihlala khona unyaka wonke zezi: El Hierra, La Palma kunye neLa Gomera. Olu lolona hlobo luphambili okanye lwegama.
- UErithacus rubecula superbus: Inokufumaneka eTenerife (Canary Island).
- UErithacus rubecula marionaie: Yabonwa okokuqala kwiziqithi zaseGran Canaria kwaye ngoku isaqhubeka nokuhlala apho.
- Erithacus rubecula tataricus: Iirobhoni ezinkulu, ezinemibala emininzi yale subspecies zinokubonwa kwilizwekazi laseAsia, ngakumbi eNtshona yeSiberia.
- Erithacus rubecula valens: Ukubuyela eYurophu, kwenye yeepeninsula zayo ezibizwa ngokuba yiCrimea, kukho iirobin ezininzi zevalens ezikwankulu njenge tataricus kunye ne hyrcanus.
- Erithacus rubecula witherbyi: Ekugqibeleni, i-robins eyomileyo, enamaphiko amancinci kunezinye i-subspecies, inokubonwa emazantsi eSpeyin nakwezinye iindawo ezifana neMorocco, iAlgeria, iSardinia, iAfrika (ekumntla-ntshona), phakathi kwezinye.
Zonke zigcinwa kuluntu oluncinane ngokwentelekiso kwaye zithiywa ngendlela enye okanye enye ngeendawo ezibonwa kuzo. Nangona ezinye zinkulu kakhulu kunezinye, zonke zinento efanayo isifuba kwimithunzi ebomvu okanye e-orenji.
Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ezinye iintlobo zeentaka zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-robins, enye yazo yi-robin yaseMelika ebizwa ngokuba yi-Turdus migratorius. Ziyahluka ngobungakanani bazo kodwa isifuba sazo esiorenji sifana nazo kangangokuba izazinzulu zibanxulumanisa kakhulu. Iirobhi zaseMelika zihlala e-UK kunye nezinye iirobin ezinjengeTurdus thrushes zihlala eMzantsi nakuMbindi Melika. Kukho nawuphi na, nangona zibukeka zifana kakhulu, azijongwa njenge-subspecies.
Canary robin
Kwezi zilwanyana zikhankanyiweyo, i-marionae kunye ne-superbus zezona zahluke kakhulu kwezinye (ngaphandle kwe-robin hyrcanus), ezi zincinane zimbini zahluke kakhulu kwezinye ezisixhenxe kuba zinomda omhlophe kwiliso lazo, umbala obomvu okanye obomvu. I-orenji esifubeni sayo inamandla ngakumbi kunezinye i-subspecies kwaye ebomvu kuloo ndawo yahlulwe ngumbala omdaka womzimba wonke kunye nomgca ongwevu, ngaphezu koko banomhlophe kwinxalenye yesisu sabo kwaye iyamangalisa kakhulu.
Ezi ntaka, njengoko kubonisiwe, zifumaneka eTenerife naseGran Canaria, apho bezigcinwe malunga nezigidi ezi-2 zeminyaka kwaye ekuqaleni kwelo xesha zazisele zahlukile kwezinye iirobin zaseYurophu. ukufudukela kwezi ziqithi. Naphakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini, kufunwa ukuchonga ukuba yeyiphi na eyahluke kakhulu kwezinye.
I-marionae kunye ne-superbus robins zinkulu kakhulu kunezo zibizwa ngokuba yi-Erithacus rubecula witherbyi, kodwa ezo zaseGran Canaria zinamaphiko amafutshane kancinci kunalawo afumaneka eTenerife kwaye zincinci kakhulu kunazo.
I-robin kunye ne-electromagnetic fields
Into engaqhelekanga ngolu hlobo lweentaka sisithuku sabo esibonakala sivumela ukuba zive umhlaba wemagnethi, ezinye iintaka nazo zinethuku okanye njengoko ibizwa ngokuba "yikhampasi yangaphakathi" evumela ukuba ziphile ebusuku, ngakumbi ezo zifudukayo. ngala maxesha eentsuku. I-Robins yenye yeentaka ezifudukayo zasebusuku, nangona zibhekwa njenge-diurnal, yiloo nto uvakalelo lwabo kwintsimi yamagnetic kunye nombono wabo luncedo kakhulu.
Xa bekufutshane nemimandla ye-electromagnetic baye bathande ukudideka, umzekelo wabo ibe yileyo ikhutshwa ngunomathotholo kunye nezixhobo zokucupha. Uvavanyo oluninzi luye lwenziwa ukujonga indlela eziziphethe ngayo ezi ntaka xa zikwiindlwana ezikufutshane nomhlaba okanye kude nawo.
Izixhobo
Intloko, ubuso kunye nesifuba sezi ntaka zi-orenji kunokuba bomvu, xa zisencinci azinasifuba esiorenji ngokwenene kodwa zimdaka kwaye zinentsiba eziorenji okanye ezibomvu, esiswini zinombala omhlophe oqaqambileyo kwaye imilenze yazo. zimdaka, umlomo wayo kwakunye namehlo ayo amnyama. Ezinye iimpawu zezi:
- Umzimba wayo ungqukuva kwaye unemilenze emide, amehlo amnyama naluhlaza-ngwevu entanyeni, emqolo nasezantsi esifubeni.
- Inobunzima obuphakathi kwe 16 kunye ne 22 grams kwaye ilinganisa phakathi kwe 12,5 kunye ne 14.0 ye centimitha, nto leyo eyenza intaka encinci.
- Ezinye zinokuba mdaka namhlophe zibe namachokoza a-orenji kodwa ezi zinokuphela ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Ukuziphatha
I-robin ithathwa njengentaka ye-diurnal, nangona idla ngokufuduka ebusuku kuphela kwaye izingela ebusuku apho ukukhanya kwenyanga okanye izixhobo zombane kuyivumela ukuba ibone ngcono kakhulu. Emini nazo ziyasebenza kodwa kule miba mibini ikwabonwa njengendawo yasebusuku, xa zizingela ezinye iintaka bonwabela ukulumka kunezinye iintaka ezincinci kwaye azibonakali zizoyika izilwanyana ezinjengeehagu zasendle kunye nezinye iindidi ezifuna ukutya kwazo. umhlaba..
Nangona kunjalo, i-robin yaseYurophu, nangona ilumkile, iphinde ibe ndlongondlongo xa isiza kumlo wendawo, inokubulala ngokukrakra amadoda anqwenela ukuhlala kwimimandla yawo. Abagcini nje ngokuba ndlongondlongo ukukhusela ikhaya labo, babonakala bethanda ukuhlasela iintaka ezincinci ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye ngokwabo xa bebonwa kwimigangatho ebonisa umfanekiso wabo. Le yokugqibela ibonwe rhoqo kwaye yiyo ebangele ukuba abaninzi babo bafe sele bekhulile.
Ngokuphathelele indlela esabela ngayo ebantwini, i-robin yaseYurophu ayibonakali iyoyikeka kakhulu kwaye iye yabonwa indlela ekhangeleka ngayo ngononophelo xa amadoda egrumba umhlaba, aphinde ambe ukuze afumane imisundululu.
Yiyo loo nto inxulumene nabalimi ngomsebenzi wabo emhlabeni kwaye phakathi kwaba basebenzi kunye nezi ntaka kukho ubudlelwane bendabuko. Ukongeza kuloo nto, iirobhi zibonwa kakhulu kwiigadi (phantse yonke iYurophu enyanisweni) ngenxa yokuba zezona ndawo zithandayo ukufumana ukutya kwazo, kuyaqondakala kuba kukho iintshulube okanye imisundululu eyinxalenye yokutya kwazo .
Zihlala zigcinwa phantse unyaka wonke ekhaya ngenxa yokuba ngokwenene azixhathisi amaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu, ngoko zithathwa njengeentaka zasekhaya ezigcinwa apho ukuze zondle kwaye zingafi, zisazi ukuba ukufa kwazo ngamanani amaninzi kuyimveliso yezinto ezininzi. . Ebudeni bokuhlala kwazo ekhaya ziyazonwabisa ngokubukela abagadi-zitiya belima umhlaba, bekhusela ngokungqongqo ummandla wabo yaye bekhangela ukutya ukuze babe nogcino lwabo lwasebusika.
Ayizizo iirobhi ezingamadoda zaseYurophu kuphela ezikhusela umhlaba wazo ngendlela ekhohlakeleyo, kodwa iimazi zikwaphethe oku kuba, njengoko ziqhelekile iintaka, azinakuhlala ngaphandle kwendawo ixesha elide. Esinye isizathu sokufa kukungabikho kwendawo, ngoko oku kuchaza ubundlongondlongo kunye namandla abakhusela ngawo ikhaya labo.
Xa bengakhuseli ummandla wabo, ngokuqhelekileyo bahamba kwiigadi zezixeko ezikhulu kunye ezincinci apho bachitha khona ubusika, ngelixa ehlotyeni bahlala emahlathini, kwiihedi nakwiindawo apho kukho i-undergrowth eshinyeneyo. Iindawo ezithandwa kakhulu kuzo yi-ivy kunye namatyholo, nangona ngamanye amaxesha zakha iindlwana zazo ukuze zichithe ubusuku xa zingazingeli. Kukho iindawo ezithile eYurophu apho ezi ntaka zihlala kufutshane nobukho babantu unyaka wonke.
Ngokubhekiselele kwixesha lokuphila kwabo, kukho ingongoma ebalulekileyo yokuba kunyaka wabo wokuqala emhlabeni abaninzi babo bafa kwaye kungenxa yoko umyinge wokuphila ngunyaka we-1 kwaye uncinci ngakumbi, nangona kunjalo, ukuba abafi ngelo xesha. banokufikelela kwiminyaka eli-19 ubudala. Ngokucacileyo kufuneka bagcinwe ngononophelo kwiindawo ezibanda kakhulu kuba abaxhathisi amaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ukongeza koko omnye unobangela wokufa sisifunxi-gazi esibizwa ngokuba yi "flea of the moors".
Ukutya
Kuye kwabhalwa ukuba ngexesha lasekwindla nasebusika ezi ntaka zidla ngokutya izigcawu kunye neentshulube ngobuninzi, kunye namaqhekeza eziqhamo, imbewu kunye namaqunube abekwe ngabantu baseYurophu kwindawo yabo. Unyaka wonke banokutya iintshulube zokutya, iimbewu, amandongomane kunye nokutya okunikwa ngabantu, okufana nesonka sesonka, ibhotolo, inyama (enamafutha kakhulu), iitapile, amandongomane, iirasentyisi, izinambuzane, i-oatmeal, iziqhamo nezinye izinto. Ngokuqhelekileyo badla ngokufumana ukutya kwabo emhlabeni.
Indawo yokuhlala yerobin ntaka
Kuye kukhankanyiwe ngasentla ukuba robin yaseYurophu yenye iintaka ezingabhabhayo kwimihlaba emide ukufuduka unyaka wonke, bahlala kwilizwekazi laseYurophu ukusuka e-Eurasia ukuya eNtshona yeSiberia, eAlgeria, eAzores naseMadeira. Bakwahlala eIreland kwaye bahlala khona kodwa ubukhulu becala abo bangamadoda, iimazi zidla ngokuhambela emazantsi xa zisiya kwamanye amazwe.
Abo bahlala eScandinavia bafudukela eNtshona Yurophu naseGreat Britain njengoko kusondela ubusika, kodwa badla ngokufudukela ikakhulu kuMntla Afrika ukususela ngoSeptemba ukuya kuAprili. Bahlala besiya eFransi xa kusebusika. Ezi ntaka zazanywa ukuhlala kwizixeko zaseOstreliya nakwizixeko ezikuMntla Merika, kodwa akukho nenye intsapho eyafuduswayo eyasindayo.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona
I-robin yaseYurophu eyindoda inokugcinwa yodwa ubusika bonke kunye nekwindla, bagcina umgama wabo ukusuka kwabasetyhini kwaye basuka kubo ngaloo maxesha. ixesha le ukuzala kwiintaka yale ntlobo iqala ngoMatshi kwabo bahlala eGreat Britain okanye eIreland, xa bahlala ngababini badla ngokukhangela iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokusabela kunye nokwakha indlwane. Zizakha ngengca, amagqabi, iintsiba okanye ubulembu zize zilandelelane izihlandlo eziliqela ukuze zimelane namaqanda amahlanu okanye amathandathu abekwa ziimazi.
La maqanda akholisa ukuba mhlophe, beige, okanye cream ngombala namabala amdaka kunye neethowuni ezibomvu. Enyanisweni, xa zizalwa ziba namachokoza amdaka kuwo wonke umzimba wazo yaye emva kweenyanga ezintathu ziqalisa ukukhula iintsiba zazo eziorenji kwindawo engezantsi yesilevu, de ezo ntsiba zinwenwele esifubeni sonke naxa sele zikhulile. abantu abadala sele beneempawu zesifuba esibomvu.