Ukubaluleka kwezityalo ezimele ukuphuhliswa emhlabeni akusiyo imfihlo nakubani na, ngakumbi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuba zijongene nokuvelisa i-oksijini esiyidingayo sonke ukuyiphefumla. Kungenxa yoko le nto kufuneka sazi ukuba yintoni na Amalungu esityalo, ezingqamana nokuba zizinto eziyimfuneko ebomini.
I zityalo
Izityalo zizidalwa ezizele bubomi, zinezigidi ezininzi zeminyaka emhlabeni kwaye zezobukumkani bezityalo. Xa imbewu yabo izalelwe ndaweni ithile, bahlala apho ubomi babo bonke, njengoko bengenakushukunyiswa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abanakufudukela kwenye indawo.
Izityalo zaqala inkqubo yazo yendaleko malunga ne-1.600 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ngoko ke ukusuka kuloo maxesha ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ziye zaphuhla kwaye zaqhelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo ezikhoyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Basebenzisa amandla elanga kwinkqubo yabo yokutya, oko kukuthi, bangabavelisi bokutya kwabo kwaye bakwenza ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yiphotosynthesis.
Izityalo ziyisipho sendalo, kwaye kungekhona nje ngokuba zizo ezibonelela ngeoksijini, kodwa nangenxa yobuhle obubonakalayo kunye nezixhobo ezizimelayo, njengoko zisivumela ukuba sijabulele iintyatyambo zabo, iziqhamo, izithunzi kwimeko yoku. Umthi, ioksijini esiyiphefumlayo nezinye izinto ezimangalisayo esinokuzifumana kuzo, kungoko simele sizinyamekele size sizikhusele ukuze ziqhubeke zisanda kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Ngawaphi amalungu eSityalo?
Njengezinto eziphilayo, kuyaqondakala ukuba izityalo zinesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo ukuze zikwazi ukwenza yonke imisebenzi ye-organic eziyenzayo, kungoko kubalulekile ukwazi. isityalo neendawo zaso:
ingcambu yezityalo
Sonke siyakwazi ukuyibona ingcambu yomthi, ibe le yinxalenye yokuqala ethi izityalo zikhule xa zintshula, umntu usenokuthi yenye yezona zibalulekileyo. Ingcambu izalelwa kumhlaba ongaphantsi, oko kuthetha ukuba ingaphantsi komhlaba kwaye izondla kuwo.
Omnye wemisebenzi yengcambu kukubethelela isityalo emhlabeni, bafunxa incindi ekrwada kwaye bayithuthe kwithalus yesilivere, ngelixa igcina izinto ezithe, ekubeni umhlaba unezondlo ezahlukeneyo kunye neeminerali ezithi ngexesha lemvula. zihlale zinyibilikile. Kungale ndlela ke iingcambu zizifunxa ngoboya obufunxayo ukuze isikhondo namagqabi ahlale esempilweni kwaye akwazi ukukhula. Ingcambu inamalungu ahlukeneyo, angala:
- ingcambu ikhola: Eli lilungu elidibanisa isiqu kwingcambu.
- Indawo engaphantsi okanye yesebe: Lo ngulowo ufunyenwe phakathi kwentamo kunye nommandla we-piliferous kwaye ukusuka apho iingcambu zesibini zivela khona.
- iinwele ezifunxayo: Ikwaziwa njenge piliferous zone kwaye yeyona ifunyenwe phakathi kwendawo engaphantsi kunye nendawo yokukhula. Ijikelezwe ziinwele ezifunxa amanzi kunye neeminerali ezinyityilisiweyo kuyo.
- Ukwahlula kweeSellula: Yile ndawo nje apho uphuhliso lwengcambu luqala kwaye lwahlula kwisiqu.
- Ukujamelana: Yihood ekhusela incam yengcambu xa intywiliselwe ngaphakathi emhlabeni.
Iingcambu zeMisebenzi
Ingcambu inemisebenzi emininzi, phakathi kwayo sinokufumanisa ukuba ukufunxa amanzi kunye nezondlo ngeenwele ezincinci zokufunxa, ukuze kamva ukutya kudlulele kuso sonke isityalo ngesiqu.
Omnye wemisebenzi eyenzayo kukubamba ubume besityalo kwindawo esingqongileyo, nokuba ziingcambu ezingaphantsi komhlaba ezincanyatheliswe ngokunzulu emhlabeni, okanye imicu yasemoyeni encanyathiselwe kwezinye izityalo okanye umphezulu. Ezinye iingcambu zinamandla okwenza iphotosynthesis, ngelixa ezinye zinoxanduva lokuzifaka kwezinye izityalo ukuze zifunxe izondlo kuzo.
Isiqu sesityalo
Isiqu sihambelana nokuba yenye ye Amalungu esityalo kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba isiseko esiyibambe kwaye ingaphakathi layo ligcwele ubomi, kuba amagqabi, iziqhamo kunye neentyantyambo zivela apho, ukongeza kwinto yokuba lo nguye ohambisa izondlo, amanzi kunye neemaminerali. .
Le nto yaziwa ngcono njengencindi ekrwada kwaye ihamba isuka ezingcanjini iye emagqabini, yonke ityhutyha imibhobho ecolekileyo ngokwenene ebizwa ngokuba yimithambo enemithi, ukuze emva koko ifikelele emagqabini ize idityaniswe nekharbon diokside ayifunxayo emoyeni. incindi, abayisebenzisayo ukuzondla.
tyala iintyatyambo
Iintyatyambo ziyinxalenye yokuzala kwezityalo kwaye kungenxa yezi ukuba izityalo zinokukhula unyaka nonyaka, ngaloo ndlela zikwazi ukusasaza uhlobo. Zinemvelaphi yazo kwi-cocoon kwaye zinomsebenzi wokwenza imbewu, oku kwenziwa ngamacandelo amabini, indoda ebizwa ngokuba yi-stamen kunye nebhinqa ebizwa ngokuba yi-pistil, ikwi-ovary yentyatyambo apho iziqhamo zenziwe emva kokukhulelwa okukhokelela. ukukhupha umungu.
Ezi zinobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye nemibala ngokuxhomekeke kwimbewu, zinendawo etyiwayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-pulp kwaye incasa yazo iswiti, uninzi lwamahlumela aneethoni ezimangalisayo. Iintyatyambo zenziwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo ezi zilandelayo:
- isiqu seentyatyambo: Dibanisa intyatyambo enesiqu.
- amalungu okuzala: Le yimicu, isikhondo esibhityileyo esibambe imbova, oko kukuthi, uhlobo lwengxowa apho umungu ufunyanwa khona. Kwelinye icala zi<em>stamens, yaye zizinti ezisembindini wentyatyambo neziqokelela umungu, oku kungqamana nokuba lilungu lobudoda lentyatyambo.
- iipistils: Zenziwe nge-ovary, apho ii-ovules zikhoyo, isitayela luhlobo lwetyhubhu encinci edibanisa i-ovary kunye ne-stigma, kunye ne-stigma, eli lilungu leentyatyambo leentyatyambo.
- Ukusonga kweentyatyambo: Eli liqela lamagqabi akhusela amalungu okuzala, kwaye liqulethwe ngamacandelo amabini, okuyi-calyx; yenziwe ngamagqabi aluhlaza abizwa ngokuba zii-sepals kwaye angaphandle kwentyatyambo, kwaye elinye icala liya kuba yicorolla; ihambelana nokuba yintyatyambo ngokwayo, eyenziwe ngamagqabi kwaye inokuba nemibala eyahlukeneyo, inomsebenzi wokutsala umungu kwizinto eziphilayo, ezinjengeenyosi, amabhabhathane, iingcungcu, phakathi kwabanye.
Iintlobo zeentyatyambo
Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentyatyambo, zonke zinobukhulu obahlukeneyo, imibala, imilo kunye namavumba. Iintlobo zeentyatyambo zinokuhlelwa ngokweempawu okanye iintsapho zazo, nangona okokugqibela kunzima kakhulu ukudwelisa ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yazo zonke iintsapho zeentyantyambo ezikhoyo, ezithi ngokweengcali zentsimi, kwezi zinokuba malunga ne-10. amawaka eentlobo zeentyatyambo. .
Amagqabi eZityalo
Amagqabi yenye yezona ndawo ziphilayo zezityalo, ezihambelana nokuba ngamalungu esityalo. Ubukhulu becala zilungile kakhulu, umbala wazo oluhlaza ubulela into ebizwa ngokuba yichlorophyll, luhlobo lwepigment efunxa amandla elangeni ize iyiguqule isuke kwicarbon dioxide ibe yioksijini.
Amagqabi aneentlobo ngeentlobo zeemilo, imibala kunye nobukhulu, ezi zifumaneka kwizityalo ezininzi. Ziyakwazi ukuhlelwa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, mhlawumbi ngokwe-petiole yazo, i-edge yazo, i-vein okanye imilo yazo, ehambelana nolona luhlu lubalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo le yokugqibela isekelwe kwisityalo, kuba ukuba igcina amaqabunga ayo kulo lonke. ngonyaka, zingapheli, kwaye ukuba ulahlekelwa kuzo kwiinyanga ezibandayo, ziyancipha.
Iphepha leMisebenzi
Amagqabi anemisebenzi emithathu engundoqo, eyile ilandelayo:
- Baqhuba inkqubo yephotosynthesis baze ngaloo ndlela bafumane amandla kwimitha yelanga.
- Bavumela isityalo ukuba siphefumle, sitshintshiselana ngeegesi ebusuku.
- Ziyakwazi ukubila, zivumela amanzi amaninzi ukuba aphume kuwo.
Isiqhamo seZityalo
Iziqhamo nazo zibandakanyiwe Amalungu esityalo kwaye bajongene nokukhusela imbewu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwabo, imbewu enye okanye ngaphezulu ibekwe kwindawo engaphakathi yentyatyambo, inokukhula ngeentsuku nje ezimbalwa okanye ithathe iminyaka ukwenza njalo, umzekelo woku umthi wepine.
Noko ke, asizizo zonke izityalo ezivelisa isiqhamo, nangona ezo zivelisa ngokuzala ngembewu ngokuqhelekileyo zithwala, ekubeni emva kokuba intyatyambo ivundisiwe, ivelisa imbewu kuze kuvele isiqhamo.
Iintlobo zeziqhamo
Ngendlela efanayo eyenzeka ngamagqabi kunye neentyantyambo, kuyenzeka nakwiziqhamo, kuba kukho inani elikhulu leziqhamo okanye iziqhamo zemifuno, kwaye zonke ezi ntlobo ezityiwayo, zivela kwisityalo okanye umthi, kubandakanya neziqhamo esizifumanayo. yazi njengomisiweyo.
Imisebenzi yeziqhamo
Umsebenzi ophunyezwe ziziqhamo njengoko Amalungu esityalo, kukubonelela ngokhuseleko kwiimbewu kwaye kwangaxeshanye, emva kokutya isiqhamo nokutyala okanye ukunkcenkceshela kwiindawo ezichumileyo, umphumo kukusasazeka kolu didi kuzo zonke iindawo ezinokwenzeka.
UkuVeliswa kwezityalo
Izityalo zineendlela ezimbini zokuzala, nezi zilandelayo:
ngokwesini
Koku, umzali ongenaqabane uthabatha inxaxheba yaye uphumela ekudalweni kwezifundo ezilinganayo ngokwemfuza.
- Ababaleki beSitrobheli: Ezi zizikhondo ezihle kakhulu ezikhula ngokunxuseneyo emhlabeni nalapho kukhula isityalo esitsha.
- Iibhubhu zetapile: Ziziqu ezingaphantsi komhlaba eziqokelela izondlo.
- Iibhalbhu zetswele: Zifana nee-tubers, kodwa kulo isiqu sijikelezwe ngamagqabi anomzimba apho izondlo ziqokelelana.
- IiRhizomes ziyakhawuleza: Ezi zikwaziziqu ezizalelwa phantsi komhlaba nalapho kuvela khona izityalo ezitsha.
Ngokwesondo
Kolu kuveliswa kwe Flora Amalungu amabini okuzala abangela ukuba kubekho iigametes zamadoda namabhinqa athatha inxaxheba, abantwana abafani kodwa baneempawu ezifana nezabazali.
Ukuveliswa kwezityalo ezingenazimbewu
Oku kusebenza kwizityalo ezingavelisi mbewu, ngoko ke umanyano lwe-gametes ludala ukuhambelana apho i-spores zizalwa khona.
- Ukuveliswa kwakhona kwi-Mosses kunye ne-Liverworts: Kwenzeka ukuba i-spores idalwe kwii-capsules ezibekwe kwindawo ephezulu ye-capsuloid kwaye xa ezi zikhulile, zivula kwaye zikhulule iintsholongwane ezivelisa umntu omtsha.
- Ukuveliswa kweFern: Kwi-ferns, i-spores idalwe kwi-sporangia, efumaneka kwiindawo zangaphakathi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-sori kwaye xa i-sporangia ikhulile, i-spores iyakhululwa, inika abantu abatsha.
I-Sap Ithwalwa ziZityalo
Eyokuqala yiRaw Sap, kwaye yinto ephuma ekufunyanisweni kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ngeengcambu, olu hlobo lwencindi luphuma kwiinqanawa ezinomthi ezenza iXylem, de ifike emagqabini apho iguqulwa khona. photosynthesis kwincindi evundiweyo
Kwelinye icala kukho incindi ecokisiweyo, zilulwelo oluzalwa kwiphotosynthesis yezityalo, oku kukuguqulwa kwencindi ekrwada yiphotosynthesis ibe yincindi ezinesondlo eziya kuthi zinike ithuba lokutyiswa kwezityalo, ezityhutyha phakathi kwezityalo. Iinqanawa zaseLiberia kwaye zenze i-phloem, ngaphezu kokuthumela izondlo kuzo zonke iindawo zesityalo.
Inkqubo yePhotosynthesis
Ifotosynthesis yenziwa zizityalo eziguqula amanzi kunye nekharbon diokside zibe izondlo ezizidingayo ukuze zondle kwaye zikhule zisempilweni, kanye njengokuba le nkqubo iyimfuneko kakhulu kubomi babantu.
Ukukhanya kwelanga kuthabatha inxaxheba kolu tshintsho kunye nee-pigments ezibizwa ngokuba yi-chlorophyll, ezifumaneka kwii-chloroplasts, nazo zithatha inxaxheba. Ezi ziiseli eziphethe i-photosynthesis, zifumaneka emagqabini nakwezinye iindawo zesityalo, esi sizathu sokuba i-photosynthesis iqhutywe kumagqabi kunye nakwesinye isityalo.
Kule nkqubo, izinto eziphilayo kunye ne-oksijini zifunyenwe, le yokugqibela isetyenziselwa ukuphefumla kwamaselula kwaye inxalenye yayo iya kuphuma ngaphandle, eyona nto iyimfuneko ngokwenene kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.