Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, ibibangela umdla into engaphantsi komhlaba ibe ibifuna ukufumana ingcaciso. Zivela phi izimbiwa? Zingaphi iindidi zamatye ezikhoyo? Zeziphi iindawo zomhlaba?
Le yimibuzo emininzi ebibuzwa kwimbali. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga neenxalenye zomhlaba apha sikuxelela ngakumbi ngazo.
Inxalenye yejoloji ephonononga ubume boMhlaba kunye nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yi i-geodynamics yangaphakathi. Isijikelezi-langa sethu senziwe zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezenza ubomi bubekho eMhlabeni. Ezi zinto zintathu zezi: okuqinileyo, ulwelo kunye negesi. Ezi zinto zikhona kwiileya ezahlukeneyo zoMhlaba.
Zininzi iindlela zokuhlela iindawo zomhlaba. Kuhlelo olunye, babizwa ngokuba yi-eamabala. Ezi ziquka iAtmosphere, iHydrosphere, kunye neGeosphere. I-Geosphere idibanisa zonke izakhiwo kunye neengqimba zangaphakathi ezahlukeneyo zesijikelezi-langa sethu. Iimaleko zahlulwe zibe ngamacandelo amabini: umaleko wangaphandle kunye nomgangatho wangaphakathi. Kwimeko yethu, siya kugxininisa kwiingqimba zangaphakathi zeMhlaba, oko kukuthi, ubuso bomhlaba buya kuba sisiqalo.
iindawo zomhlaba
Ukuqala ukuchaza iindawo zomhlaba, kufuneka senze iiyantlukwano ezimbini. Okokuqala, kwamiselwa imigangatho yokwakheka kweekhemikhali zomaleko ohlukeneyo woMhlaba. Ngokokwakheka kweekhemikhali, sifumana i-crust, i-mantle kunye nengundoqo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-a imodeli emileyo. Enye ikhrayitheriya isekelwe kwiipropati ezibonakalayo zomaleko okanye ebizwa ngokuba imodeli yokuziphatha koomatshini. Phakathi kwabo sifumana i I-Lithosphere, i-Asthenosphere, i-Mesosphere kunye ne-Endosphere.
Kodwa sazi njani ukuba umaleko uqala okanye uphela phi?
Izazinzulu zifumene iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqonda iintlobo zemathiriyeli kunye nokwahlula iileya kwii-discontinuities. Ezi discontinuities yimimandla yomaleko ongaphakathi woMhlaba apho uhlobo lwemathiriyeli equlethwe kulo maleko lutshintsha ngokukhawuleza., oko kukuthi, ukubunjwa kwayo kweekhemikhali okanye imeko apho i-elementi ifunyenwe (ukusuka eqinile ukuya kulwelo). Okokuqala siza kuhlela iileyile zoMhlaba ngokusekelwe kwimodeli yeekhemikhali, oko kukuthi, iileyile zomhlaba ziya kuba: I-Crust, Mantle kunye neCore.
Uqweqwe lomhlaba
La khonkotha Ngumaleko ongaphandle womhlaba. Une Uxinzelelo oluyi-3 gr/cm³, que yi-1,6% kuphela yomthamo opheleleyo woMhlaba. Oku kwahlulwe ngokwemimandla emibini eyahlukeneyo: uqweqwe lwelizwekazi kunye noqweqwe lolwandle.
Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi
Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi Ingqindilili kwaye inzima ngakumbi kwisakhiwo.a. Ikwalelona xolo lidala. Imele i-40% yomphezulu womhlaba. Iquka umaleko obhityileyo wamatye entlenga, apho udongwe, ilitye lentlabathi, kunye nelitye likalikamestone zezona zibalaseleyo. Bakwanayo nesilica-rich plutonic igneous rocks efana negranite. Okubangela umdla kukuba, uninzi lwezehlo zejoloji ezenzeke kwimbali yoMhlaba zibhalwe ematyeni oqweqwe lwelizwekazi. Oku kwaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba amatye afumene utshintsho oluninzi lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali kwimbali yonke. Oku kubonakala kwiintaba, umzekelo, apho sinokufumana khona amatye amandulo anokuthi abe neminyaka eyi-3.500 yezigidigidi ubudala.
uqweqwe lolwandle
Kwelinye icala, sinoqweqwe lolwandle. Inobunzima obuncinci kunye nesakhiwo esilula. Inemigangatho emibini: umaleko omncinci kakhulu wentlenga kunye nomnye umaleko we-basalt (ongamatye e-volcanic evuthayo). Eli xolo lincinci, kuba i-basalt ifunyenwe ukuba yenze kwaye iphule rhoqo, ngoko ke amatye kwi-oceanic crust ayikho ngaphezu kwe-200 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala. Ekupheleni kwecortex yi ukungaqhubeki kokungunda. Oku kungaqhubeki kuko okwahlula uqweqwe kwi mantle. Imi malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ubunzulu.
Ingubo
Ingubo lelinye lamacandelo oMhlaba asuka ezantsi koqweqwe ukuya kumbindi ongaphandle. Iqala ngasemva kweMoho kwaye ngowona maleko mkhulu kwiplanethi yonke. Nantso ke I-82% yomthamo opheleleyo woMhlaba kunye ne-69% yobunzima bayo bubonke. Kwingubo yokwaleka kukho izaleko ezimbini ezahlulwe ngazo Repetti yesibini discontinuities. Oku kungaqhubeki kubekwe kubunzulu obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-800 kwaye kulapho isambatho esingaphezulu sahlukana khona nesingaphantsi. Kwisambatho esiphezulu sifumana i "umaleko D". Lo maleko ufumaneka kubunzulu obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-200 kwaye ubonakala nge-5% ukuya kwi-10% yokunyibilika. Oku kubangela ukuba ubushushu bunyuke ukusuka kumbindi ngengubo. Njengoko ubushushu busanda, amatye akwingubo yokwaleka aba shushu ngakumbi, maxa wambi anyukele phezulu aze enze iintaba-mlilo. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba "Iindawo ezishushu"
Ukubunjwa kwengubo kunokwaziwa ngolu vavanyo:
- Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeemeteorite: eyokuqala yenziwe yi-peridotite kunye nentsimbi.
- Amatye akhoyo kumphezulu woMhlaba eziye zasuswa kwi-mantle ngenxa yeentshukumo zetectonic.
- Iitshimini zeVolcanic: Ziyimingxuma enzulu kakhulu esazinge apho i-magma iphakama kwaye iyiveze elubala. Inokuba nobude obuziikhilomitha ezingama-200.
- Las iimvavanyo zokunciphisa amaza enyikima xa bedlula ngengubo bacebisa ukuba kukho utshintsho lwesigaba. Utshintsho lwesigaba lubandakanya utshintsho kwisakhiwo sezimbiwa. Ekupheleni kwengubo sifumana i Gutenberg ukuyeka. Le discontinuity yahlula ingubo kumbindi kunye sImi malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2.900 ubunzulu.
Isiseko soMhlaba
Yeyona ndawo inzulu yomhlaba. Isuka kwiGutenberg descontinuity ukuya kumbindi woMhlaba. Yingqukuva enemitha eyi-3.486 yeekhilomitha, ngoko umthamo wayo yi-16% yomthamo opheleleyo woMhlaba.. Ubunzima bayo yi-31% yobunzima bomhlaba bubonke kuba yenziwe ngezinto ezixinene kakhulu. Embindini, umhlaba wemagnethi womhlaba udalwe yi-convection kumbindi wangaphandle, onyibilikayo ujikeleze umbindi wangaphakathi, oqinileyo. Ubushushu bayo buphezulu kakhulu, malunga ne-5000-6000 degrees celsius, kwaye uxinzelelo lulingana ne-atmosphere yesigidi esinye ukuya kwezintathu.
Ukwahlulwe kwi-core yangaphakathi kunye ne-core yangaphandle, umahluko unikwe yi ukupheliswa kweVicht yesibini. El Undoqo wangaphandle, obunzulu buhluka phakathi kweekhilomitha ezingama-2.900 nezi-5.100, bunyibilikisiwe. I undoqo wangaphakathi, kwelinye icala, isuka kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-5.100 ukuya malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-6.000 ukusuka kumbindi woMhlaba, kwaye iqinile.
Oku kuqulunqwe ngokuyinhloko ngentsimbi, i-5-10% ye-nickel, kunye nemilinganiselo encinci yesulfure, i-silicon, kunye ne-oxygen. Uvavanyo olunceda ukuqonda amacandelo enyukliya zezi:
- izixhobo ezixinene kakhulu, umzekelo. Ngenxa yokuxinana kwabo okuphezulu, bahlala kumbindi wangaphakathi woMhlaba.
- imeteorite yentsimbi.
- Ukungabikho kwentsimbi ngaphandle koqweqwe. Oku kusixelela ukuba intsimbi kufuneka igxininiswe ngaphakathi.
- Kanye kunye nentsimbi ngaphakathi kwengundoqo, ibumba Imagnethi yomhlaba.
Olu lwahlulo luvela kumzekelo othathela ingqalelo ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi kunye nezinto ezenza iileya zeplanethi. Ngoku siya kuqonda ukuhlukana kweengqimba zomhlaba ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukuziphatha koomatshini boMhlaba, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga iimpawu ezibonakalayo zezinto eziqulunqayo.
Amacandelo oMhlaba ngokwemodeli yomatshini
Kulo mzekelo, iileya zomhlaba zohlulwe zibe: I-Lithosphere, i-Asthenosphere, i-Mesosphere kunye ne-Endosphere.
KwiNdalo
Yiyo umaleko oqinileyo malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 ubukhulu equka umaleko ophezulu we-crust kunye ne-mantle. Lo maleko oqinileyo yi-lithosphere ejikeleze uMhlaba.
I-Asthenosphere
Nguye umaleko weplastiki ohambelana neninzi yengubo ephezulu. Kukho i-convection kuyo kwaye ikwintshukumo eqhubekayo. Kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-tectonics. Le ntshukumo ibangelwa indibano, utshintsho kubuninzi bezinto eziphathekayo.
Indawo
Ifumaneka kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-660 kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-2.900. Yenza inxalenye yengubo engaphantsi kunye nenxalenye yombindi ongaphandle woMhlaba. Ukugqithisa kwayo kunikwa ngu Wiechert discontinuities.
Indawo yendalo
Ibandakanya umbindi womhlaba ekhankanywe ngasentla. Njengoko ubona, izazinzulu bezifundela ubuphakathi boMhlaba ngeemvavanyo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemvavanyo zokufunda ngakumbi nangakumbi malunga nesijikelezi-langa esiphila kuso.
Njengoko ubona, izazinzulu bezifundela ubuphakathi boMhlaba ngeemvavanyo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemvavanyo zokufunda ngakumbi nangakumbi malunga neplanethi esiphila kuyo. Ukuthelekisa into encinci esiyaziyo malunga nobungaphakathi boMhlaba, kufuneka sicinge nje uMhlaba njengeapile. Kulungile, ngobuchwephesha bethu obuphambili, ubunzulu bokomba obunzulu obufunyenweyo bumalunga neekhilomitha ezili-12. Ukuthelekisa uMhlaba kunye neapile kufana nokuxobula kuphela umaleko wokugqibela we-apile yonke, kwaye imbewu ephakathi ilingana nombindi woMhlaba. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi lube luncedo.