Omnye wezona zithixo zifanelekileyo zamaGrike kwiintsomi nguAthena, owaziwa ngokuba Pallas Athena, intombi yokumkani waseOlympus, uZeyus, nothixo owathiya igama lesixeko saseAthene, ikomkhulu langoku laseGrisi. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngaye, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.
Pallas Athena
Okokuqala, kufuneka kuthiwe wayenguthixokazi wobulumko, imfazwe kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. EGrisi, wafumana amagama amaninzi ngokweempawu zakhe okanye indawo, uAthena okanye uPallas Athena wayengomnye wabo, kwanaseRoma wadityaniswa njengoMinerva. Uyakwazi oku, kodwa wayethathwa njengomkhuseli wezixeko ezahlukeneyo ezifana neAthene, apho lo thixo wafumana igama lakhe.
Ngokuqhelekileyo wayeboniswa ephethe isigcina-ntloko kunye nomkhonto, iimpawu zakhe zisisikhova, inyoka, umnquma kunye ne-Gorgoneion amulet. Ekuqaleni, wayegqalwa njengothixokazi ongumkhandi webhotwe laseAegean, owayenxulumene ngokusondeleyo neso sixeko. epithet yakhe Iipoliya Isuka kwi amapolisa, okuthetha ukuba isixeko-kwilizwe, sibeka iitempile zaso kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zelizwe.
Kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba izikhumbuzo ezininzi zazinikezelwe kwisithixokazi kulo lonke elaseGrisi, eyona idumileyo yiParthenon ebekwe kwiAcropolis yaseAthene. Phakathi kwamagama awawafumanayo, njengomkhuseli wamagcisa nokuluka, wayebizwa Athena Ergan, endaweni yoko, ukuba uthixokazi igorha, phakathi kweendima zakhe wayekhokela amagorha emfazweni njengoko Athena Promachus.
Kwizithixo zamaGrike, uAthena wayengomnye wezithixo zabo ezibalulekileyo. Uthixokazi onyulu wobulumko, owayegqalwa njengenkokeli yemfazwe, umkhuseli wobugcisa nokuluka, umdali wembande nexilongo, wafundisa abantu ubugcisa bokuhamba ngeenqanawa nokusetyenziswa kweempahla zokuluka. Enyanisweni, phakathi kwazo zonke ezi ngcamango ziqhelekileyo esizikhankanyileyo, yayinguye, kunye noHephaestus, owadala Pandora, umfazi wokuqala. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngeli bali, siyakumema ukuba ufunde: Ibhokisi yePandora.
Kwakhona wakhusela kwaye wakhokela amaqhawe abalulekileyo aseGrike kwaye waba negalelo kuma-Achaeans ngexesha leMfazwe yeTrojan. Kwimbonakalo yakhe yomzimba, uPallas Athena uchazwa njengowesifazane omde nonomtsalane. Kwimizobo wabonakala enamagxa abanzi, iingalo ezomeleleyo, nezinqe ezimxinwa, emnika inkangeleko yobudoda.
Abanye bachaza amehlo abo njengawesikhova, abanye bawachaza njengamehlo angwevu. Ngokuqhelekileyo unembonakalo enzulu kwaye ecingayo, ubuso bakhe bu-oval, iinwele zakhe zininzi kwaye zihlala zikama phezu kweetempile zakhe.
Uthixo uZeyus wayethanda uAthena, esabelana naye ngezixhobo zakhe kuphela. Ngamaxesha emfazwe wayekhetha iqhinga nokuziphatha kunobundlobongela nokuxhela, logama ngexesha loxolo wayenxiba i-peplum yakhe kuphela, nangona phantse wayesoloko enxiba isigcina-ntloko sakhe, kodwa wayezixhobisa kuphela xa iimeko zifuna oko. Wayenomonde kubantu abafayo, wayezama ukuqiqa nabo aze abeyisele, kwanokuba wonzakele okanye ukhubekile.
Imvelaphi ka-Athena
Ukuba ujonge ukwazi imvelaphi kaPallas Athena, kufuneka wazi ukuba kukho iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zendlela awazalwa ngayo. Eyokuqala yazo yanikelwa ngumbhali obalaseleyo uHomer, ekubeni kwincwadi yakhe ethi Iliad kwincwadi V, uchaza ukuba uAres (uthixo wemfazwe) wathetha ngomlomo noZeus emxelela ukuba wayemkhusele kakhulu uPallas, ngenxa yesizathu ekuphela kwesizathu esabangela ukuba uPallas akhule. yena.
Enye inguqulelo ithi uyintombi kaZeus kunye noMetis, intombi ye-titan yaseOceanus kunye neTethys, eyaphakanyiswa kumbongo weTheogony.
Ekugqibeleni kucacisiwe ukuba uthixo, ngokulala naye kunye nokukhulelwa kwakhe, kamva wafumanisa ukuba uGea no-Uranus baprofeta ukuba i-titan yayiza kuzala abantwana abalumkileyo nabanamandla kunaye. Emva koko wayesaba ukuba inzala yakhe yayiza kumbhukuqa kwaye, elandela isiprofeto, wamkhohlisa uMetis ukuba azivumele ukuba aqwengwe nguye "emvalele esibelekweni sakhe", okwakungayi kusebenza, kuba wayesele ekhulelwe.
Elinye ibali malunga nesi sibakala, elabhalwa ngenkulungwane yesibini yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, lisixelela ukuba uZeus wamxhaphaza uMetis ngaphandle kokuba abe ngumfazi wakhe. Wazama amaxesha amaninzi ukuba abaleke kuye ngokuguqula, kodwa ekugqibeleni uZeus wambamba, wamdlwengula waza wamginya. Emva koko waba nabafazi abathandathu, de watshata noHera, owayeza kuba ngowokugqibela. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga namanye amanani asentsomini, siyakumema ukuba ufunde: abalinganiswa basentsomini.
Kamva, uZeyus waqala ukubandezeleka ngenxa yentloko ebuhlungu kangangokuba waphazamiseka waza wayala umntu (okuthi ngokutsho komthombo unokuba nguPrometheus, uHermes, uAres okanye uPalaemon) ukuba avule intloko yakhe nge-labrys, izembe leMinoan leentloko ezimbini, ngoko ke UAthena watsiba entlokweni yothixo ekwimo yomfazi oqolileyo, oxhobe ngokupheleleyo.
Amalungu eOlympus (ubukumkani boothixo) bothuswa kukuvela kothixokazi omtsha, kangangokuba uthixo welanga, uHelios, wayimisa inqwelo yakhe yokulwa phakathi esibhakabhakeni ekhala kakhulu, eneneni, isibhakabhaka (Uranus) kwaye umama womhlaba (uGaia) wayengcangcazela yimvakalelo. Nangona uHera wayenomsindo ngokuzalwa kuka-Athena, ukuba yena ngokwakhe wakhulelwa waza wazala uHephaestus abanye ababhali bathi.
Ezinye iinguqulelo zithi uHera akazange abe nomsindo malunga nesiganeko, ngokuchaseneyo, wayevuya kwaye wamfumana njengentombi yakhe. Unokuphinda uqwalasele enye ingcamango, echaza ukuba uthixokazi uPallas Athena ekuqaleni wayesisiqhamo senymph eyaziwa ngokuba nguTritonis kunye noPoseidon, uthixo weelwandle.
Yayingumbhali-mbali wamaGrike uHerodotus, owathi lo thixokazi mtsha wamqumbela uyise waza wahamba noyisekazi, uZeyus, owayeza kumamkela aze amamkele njengentombi yakhe. Eli bali libalisa ukuba uAthena wafumana imfundo yakhe nentombi kaTriton, omnye uthixo, owayebizwa ngokuba nguPallas. Yithathele ingqalelo le nyaniso yokugqibela, kuba kamva siza kuphonononga oku.
Njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, kukho amabali amaninzi malunga nokuzalwa kukathixokazi. Kwelinye icala, uJustin Martyr, umthetheleli ongumKristu wenkulungwane yama-XNUMX AD, wathi xa uZeyus wayenenjongo yokwenza ihlabathi ngelogos (igama), wacinga ngoAthena yaye ngaloo ndlela uthixokazi wazalwa ngaphandle kwe-coitus.
Enye ingxelo yeziganeko ibonisa ukuba uthixo weendudumo (uZeus) wamginya uMetis, wayesele ekhulelwe uBrontes, iCyclops. Nangona kuthiwa iAthene inokuba yintombi kaPalante, isigebenga esinamaphiko esinokuthi sibulale kwaye sisebenzise ulusu lwakhe njengekhaka.
uthixokazi etymology
Igama lakhe lalinxulunyaniswa nesixeko saseAthene kwasekuqaleni. KwisiGrike samandulo esi sixeko sibizwa ngokuba yiAtenai (Ἀθῆναι), isalathiso kubuzalwana obuzinikele kwihlelo laseAthene, ngokwentsomi.
Qwalasela ukuba abaphengululi bamandulo babephikisana ngokuba iAthene yathiywa ngalo thixokazi okanye yathiywa ngesi sixeko, kodwa ngoku kuyavunyelwana ukuba uthixokazi uPallas Athena uthiywe ngesi sixeko.
Ukongeza, elinye lamagama amaninzi awawafumanayo kwimbali yonke yayinguAthena Parthenos, elinokuthetha "intombi enyulu", kuba akazange azibophelele emntwini, hayi nanjengesithandwa, kwaye ewugatya ngokupheleleyo umtshato, njengalowo ungazange athathwe ngumyeni. imvakalelo yothando.
Kwelinye icala, kulo mxholo we-etymology (imvelaphi yegama), kufuneka kuthiwe kwiGrisi yamandulo kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba izixeko zithathe amagama ezithixo ezazinqula. Umzekelo nguMycenae, apho isithixokazi yayinguMycena, yaye eThebes, isithixo sasisaziwa ngokuba nguTheba.
Kwelakhe icala, ingcaphephe yaseJamani uGünther Neumann yacebisa ukuba igama elithi Athena lineengcambu zalo kubukumkani bamandulo basentshona yeAnatolia, liqulunqwe ligama elithi “ati” elithetha umama kunye negama likathixokazi uHannahanna elishunqulelwe ngokuthi “Anatolia”. Ngapha koko, igama elithi Athana potniya lidla ngokuguqulelwa njenge "Lady Athena" kwaye intsingiselo yalo yokwenyani kucingelwa ukuba "yiNenekazi laseAthene" (potnia ka-At(h)ana).
Ngokunjalo, intanda-bulumko yamaGrike uPlato kwincoko yakhe uCratylus waphakamisa uqikelelo lwe-etymological olusekwe kuluvo lwabantu bamandulo, kuquka imbongi uHomer owabiza uAthena ngokuthi “ingqondo” (noũs) kunye “nobukrelekrele” (dianoia) wada wambiza ngokuba “bubulumko bobuthixo” ” (theoũ nóēsis), okuthetha ukuba wayenengqondo yothixo ( a theonóa ), emnika igama elithi Theonoe, okanye mhlawumbi “umazi wezinto zobuthixo” (ta theia noousa).
Esinye isithandi sobulumko esinikela ingqiqo ebangel’ umdla ngalo mbandela nguPlato. Wayefuna ukuchonga uthixokazi "ngobulumko bokuziphatha" (en éthei nóesin) kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu wambiza ngokuba nguEtheonoe, kodwa ekugqibeleni, ekhangele igama elinobungane, wagqiba ngo-Athena.
Ekugqibeleni, kukho ithuba lokuba igama layo alikho kwisiGrike samandulo, kodwa kunokuba sisithixo sase-Attic esinqulwa ngaphambi kokufika kwe-Hellenes, i-Ionian kunye ne-Dorians, eyayihlonelwa ngendlela yesilwanyana sayo se-totem: isikhova.
ii-epithets
U-Athena ungomnye wezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Olympian, wayenemisebenzi emininzi esuka kwezolimo kunye nokukhuselwa kwamagcisa, ngokulawulwa kwemithetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kobulungisa, ukukhuselwa kwelizwe ngemfazwe. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba imisebenzi emininzi ineepithets ezininzi.
Athena Parthenos
Uthixokazi wafumana igama lesiGrike lamandulo elithi Athena Parthenos, ngokoqobo elithetha “uthixokazi onyulu” ekuthathwe kulo igama leParthenon yeAcropolis yaseAthene, eyona idumileyo apho kwakunqulwa khona uthixo yaye enyanisweni, isekhona nangoku. .
Qwalasela ukuba wacelwa ngothando koothixo abaninzi nama<em>titans, kodwa wabagatya bonke, wayengenandoda okanye isithandwa, nangona kwakungekokugcina ubunyulu bakhe kuphela kodwa kwanokuthobela imigaqo yokuziphatha awayenayo.
Ngaphezu koko, kuthiwa uMedusa wazama ukwenza uthando kunye noPoseidon ngaphakathi kwethempelini elinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi kwaye wohlwaywa ngokuguqula iinwele zakhe zibe yinyoka kwaye amehlo akhe aya kuba namandla okuphazamisa nabani na okhangele kuye.
Ngexesha elithile kamva uPerseus wayeza kufika, kunye nokukhuselwa kuka-Athena ngokwakhe, ukunqumla iMedusa aze anike intloko yakhe kunkulunkulukazi. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuya phambili, lo thixokazi wayeyithwala intloko yesi sidalwa esikroliweyo kwikhaka lakhe.
Elinye ibali elinxulumene neli gama okanye i-epithet libalisa ukuba xa uTiresias wayeselula, wamothusa ngoxa wayehlamba iingubo waza wamshiya eyimfama njengesohlwayo, nangona njengembuyekezo wamnika amandla okuthetha ulwimi lweentaka ukuze aqonde kunye nesipho sokuthetha. xela ikamva. Khumbula ukuba kwibhlog yethu uya kufumana ulwazi oluninzi malunga neentsomi kunye neentsomi, ukongeza kulo thixokazi ogama linguPallas Athena, njengale: uThixo Jupiter.
Pallas Athena
Ngaba uyakhumbula ukuba sasikuxelele ngaphambilana ukuba lo thixokazi wayenomhlobo ogama linguPallas nokuba yayiza kuba yinkcazelo ebalulekileyo? Okulandelayo, siza kuthetha ngemvelaphi yale nkonzo inomdla malunga noPallas Athena.
Okokuqala, kufanele kukhankanyelwe ukuba elithi Pallas lithatyathwe kwigama elithi “pallas” ngesiGrike samandulo elinokuthetha ibrashi (isixhobo) okanye linokuthetha ibhinqa eliselula. Umbhali-mbali uWalter Burkert uchaze ukuba "uyiPallas yaseAthene, uPallas Athenaie, njengokuba uHera waseArgos eseArgeie apha."
Xa le mvelaphi yalityalwayo, kwaveliswa iintsomi ezaziza kucacisa iimbali ezifana naleyo yachazwa nguPhilodemus waseGadara, owathi uPallas wayelutshaba luka-Athena, awamoyisayo edabini waza kamva wamkela igama lakhe.
Nangona elinye ibali lichaza ukuba uPallas wayengelotshaba, kodwa intombi kathixo uTriton. Wayengumhlobo osondeleyo kunye nothixokazi uAthena, ekubeni bobabini bakhula kunye, kodwa ngenye imini ngexesha loqeqesho ababesoloko besenza, uAthena wambulala umhlobo wakhe. Ngenxa yesi sibakala kunye nomqondiso wentlonipho, wayeza kuthwala igama lakhe njengelakhe, oko kukuthi, uPallas Athena.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwavela umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, ekuthiwa ukwiAcropolis yaseTroy ebizwa ngokuba yiPalladium, ngokwentsomi wakrolwa nguthixokazi ngokufana nomhlobo wakhe ofileyo. Ababhali-mbali abaliqela bamandulo bathi amandla etalismanic abangelwa ngulo mzobo wobugcisa kwaye kwakusithiwa okoko kwakuseAcropolis, iTroy yayingasoze iwe, nangona usazi, yawa.
Ngexesha lokuphangwa kweTroy ngamaGrike, iNkosazana uCassandra, intombi kaPriam, wamkela umfanekiso okhankanywe ngasentla efuna ukukhuselwa uthixokazi, nangona kunjalo u-Ajax wamtsalela kude netempile. Nangona enye inguqulelo ithi wayidlwengula kanye apho, umba oya kuthi uyifunde kule nto sixubushe ngayo ngasentla, uAthena wayevutha ngumsindo kwaye nangona u-Agamemnon wanikela imibingelelo ukuze amthobe, phantse yonke imikhosi yamaGrike yatshatyalaliswa.
Ezinye iimvaba
Wafumana iziqhulo ezininzi, wayesaziwa njengoAthena Atrytone, "ongakhathali", Promachos "olwa ngaphambili" kuba wayebonwa njengomkhuseli wesixeko, owayebizwa ngokuba yiPolias. Njengomkhuseli weengcibi, wayebizwa ngokuba nguErgan.
Kwelabo icala, abantu baseAthene babembiza ngokuba “nguthixokazi”, oko kukuthi, uhē theós ngolwimi lwabo. Kwangaxeshanye, lo thixokazi wenza izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinxulumene namahashe, njengomkhala nenqwelo yokulwa. Ngenxa yoku, wabizwa ngokuba nguHippia (yena wamahashe okanye imidlalo yamahashe). Elinye lamagama alo livela kwitempile ebizwa ngokuba yiChalinitis, eyayikufuphi nengcwaba loonyana bakaMedeya eKorinte.
U-Athena wafumana i-epithet ye-Ageleia, ngesiGrike ethi Ἀγελεία, enentsingiselo engaqinisekanga ngandlel’ ithile, kuba inegama lesiGrike elithi “ukwenza” (ἄγω), isenzi “direct” kunye nesibizo esithi “loot” (λεία), enxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuphanga imfuyo. Kwabanye, i-epithet inokubhekisa kwimeko yakhe njengomkhuseli wemfuyo, abanye bayaqinisekisa ukuba kufuneka ithathwe ngokoqobo ngokuthi "umphangi weenkomo" okanye "cuatrera".
Ukongeza, eMegara wayenqulwa njengoAethyta okuthetha "umtshuzi" kwaye ubhekisa ngakumbi kwiintaka ezintywilayo, utolikwa ngokufuziselayo ngendima yakhe njengomdali wenqanawa kunye nobugcisa bokuhamba. Kwakhona, ngokutsho kwebali elibaliswa nguPlutarch, uthixokazi uAthena akazange avuyiswe nje kuphela, kodwa naye wathabatha inxaxheba ekwakhiweni kweParthenon, eyikhuthaza ukuba ifezeke.
Ngenye imini kwenzeka ingozi apho elinye igcisa elikhutheleyo nelikhutheleyo elalisebenza ekwakhiweni lakhubeka laza lawa lisuka phezulu, liphathwa kakubi kangangokuba oogqirha ababemnyanga babelindele ukufa kwakhe kwangoko.
UPericles, umzobi, wachaphazeleka kangangokuba ngobo busuku waphupha uthixokazi kwaye wabonisa iyeza elisebenzayo kwaye likhawuleza kangangokuba wachacha ngexesha elifutshane. Ngenxa yoko wabeka umfanekiso wobhedu obizwa ngokuba ngu-Athena Hygieia "umntu wezempilo".
UHomer kwimisebenzi yakhe ye-epic ngokuqhelekileyo wayesebenzisa i-epithet glaucopis, eguqulela ngokuthi "amehlo aqaqambileyo" okanye "enye enamehlo aqaqambileyo." Ivela kwindibaniselwano ye-glaukos (γλαύκος) enentsingiselo "eqaqambileyo", "isilivere" kunye "nobuluhlaza obuluhlaza", "grey" okanye "grey"; ngaxeshanye ukuyidibanisa ne ôps (ὤψ), nto leyo ethetha iliso kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ubuso.
Kwiinkonzo zakudala, ubukrelekrele bubhekisa kwisikhova okanye intaka ebukele ebumnyameni. Kukho imbalelwano phakathi kweengcambu zamagama athi Glaukos kunye neGlaux (isikhova) sichazwe. Kwezinye izibonakaliso uAthena uboniswa ngesikhova entloko.
Abanye ababhali banxulumanisa uAthena kunye nothixokazi waseMesopotamiya ongaziwayo wenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC, emelwe ngamaphiko, iinzipho zeentaka kwaye engqongwe zizikhova. Kwelinye icala, i-tritogeny ligama lesiqhulo elinikwe uthixokazi kwi-Iliad, kwimibongo ebizwa ngokuba yiNdumiso yaseHomeric kwaye isetyenziswe yimbongi yamaGrike kunye nesithandi sobulumko uHesiod kwi-theogony yakhe.
Le epithelium yokugqibela ineengcaciso ezininzi, akukho nanye kuzo eqinisekileyo. Itolikwa ngokuthi "intombi kaTriton", oku kuthetha ukuba uyise unguthixo wolwandle. Ngokutsho kwentsomi, uTriton wamthatha waza wamkhulisa kunye nentombi yakhe, ekhankanywe ngokufutshane ngasentla.
Nangona kungenakwenzeka, kusenokuthetha ukuba wazalelwa eLake Triton eAfrika. Thatha ingqalelo ukuba igama elithi Triton alidibanisi kuphela nolwandle, amachibi kunye nemilambo, kodwa kunye namanzi ngokubanzi. Ke ngoko, iTritogenia ayizukunika indawo yokuzalwa ethile, kodwa endaweni yoko yazalwa emanzini.
Abanye bathi i-epithet Tritogenia ithathwe kwigama elidala leKrete elithi "intloko", igama elithi epithet lithetha "ukuphuma entloko". Elinye iqela likunika intsingiselo yokuzalwa ngosuku lwesithathu okanye intombi yesithathu kaZeyus emva kuka-Apollo noArtemis.
Ukongeza, kunokucingelwa ukuba eli gama livela kwinto ekucingelwa ukuba wazalwa kwiziqu ezithathu zikaZeus, uMetis kunye naye, umba onokuthi ubonakale ungaqhelekanga kwaye unomdla ngaxeshanye.
Kwelinye icala, ePella eMakedoni, lo thixokazi wanikwa umfuziselo ka-Athena Alcidemus (umkhuseli wabantu), ekubeni wayengumlindi weso sixeko. Njengedatha enokukhankanywa, kwiitetradrachmas zamaGrike (iingqekembe zeedrarhma ezine), uAthena Alcidemus wayemelwe nge-aegis kunye nendudumo.
Ezinye iimvaba kunye neziqhulo zesithixokazi bezi zilandelayo:
- I-Ageleia (eyoyisa edabini).
- Agiopoinos (umphindezeli).
- Alalcomeneis (amandla okukhusela).
- Alcidemo (ombudsman).
- I-Atrytone (engapheliyo).
- I-Boarmia (umkhuseli weenkomo).
- Boudeia (uthixokazi weenkomo).
- Boulaia (umcebisi).
- I-Calinitis (yomkhala).
- I-Ergane (umkhuseli wamagcisa).
- Erysiptolis (umkhuseli wesixeko).
- ILaósoos (iluncedo).
- Meganitis (yesixhobo esikhulu).
- Polias (yesixeko).
- Polioucos (okhusela isixeko).
- Poluboulos (yengcebiso elungileyo).
- I-Polumetis (yezinto ezininzi eziqanjiweyo).
- Promacorma (umkhuseli bay).
mythos
Lo thixokazi obalulekileyo we-Olympus, ukususela ekuveleni kwakhe, akazange ayeke ukuba nenxaxheba kumabali amaninzi eentsomi zamaGrike. Okulandelayo uya kukwazi iintsomi ezinomdla zikaPallas Athena.
Erichtonium
U-Athena wayesoloko esebenzisa izixhobo awayemboleke ngazo uZeus, ngesinye isihlandlo wayefuna ukuba nezixhobo zakhe waza wacela uHephaestus ukuba amenzele zona, kodwa wamxelela ukuba uya kuzenza ngenxa yothando. Nangona kunjalo, uPoseidon wamkhohlisa uHephaestus ngokumxelela ukuba iAthene yayiza kuzinikela kuphela ngamandla.
Ngenye imini, uAthena wangena kwi-smithy ngenjongo yokufunda ngenkqubela yomsebenzi wezixhobo. Ngoxa unkulunkulukazi wayengahoywa, u-Hephaestus wambamba ngokukhawuleza waza wazama ukumdlwengula, walwa nothixo womlilo, owawuza kugqiba ukukhupha imilenze ka-Athena.
Uthixokazi wakwazi ukuzikhulula kwaye azihlambulule ngesikhafu sesilika awasiphosa emhlabeni ngokucekisa, engazi ukuba isidoda sawela kuMama woMhlaba uGaia, wakhulelwa waza wazala u-Erichthonius. UGaia akazange afune ukunyamekela umntwana, ngoko unkulunkulukazi wamthabatha njengonyana owamkelwayo.
Ngexesha elithile kamva, ngesihlandlo xa uAthena kwafuneka angabikho, wabeka unyana wakhe kwisifuba esincinci waza wanika oodade uHerse, uPandrosus no-Aglauros ngaphandle kokutyhila umxholo wayo, kunye nomyalelo wokuba ungalokothi usivule. Kakade ke, kwakukho omnye udade ongazange athobele lo myalelo waza wayivula ngenxa yokufun' ukwazi, ebona u-Erichthonius ekwimo yenyoka, oku kwamgxotha uHerse noPandrosus, owatsiba phezulu kwi-Acropolis.
Phezu kwako nje konke oku, lo mlinganiswa wasentsomini owayesisiqingatha senyoka nesiqingatha senyoka, wayeza kulawula isixeko esathiya umama wakhe owamkhulisayo igama lakhe, engumongami onobulungisa nonobubele. Waseka ihlelo likaPallas Athena waza wafundisa abemi balo indlela yokusebenzisa isilivere. Wayengumxhasi wokusetyenziswa kwenqwelo yokulwa enamahashe amane, yiloo nto umfanekiso wakhe waphakama waza waba likroza leAuriga.
isixeko saseAtene
Amabali abalisa ukuba kwakukho ixesha apho uthixokazi wayekhuphisana nothixo uPoseidon ukuze afumane ilungelo lokuba ngumxhasi wesixeko esasiseAttica. Ngenye imini, ngeenjongo zokuwuphelisa lo mlo, bafikelela kwisisombululo sokupha ngamnye kubemi beso sixeko, ukumkani wabo ogama linguCecropes, owayeza kugqiba ukuba nguwuphi na uthixo owayeya koyisa.
Kungelo xesha apho uPoseidon wabetha khona umhlaba nge-trident yakhe ukwenza umthombo ubonakale unamanzi anetyuwa, nto leyo eyavumela isixeko ukuba sibe nokufikelela elwandle kunye nokurhweba. Enyanisweni, kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba ngexesha layo iAthene yayiligunya laselwandle, ineenqanawa zayoyisa amaPersi kwidabi lomkhosi waselwandle laseSalamis.
Kodwa, njengoko uya kuqonda, nangona izibonelelo zoqoqosho, amanzi emithombo ayenetyuwa kwaye ayengenakusetyenziswa. Nangona kukho enye inguqulelo intsomi, apho kubaliswa ukuba Poseidon wahambisa ihashe lokuqala kubemi, into ebaluleke kakhulu kurhwebo kunye nemfazwe.
Nangona kunjalo, uthixokazi wanika ipolisi umthi womnquma wokuqala ulinywa, owakhuthaza ukukhula kunye nokuchuma kweso sixeko siphela ngokusinika iinkuni, ukutya kunye neoli. Emva kokuphonononga izipho, ukumkani wabonisa ukuba eso sasiphiwa nguPallas Athena sasilunge ngakumbi, sinikela uloyiso kuthixokazi.
Kusenokukuthakazelisa ukwazi ukuba kwabanye ababhali olu sukuzwano phakathi koothixo luthelekiso kumzabalazo phakathi kwebutho leentloko zematriarchal kunye noosolusapho, njengoko iNgesi uRobert Graves wayecinga njalo.
Elinye ibali lixelela ukuba ama-Athene aya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi izithixo eya kuba ngumkhuseli wepolisi. Amadoda avotela iPoseidon kunye nabasetyhini bavotela uAthena. Ekugqibeleni uthixokazi waphumelela ngevoti enye, nto leyo eyamcaphukisayo lo thixo waza wawukhukulisa wonke lo mmandla ngamanzi akhe yaye akazange awarhoxise de abafazi bancame ilungelo labo lokuvota.
umxhasi ongcwele wamaqhawe
U-Athena wacebisa waza wanceda uArgos ekwakhiweni kweArgo, inqanawa apho uJason kunye neqela lakhe leArgonauts babeza kuhamba khona. Ngokukwanjalo, lo thixokazi wakhokela uPerseus xa waya kukhangela iMedusa yaye exhaswa nguHermes, uthixo wabahambi, wabanika izixhobo awayeza kuzifuna.
U-Athena wanika uPerseus ikhaka lobhedu olukhazimlisiweyo ukuze abone iMedusa ngokubonakalisa ngaphandle kokujonga ubuso bakhe, uHermes wamnika i-scythe eqinisiweyo. Edabini, nguthixokazi owasebenzisa ikrele likaPerseus ukuze lingasileli aze anqumle intloko yerhamncwa.
Kwezinye i-anecdotes uHeracles uboniswa encedisa kwimifanekiso eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa bamandulo bamaGrike, ngelixa kwiimetopes ezimele imisebenzi elishumi elinambini kaHeracles ekhoyo kwitempile kaZeus eOlympia, uthixokazi ubonakala kane.
Kumboniso wokuqala, u-Athena ubona iqhawe libulala ingonyama yaseNemean, nangona kwishumi limnceda ukuba abambe isibhakabhaka. Ngokubanzi, uthixokazi umelwe njengomhlobo owoyikekayo, kodwa nanjengeqabane elithambileyo. Ekugqibeleni, nguye othabatha uHeracles amse kwiNtaba yeOlympus aze amnikele kuZeus ukuze abe nguthixo (ukuguquka abe nguthixo).
Kusekuninzi ekufuneka sikuxelelwe ngaye noHeracles. Ufanele wazi ukuba lo thixokazi wacacisela uHeracles indlela awayenokoyisa ngayo ingonyama yaseNemea ngokusebenzisa iinzipho zakhe ukuze ayiqwenge. Ngomnye wemisebenzi yakhe, kwafuneka abulale iintaka ze-Stymphalian, kuba oku amandla akhe ayengenamsebenzi kwaye kwakukho ezininzi kakhulu ukuba azicime ngeentolo zakhe, ngoko uAthena wamnika intsimbi yobhedu emxelela ukuba ayikhalise kwinduli ephakamileyo.
UHeracles wenjenjalo zaza iintaka zabaleka zisoyika, nto leyo eyamnika ithuba lokutshabalalisa ezinye ngeentolo zakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imfazwe echasene neHydra yaseLerna idume, apho rhoqo xa enqumla intloko, kwakhula entsha.
Kule meko, uAthena waphefumlela umtshana weqhawe ukuba amcebise ukuba rhoqo xa enqumla intloko, kufuneka atshise isiphunzi sentamo ukuze aphilise, ngaloo ndlela kungaveli enye kwaye yindlela awakwazi ngayo ukumoyisa. . Enyanisweni, wahamba noHermes kunye noHermes kuhambo lwakhe oluya kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba efuna iCerberus.
Elinye lamagorha asentsomini aseGrisi yayinguBellerophon, owancedwa sisithixokazi xa wamnika umkhala wegolide ukuze akwazi ukudambisa ihashe elinamaphiko uPegasus.
Kwintlekele ka-Aeschylus, u-Orestes uchaza ukuba xa u-Agamemnon ebuyela ebukhosini bakhe emva kokungabikho ixesha elide kwimfazwe yakhe kunye neTrojans, inkosazana uCassandra, intombi ye-Trojan ukumkani oyinqobileyo uPriam, wathathwa njengekhoboka phakathi kwezinto zakhe.
UClytemnestra, umfazi ka-Agamemnon, waba nomsindo xa ebona ukuthanda okucacileyo umyeni wakhe azinikele kwinkosazana yasemzini, kwaye wayesele evakalelwa kukuba umyeni wakhe wayenenzondo ngenxa yokuba wanikela ngentombi yakhe u-Iphigenia kuthixokazi uArtemis ukuze afumane umoya omhle wokuya eTroy.
Ngoko, ngexesha lokungabikho komyeni wakhe, wayethabathe uAegisthus njengesithandwa sakhe, ngoncedo lwakhe waceba waza wambulala uAgamemnon. UElectra, intombi ka-Agamemnon, kunye nothixo uApollo, bakhuthaza umninawa wakhe, uOrestes, ukuba aziphindezelele aze abulale unina nesithandwa sakhe uAegisthus.
Umoya weClytemnestra wabuza u-Erinyes, oothixokazi bempindezelo, ukuba baphazamise i-Orestes. Ehlukunyezwa kukuxhatshazwa kwama-Erinyes, u-Orestes ucela uncedo kuthixo uApollo waza ekugqibeleni wamsa eAthene, apho uPallas Athena wayenze inkundla yamadoda anokunyaniseka okungqiniweyo.
Uthixokazi wayechophele ityala lika-Orestes apho wayetyholwa ngokubulala unina uClytemnestra. Iivoti zejaji ziye zadibana, elinye iqela livotela ukukhululeka kwaye elinye iqela ligwetywe.
Nangona kunjalo, u-Athena wayenevoti yokugqiba kwaye wakhetha ukukhululwa, echaza ukuba nanini na xa i-jury iboshiwe ummangalelwa uya kukhululwa. Ukuba unomdla wokwazi ngakumbi izihloko ezinxulumene noPallas Athena kunye nabanye abantu basentsomini, siyakumema ukuba ufunde malunga: uthixo uHermes.
Kulo mxholo wenqaku lethu, asikwazi ukukhankanya ukuba kwi-Odyssey ubuqhetseba be-Odysseus ngokukhawuleza buzuze inkoliseko ye-Athene. Ekuqaleni, uncedo lwakhe ku-Odysseus lwalulinganiselwe ekutyaleni iingcamango kunye neengcamango kwingqondo yeqhawe kuhambo lwakhe oluya ekhaya ukusuka kwiMfazwe yeTrojan, ukuqinisa indima yakhe njengomkhuseli wamagorha kunye nomcebisi omama.
Ukongeza, u-Athena wabonakala emaphupheni eNkosana uNausica ukuqinisekisa ukuba uya kunceda u-Odysseus. U-Athena waguqulwa waba ngumalusi ukuze axhase u-Odysseus ekufikeni kwakhe e-Ithaca, wamxokisa ngokumxelela ukuba uPenelope wayephinde watshata ngokumshiya efile.
U-Odysseus, naye, waqamba amanga ukuze azikhusele kwaye unkulunkulukazi, echukunyiswe bubuqhetseba bakhe, wazityhila kwaye wamyalela indlela yokubuyisela ubukumkani bakhe. Wamncedisa ke ukuba woyise abakhweli ngokumenza abe ngumngqibi omdala.
izohlwayo
Phakathi kweentsomi ezidumileyo zalo thixokazi, sisohlwayo kwiMedusa. Esi sidalwa ngaphambi kwefomu oyaziyo, yayingumbingeleli oselula owayekhonza kwitempile ka-Athena, kwisixeko saseAtene.
Ngenye imini, njengazo zonke ezinye, uthixo wolwandle uPoseidon, owayesoloko enenjongo yokulawula isixeko kunye nokonakalisa umfanekiso wesithixokazi, wangena etempileni waza wamxelela ukuba uyamthanda, kodwa uMedusa waphendula ukuba akanakuba naye. ngenxa yesibhambathiso sakhe sobunyulu, ngoko wamdlwengula etempileni.
Nangona kusenokubonakala kungaqhelekanga kuwe, xa uPallas Athena wakufumanisayo oko kwenzekileyo, endaweni yokugculela uthixo ngenxa yoko wakwenzayo nokuxhasa umkhonzi wakhe, ekugqibeleni wamguqula waba lirhamncwa elinamarhamba ezinweleni zakhe kunye nenkangeleko enamandla. ukuba acudise nabani na.
Elinye ibali malunga nesohlwayo lelo laseTiresias, apho kuxelwa ukuba ngenye imini yasentwasahlobo kwiNtaba yeHelicon u-Athena wahlamba i-nymph ayithandayo uChariclo entwasahlobo. Kwakwezo ntaba zinye, uTiresi oselula wayezingela, waya emthonjeni ukuya kukha amanzi, yaye ngempazamo wabona uthixokazi eze.
Kungelo xesha awathi uAthena wamohlwaya ngokumshiya eyimfama ukuze angaze aphinde abone into engenzelwanga ukubona umntu ofayo, ngembuyekezo wamnika amandla okuqonda ulwimi lweentaka namandla okuxela kwangaphambili ikamva.
Kwi-Ovid's Metamorphosis ngenkulungwane yesi-29 ye-AD, intsomi yaseArachne ibonakala, ikuphela komthombo, njengoko eli bali likhankanywe ngokufutshane kakhulu kwi-Virgil's Georgians ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX BC u-Ovid uthi u-Arachne wayenguLydia oselula e-Asia Minor, umfundi wokuluka. eAtene, intombi yedayi edumileyo Idmon of Colophon.
Eli bhinqa liselula lalivelise isiphiwo esingaqhelekanga sokuluka nokuhombisa amalaphu, kodwa lazidla kangangokuba lazingomb’ isifuba lisithi libhetele kunoAthena ngokwakhe.
Lo thixokazi wadinwa ziziphoso zakhe kodwa wamnika ithuba lokuzikhulula ngokuvela kwindawo yokusebenzela eguqulwe yaba lixhegwazana, encoma umsebenzi weli bhinqa liselula yaye emlumkisa ngelithi akufanelekanga ukuba umntu ofayo akholelwe ukuba wongamile kunoothixo.
Kunokuba iyeke ukubuza imibuzo, le ntwazana yagculela ixhegokazi, isithi ingaphezu kuka-Athena yaza yamcel’ umngeni lo thixokazi kukhuphiswano lokubonisa ukuba ngubani oyena mluki ubhetele. Lo thixokazi waphinda waba yimo yakhe waza walwamkela olo celomngeni.
U-Athena wabonisa isakhono sakhe ngokuluka iseyile ebonisa imiboniso evela kwingxabano yakhe kunye nePoseidon yokukhusela i-Athene, iphinde ibonise oothixo abalishumi elinesibini be-Olympian kunye nokoyiswa kwabo babecela umngeni kubo. Kwicala lakhe, u-Arachne wayenxibe i-tapestry yemifanekiso engamashumi amabini ebonisa ukungathembeki koothixo, ngakumbi uZeus kunye noLeda, i-Europa, iDanae kunye nabanye.
Wonk’ ubani, kuquka uthixokazi uAthena, wavuma ukuba umzobo wale ntombazana wawugqibelele, kodwa ucatshukiswa kukungakhathalelwa kwesidima soothixo, lo thixokazi waphelelwa ngumonde waza watshabalalisa intambo yokuluka awayekhuphisana nayo. Emva koko labetha eli bhinqa liselula ngompu walo nakane ngentonga yalo. Ekugqibeleni uArachne wayiqonda impazamo yakhe waza wazixhoma ngamandla, uthixokazi wamsizela waza wamkhuthaza ngokumjika abe sisigcawu.
Khumbula ukuba uAthena wayengenakoyiswa emfazweni. Enyanisweni, xa uAres wabethwa engekho zingqondweni kumlo wokuqala no-Athena, uAphrodite wazama ukumkhupha edabini. UHera wababona waza wayalela uthixokazi ukuba amnqande. Uthixokazi wasolula isandla sakhe waza wambetha kabukhali okwabashiya bengekho zingqondweni bobabini ebaleni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokutsho kwentsomi yeMfazwe yeTrojan, uAphrodite naye kuthiwa uye wanceda enye yezinto ezizithandayo kwidabi. Wangena phakathi kwabaphumi-mkhosi waza wazama ukuthabatha umlingane wakhe. U-Athena wayalela iqhawe lase-Achaean uDiomedes ukuba athintele ukubaleka kwakhe.
Iqhawe lakhawuleza ukwenza umyalelo wothixokazi kwaye lamthintela ekumthabatheni. Edabini wangxwelerha isandla sika-Aphrodite. Emfamekiswe yintlungu, lo thixokazi wakhwela iNtaba yeOlympus waza wakhalaza kuZeyus. Ngoxa omnye woothixokazi abancinci waphilisa isandla sakhe, uAphrodite waqhubeka ekhala kwaye ekhalaza kuZeus. Ekubona oku, uPallas Athena wachaza izibakala ngendelelo ngoxa wayephulula isandla sikathixokazi uAphrodite.
Eqhubeka neentsomi zesohlwayo, uthixokazi uAthena wakha wathabatha iqhekeza lethambo waza wacinga ukuba xa umoya udlula kulo uya kuvelisa isandi, emva kokucamngca ngalo wayila waza wenza imbande yokuqala. UAthena wasivuyela isandi sesixhobo eso waza wasizisa kwisidlo apho kwakukho bonke oothixo.
Uthixokazi waphakama waza waqalisa ukudlala imbande ngendlela emangalisayo kangangokuba bonke oothixo babachukumisa, kodwa uHera noAphrodite bamhleka ngenxa yokuba ukuchukumisa izidlele zakhe kwabenza badumba. U-Athena wadinwa waza waya kwihlathi laseFrigiya, apho waqala ukudlala iflegi ejonge ukubonakalisa kwakhe emanzini omlambo.
Ebukele izidlele zakhe zidumba nobuso bakhe bugutyungelwe ngamandla, wabhabha ngumsindo, ephosa phantsi ifleyi yakhe kwaye eqalekisa wonke umntu owayeza kuyibamba.
Imfazwe yeTrojan
Siye sathetha ngaphambili malunga noPallas Athena kunye nokungenelela kwakhe kwiMfazwe yeTrojan, kodwa ebalaselisa kuphela ibali elinxulumene nenkalo yokohlwaya yothixokazi. Kusekuninzi ekufuneka kukhankanyiwe malunga nolu khuphiswano kwaye siya kuchaza ngakumbi ngalo ngezantsi.
Le ngxelo iqala ngomtshato phakathi kukaPeleus noThetis, apho bonke oothixo nabanye abantu bamenyiwe. Oyena kuphela owayengekho ngesimemo ngu-Eris, unkulunkulukazi wengxabano, owacaphuka waza wabonisa emtshatweni nge-apula yegolide kwaye wathi kuphela: "ngenxa ye-fairest." Wayiphosa phakathi kwezithixokazi yaza yathi shwaka.
Kubo bonke oothixokazi, bathathu kuphela abawela kumlo we-apula: uHera, uAthena kunye noAphrodite, ngenxa yokuba i-ego nganye yamenza wacinga ukuba wayebhekwa njengeyona nto ihle kakhulu. Ngelo xesha baya kuZeyus ukuze enze isigqibo sokuba ngubani owayelungile, kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba ukuze aphephe iingxaki kwakuyimfuneko ukufumana omnye umgwebi, umntu ongakhethi buso.
Phakathi kwabaviwa, bobabini oothixo kunye nabantu, inkosana yaseTroy Paris yakhethwa kulo msebenzi. Intloko ye-Olympus, uZeus, yacela uHermes ukuba athabathe i-apile kumntu ofayo kwaye ibe nguye oza kuyinika oyena thixokazi umhle. Kanye ngesiqhamo esandleni sakhe, umgwebo weParis waqala, owawuza kwenzeka xa izithixokazi zihlamba kwiNtaba ye-Ida kufuphi neTroy.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwimifanekiso yamandulo yesi siganeko, uAphrodite wayekhe waboniswa ehamba ze, kwaye uHera noAthena babenxibe. Nangona, kwimizobo nakweminye imizobo yeRenaissance, ingakumbi eyasentshona, ezi zithixo zintathu zabonakala zihamba ze.
IParis ayizange ikwazi ukwenza isigqibo kuba bobathathu oothixokazi babebahle. Xa bebona ukungaqiniseki kweParis, bazama ukumnyoba, uHera wamnika amandla phezu kwe-Asiya naseYurophu, uAthena wamnika ubulumko nozuko kwidabi, uAphrodite wamnika uthando lwabantu abahle kakhulu.
Ekugqibeleni, iParis yagqiba ukunika i-apulo ku-Aphrodite, eyabangela ukuba abanye babe nomsindo kuye baze bafunge intiyo engunaphakade kuye kunye noyise, ukumkani waseTroy, kunye nesixeko sonke. Kwelakhe icala, uAphrodite wazichaza njengomgcini wenkosana.
Kwi<em>Iliad kuthiwa, xa engekho uAchilles, uDiomedes wamiselwa njengoyena mphumi-mkhosi wamaGrike ubalaseleyo, awathi ngenxa yoko wakhuselwa nguAthena. Kwakhona kweli bali, uHomer utshela ukuba u-Achilles ugxotha uHector ngeendonga zeTroy ngaphandle kokumenza ame kuye. U-Athena waguqulwa waba ngumntakwabo kaHector, uDeiphobo, waza wabonakala phambi kwakhe ukuba acebise ukuba bajongane namaGrike kunye.
U-Hector waphonsa umkhonto wakhe e-Achilles elahlekileyo kwaye xa wajika waza wakhangela uDeiphobus ukuba amnike enye umkhonto, yanyamalala, ngoko uHector waqonda ukuba ulahlekelwe yintando yoothixo kwaye bathanda ama-Achaeans. Ngelo xesha, phantsi kokuwa kwesi sixeko, u-Ajax, omnye wamajoni angena ehashe, wamangaliswa u-Princess Cassandra owayezifihle etempileni yase-Athena.
Kwamanye amabali kuthiwa watsala intombazana ngelixa ezama ukubambelela kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPallas Athena ngokwakhe, nangona kunjalo amanye amabali achaza ukuba wamdlwengula etempileni yothixokazi kwaye oku kwamcaphukisa, ngoko ngoncedo lwe uthixo wolwandle, wazitshabalalisa iinqanawa zamaGrike.
Iicawa zePallas Athena
Ukongezelela eAthene, wayenqulwa kwezinye izixeko ezinjengeArgos, iSparta, iGortyna, iLindos, neLarissa. Ngokusuka kulwalamano lwakhe noTriton, kuqikelelwa ukuba iindawo zokuqala zonqulo zalo thixokazi zazikunxweme loMlambo iTriton eBoeotia, isebe leLake Copaide.
Kule ndawo yokugqibela, ngokwesithethe, kwakukho izixeko ezibini ezazikhukuliswe lichibi: iAthene ne-Eleusis. Ukusuka apho eli hlelo lafudukela kwezinye iindawo ezifana neLibya neAttica.
EAthene, waba ngoyena thixo ubalulekileyo, emnika iimpawu zenyoka njengomfuziselo wohlaziyo olungunaphakade. Unqulo lothixokazi lwaluquka ukongamela ukuqaliswa kwabafana ekubeni ngabemi namabhinqa ekulungiseleleni ukutshata.
Wayenqulwa njengothixo wesixeko siphela kunye nomgcini wenqaba kwigama lakhe lesidlaliso njengoAthena Polias. Enyanisweni, kwisixeko esasinika igama layo, umbhiyozo wamandulo obizwa ngokuba yiPlinterias wawubanjwa minyaka le ngenyanga yeTargelion (malunga noMeyi, othethayo ngoku) kunye neentsuku ze-5.
Ngeentsuku ezikhankanyiweyo, abefundisikazi baka-Athena benza izithethe zokuhlanjululwa kwetempile eyayinikelwe kuthixokazi noPoseidon, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Erechtheion, apho wawukhululwe umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wesithixokazi, iimpahla zazihlanjwa zize zicocwe.
Kwelinye icala, kuMthendeleko weBronzi weChalkeia owawungomhla wokugqibela wenyanga yePyanopsion (phakathi kuka-Oktobha noNovemba), uAthena Ergane, uthixokazi wemisebenzi yezandla, ingakumbi ukuluka, wayenqulwa. Wayekwangumxhasi ongcwele wabasebenzi bentsimbi ababencedisa ekwenzeni izixhobo kunye nezixhobo.
Kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba ihlelo lika-Athena lafumana ubutyebi obubalulekileyo xa wanikwa indima yothixokazi wefilosofi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Kukho iintsomi ezininzi kunye namabali kwinkolo yaseAthene apho i-Athena idlala indima ekukhuseleni ezolimo. Kuthiwa nguye owayila ikhuba neharika. Kwakhona kuthiwa wasungula umkhala wehashe, idyokhwe yenkomo nenqwelo.
Naye lo thixokazi wenza ingqayi yodongwe waza wafundisa ubugcisa basekhaya obunjengokuluka, ukusonta nokupheka. Kobunye ubugcisa, wadala imbande nexilongo. Kuyaziwa kakhulu ukuba oonyana bakhe abamkelweyo bamkelwa kwaye bazukiswa e-Attica ngabalimi, khumbula ukuba aba ngu-Erichthonius no-Erechtheus.
Ngokufanayo, i-Athena Promacos imele isicwangciso kunye nokuziphatha ekuziphatheni kwamajoni ekulweni, ngokungafaniyo nomntakwabo uAres, owayengumgqugquzeli wamandla akhohlakeleyo emfazweni, impindezelo, igazi kunye nokubulala.
Inkxaso yothixokazi yayilinganiselwe kwabo babesilwela isizathu esifanelekileyo baza babona imfazwe njengenye indlela yokusombulula iingxabano, yiyo loo nto amaGrike ayemxabisa ngaphezu koAres.
Ngokufanayo, inkoliseko yalo thixokazi yawela kwabo babesebenzisa ubulumko nobuqhophololo endaweni yamandla akhohlakeleyo. KuMnyhadala wePamboeotia waminyaka le nakwiMidlalo yePanathenaic rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, apho kwakubonakaliswa khona ubuchule bezemidlalo nobomkhosi, ukunqulwa kwalo thixokazi kwakubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo.
Ngokwesithethe uPallas Athena wayalela waza wanceda uDanio ukuba akhe inqanawa yakhe, inqanawa yokuqala yohlobo lwayo eyayinamaphini angamashumi amahlanu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ihlonitshwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo eLindos, elinye lamakomkhulu esiqithi saseRhodes.
Imibingelelo eyenziwe ngeenkomo, iimvana kunye neenkunzi zeenkomo zanikelwa kuthixokazi, apho mhlawumbi igama elithi Taurobolius livela, nangona kunjalo u-Eustacio wabonisa ukuba kuphela amabhinqa abingelelwa kuye.
Iminyhadala efana neCalinterias, iPlinterias, iSciroforias, iArreforias kunye neOscoforias, yabanjwa ngokuhlonipha uAthena kwindima yakhe njengomkhuseli wezolimo. IMidlalo yePanathenaic yaqala njengomthendeleko wokuvuna kwaye umbhiyozo wokulima wawubandakanya iinkonzo ezintathu: ezimbini zokuhlonipha uAthena ngokuyila kwakhe ikhuba kunye nokuhlonipha isithixokazi sezolimo uDemetra.
Isithethe sasisithi umbulelo wangaphambili wawuya kunikelwa kuthixokazi ngokukhusela izithole nesivuno sexesha elizayo. Izihlandlo ezininzi, uPallas Athena wayenxulunyaniswa noAphaia, uthixokazi wenzala nowezolimo owayenqulwa, kuphela kwingcwele yesiqithi saseAegina kwiSaronic Gulf.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqwalaselwe ukuba uAlea, isithixokazi samandulo saseArcadia, wafaniswa noAthena waza wabizwa ngokuba nguAthena Alea, owayenqulwa kwiitempile zikaTegea neMantineia. Abefundisikazi bezi tempile babefanele ukuba banyulu kwaye babambe esi sikhundla de babe bafikisa. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Athena Alea wema endleleni esuka eSparta ukuya eTarapne eLaconia.
Kwi<em>acropolis yaseSpartan, iAthene ihlonelwa njengeAthens Polyioucos (yendlu yobhedu), i<em>epithet isenokuba kungenxa yokuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo owawunqulwa apho wawuwenziwe ngobhedu, iindonga zetempile zazenziwe ngalo mthi, okanye ngenxa yokuba uthixokazi okhuselayo waye. ithathwa njengengcwele engumxhasi weengcibi E-Sparta, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba iintsimbi ezisetyenziselwa unqulo lwaseAthene zenziwe ngobhedu okanye i-terracotta.
Enye into enomdla malunga neenkolo, ihambelana netempile ye-Ionic enikezelwe ku-Athena Polias, eyakhiwa ngenkulungwane yesine BC kwisixeko sasePriene, eyilwe ngumyili ongumGrike uPitio de Priene, umyili ofanayo we-mausoleum yaseHalicamaso. , eyayinikelwe kuAleksandire Omkhulu.
Abameli
UPallas Athena udla ngokuboniswa emile, enxibe i-chiton epheleleyo, isikrweqe sejoni, kunye nesigcina-ntloko saseKorinte ebunzini lakhe. Ngokuqhelekileyo ithwala ikhaka kunye ne-gorgonians, intloko ye-jellyfish embindini kunye neenyoka ezijikelezayo.
Wayehlala enxibe i-aegis njengengubo, eboniswa njengePromachos ephethe umkhonto phezu kwentloko yakhe. Kukho imiboniso yakhe ebonisa ukuzalwa kwakhe ukusuka kwintloko kaZeyus, ukulwa nezigebenga, ukuxoxwa kwetyala kunye nenkosana yeTrojan, kunye nokuzalwa konyana wakhe owamkelwayo. Ikwabonakala nakwimizobo eqingqiweyo, kwiingqekembe zemali nakwimizobo eyenziwe ngeeseramikhi.
Umdwebi odumileyo uPhidias wakrola umsebenzi wechrysanthemum wegolide kunye neendlovu zothixokazi owawuseParthenon kwaye ngoku ulahlekile, wayeyingxilimbela, enxibe isambatho eside kwaye ethwele intloko yeMedusa. Esifubeni sakhe umkhonto, kwisandla sakhe sasekhohlo ikhaka lakhe elinemiboniso yedabi laseAmazon kunye nezigebenga, esandleni sakhe sasekunene ubambe uNike, uthixokazi woloyiso onamaphiko, emi kunye nenyoka ezinyaweni zikathixokazi.
Kwimeko kaPolias, umelwe kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo weNeo-Attic ngoku kwiMyuziyam yaseVirginia yoBugcisa obuLungileyo, apho abonakala enxibe isigcina-ntloko saseKorinte, isikhova esandleni sakhe, kunye nekhaka lakhe liphumle kwiHermas.
Iimpawu adla ngokumelwa ngazo isithixokazi zezi:
- Isigqoko esihlotshiswe ngegriffins, iimvana kunye namahashe, etyhila ubuso bakhe, ngamanye amaxesha siphathwa ezandleni zakhe.
- I-pectoral yegusha okanye i-aegis.
- Ikhaka elingqukuva elinentloko yeMedusa.
- Isikhova, inyoka, umqhagi, umkhonto, nesebe lomnquma.
UJulius Firmicus Maternus noClement waseAleksandriya, phakathi kwabanye ababhali abangamaKristu benkulungwane yokuqala, kuthiwa bathi uAthena wayemele yonke into ecekisekayo kubuhedeni kwaye wamgxeka ngokuthozama nangokuziphatha okubi, kodwa uninzi lweempawu zakhe zabelwa iNtombi Enyulu uMariya kwaye kwiindawo ezininzi. amatyala eGorgoneion avele kwimiboniso evela kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX.
Ngexesha leRenaissance, imizobo emininzi engumfuziselo yayibonisa uAthena njengomxhasi wezobugcisa nomsebenzi, eyintandokazi yamagcisa aseItali. USandro Botticelli kumzobo wakhe osuka malunga no-1480, uPallas kunye neCentaur, ubonise uthixokazi njengomqondiso wobunyulu obambe isitshixo seenwele kwi-centaur ebonisa inkanuko.
Kubangel’ umdla ukuqwalasela ukuba phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, kwakukho utyekelo lokufuzisela uthixokazi onabalawuli abangamabhinqa. Oko unokukubona kwincwadi kaThomas Blennerhassett enesihloko esithi "The real Minerva" (inguqulelo yamaRoma kaPallas Athena), apho wachaza ukumkani uElizabeth I waseNgilani njengokuzalwa ngokutsha kwesithixokazi.
Kwangaxeshanye, amanye amagcisa anjengoRubens, abonisa uPallas Athena njengomcebisi kaMarie de' Medici. UCatherine II waseRashiya ude aboniswe njengothixokazi kugqabhuko-dubulo oluvela ngowe-1774, luqingqwe ngumkroli waseJamani uTassaert.
Kufuneka kongezwe ukuba yonke imifanekiso yezithixo zamaGrike namaRoma ezaziseFransi ngexesha leziganeko zeNguqulelo yesiFrentshi zatshatyalaliswa ngabantu, ngaphandle kwePallas Athena. Isizathu sasicace kakhulu, njengoko waba luphawu lwenkululeko kunye neRiphabhlikhi kubo. Enyanisweni, kwakhiwa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wozuko lwakhe kwiPlace de la Révolution eParis.
Pallas Athena kwihlabathi lanamhlanje
Okwangoku, unokufumana umfanekiso weParthenon eAthens eUnited States, eyakhiwa ngenjongo yokubhiyozela isikhumbuzo se-100 seTennessee ngo-1897. Noko ke, yayiludumo olwafunyanwa ngelo xesha, kangangokuba abasemagunyeni bagqiba kwelokuba kude kube namhla.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngexesha le-20 kwafuneka baqhube ukulungiswa, kuba izinto ezenziwe ngazo azizange zihlale, kwaye ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka bamisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ngokuhlonipha i-Parthenos version yesithixokazi.
Ukuba useYurophu, ungaya eOstriya uze ubone umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaPallas Athena omi phambi kwepalamente yesizwe.
Ukuba uthanda eli nqaku malunga noPallas Athena, sincoma ukuba ufunde malunga: oothixo basentsomini zamaRoma.