El Global Dimming kungenxa yokuncipha kwi imitha yelanga efikelela kumphezulu womhlaba, ebangelwa kungcoliseko olucolekileyo olusesibhakabhakeni, olubonisa imitha yelanga ibuyele emajukujukwini, ngakumbi xa umphunga wamanzi ujiya ujikeleze amasuntswana. Funda ngakumbi ngesi sihloko apha.
Imvelaphi
Ubumnyama behlabathi, ukutshintsha imozulu yesijikelezi-langa sethu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950, kwatyhilwa okokuqala nguGerald Stanhill, isazi ngebhayoloji yakwa-Israeli, kukuncipha kokukhanya okufika kumhla woMhlaba.
Ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-dimming, idala isiphumo sokupholisa esichasana nokufudumala kwe-greenhouse kwimozulu yethu, esi siphumo sinokuthi sigqunywe ngokuyinxenye bubukhulu bokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Ukusukela ngo-1950 ukuya ku-1985, ukusasazeka kwemitha yelanga kumphezulu womhlaba kwehlile ukusuka kwi-8% ukuya kwi-30% kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuguquguquka kwengingqi kunye namaxesha onyaka.
Ngelixa, kumazwekazi ase-Afrika naseMelika, abaphandi balinganisa ukuhla kwe-15% ekukhanyeni kwelanga, ubumnyama obuphantsi bulinganiswe kumntla weYurophu kunye ne-Australia kunye ne-dimming enamandla kakhulu (30%) eRashiya. Oyena nobangela woku "ubumnyama behlabathi" ngumsebenzi wamazwe atyebileyo aqhubeka ekhupha ii-microparticles emoyeni.
Ezi microparticles ezivela kwiifektri zethu kunye nokutshiswa kweoli kwizithuthi zethu, zithwala amathontsi amanzi Amafu, ukuzijika zibe zipilini zokwenyani.
Yintoni i-Global Dimming?
Ubumnyama behlabathi buchazwa njengokuncipha komthamo wemitha yelanga efikelela kummandla woMhlaba, imveliso yezinto ezinokutsha ziimvuthuluka ezincinane okanye izinto ezingcolisayo ezithomalalisa amandla elanga kwaye zibonakalise ukukhanya kwelanga kubuyela emajukujukwini.
Esi siganeko saqala ukuqatshelwa ngonyaka we-1950, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba, ukususela ngaloo nyaka, amandla elanga afika eMhlabeni anciphe nge-9% e-Antarctica, nge-10% e-US, nge-16% kwiindawo zaseYurophu kunye ne-30% Rhashiya. Ngokuhla komndilili wama-22%, oku kubangela umngcipheko omkhulu kokusingqongileyo.
Uninzi lwemimandla kuninzi lwehlabathi lubona ukuphakama okwahlukeneyo ubumnyama behlabathi, kunokuthiwa, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-hemisphere esemazantsi ihlolisise iiseti ezincinci ze-global dimming, ngelixa i-hemisphere esenyakatho iye yabika ukuhla okutyhila ngakumbi, komyalelo we-4-8%.
Imimandla efana nenxalenye yeYurophu kunye noMntla Melika ibone ukuchacha kancinci ekufiphaleni, ngelixa iindawo zase China naseIndiya zibone ukonyuka kokuncipha kwehlabathi.
Izizathu
Utshintsho ekukhanyeni kwelanga kwakucingelwa ukuba luvelisa ubumnyama behlabathi, kodwa kamva kwagqitywa kwelokuba oku kuncinane kakhulu ukuchaza ubungakanani bobumnyama behlabathi.
Kubonisiwe ukuba i-aerosols ngoyena nobangela wobumnyama behlabathi, kokubini ukutshiswa kwamafutha ezinto zakudala ngokwenza kunye neenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, ezibonisa amanye amaxabiso anje ngesulfure dioxide, uthuthu kunye nothuthu, zonke ezi zenza ungcoliseko oluthile, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-aerosols.
Ii-aerosols zisebenza njengezandulela zobumnyama behlabathi ngezi ndlela zimbini zilandelayo:
- La masuntswana angena kwiatmosfera aze afunxe ngokuthe ngqo amandla elanga aze abuyisele imitha emajukujukwini ngaphambi kokuba ifike kumphezulu wesi sijikelezi-langa.
- Amathontsi amanzi anala masuntswana asemoyeni enza amafu angcolisekileyo. La mafu angcolileyo anenani eliphezulu kunye nelikhulu lamaconsi, ezi zakhiwo eziguqulwayo zelifu, amafu anjalo abizwa ngokuthi "amafu amdaka", abenza babonakale ngakumbi.
Imiphunga eyimveliso yomsi ophuma kwinqwelomoya ebhabha phezulu esibhakabhakeni, eyaziwa ngcono ngokuba ziicontrails, ikwayiyo ebangela ukuba kubonakale ubushushu kunye nobumnyama obunxulumene nehlabathi.
Kokubini ukuncipha kobushushu behlabathi kunye nobushushu behlabathi bebusenzeka kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye xa zidibene zibangele utshintsho olukhulu kwiindlela zokuna kwemvula, njengoko kuqondwa ukuba yayibubumnyama behlabathi emva kwembalela ka-1984 eyabulala abantu abaninzi e-Afrika.
Izazinzulu zithi, nangona isiphumo sokupholisa esidalwe kukufiphala kwehlabathi, ubushushu bomhlaba bonyuke ngeqondo eli-1 kwinkulungwane edlulileyo.
Ukuba ubumnyama behlabathi bebungenzekinga, ubushushu besi sijikelezi-langa bebuya kuba phezulu kakhulu yaye ngebube nempembelelo embi kubomi babantu, bezityalo nezilwanyana.
Idatha ye-Evaporimetry
La i-evaporimetry Lutshintsho olubalulekileyo kulawulo lwamanzi kunye nokucwangciswa kokunkcenkceshela, kungoko kubalulekile ukulinganisa kunye nokuhlalutya iindlela eziqikelelwa ngokwanelisayo. i-evaporimetry kwinqanaba lengingqi kunye nesitya. Ngoko ke, injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuqikelela i-evaporimetry ireferensi, esekelwe kwidatha yemozulu.
Ukutyhubela imbali, malunga neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu iirekhodi ze-evaporimetry ziqokelelwe ngononophelo, izazinzulu zachaza into ngelo xesha eyayixatyiswa njengeyona nto inqabileyo, yinto yokuba izinga lokunyuka komphunga lalikhula. ngenxa yobumnyama behlabathi.
I ziphumo
Ngelixa singenako ukukhuphela ngaphandle amathuba okuba uguquko lwendalo kwimozulu yoMhlaba (ngokwahlukana kwamafu okwenzeka ngokwendalo) kunokuba negalelo ubumnyama behlabathi, iziphumo zihambelana ngokusondeleyo kunye neendlela zokungcoliswa komoya ukuba kukho ubungqina obuqinileyo bokuthi umsebenzi womntu uyinto ebalulekileyo kunye nokugqiba.
Ngokomzekelo, umthetho womoya ococekileyo waseYurophu nowaseMntla Merika ngeminyaka yee-1990 wawuhambelana nokunyuka kokuqaqamba kule mimandla. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-China kunye ne-Indiya zibone ukuncipha okuthe kratya, ukuthelekisa ukungcoliseka kwendalo kunyuka ukusuka kushishino olukhawulezayo.
Ubumnyama behlabathi kukholelwa ukuba bube neempembelelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba iye yafihla ukufudumala kwembali okubangelwa ziigesi ze<em>greenhouse—eneneni, iindawo eziye zakhanyiswa ziye zafumana ukufudumala okukhawulezileyo.
Utshintsho lwehlabathi olumnyama lwexesha elizayo lunokulindeleka ukuba lunxulumane ngokusondeleyo nokukhutshwa kongcoliseko lomoya. Oku kuya kuba yinto engazange ngokwembali idlale indima ebalulekileyo, kodwa enokuthi ityhileke ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo, luphawu lokufudumala kweegesi ze-greenhouse ku-global dimming.
Ukuba ubushushu behlabathi bexesha elizayo bungqineka bubukhulu, ukugquma okuxhaphakileyo ngomphunga wamanzi kunokuba sisiphumo, nangona isiphumo sokupholisa soku singenakufane siwucuthe ngokuphawulekayo umkhwa wokufudumala ngokubanzi.
utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwemozulu
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kwakamsinya akunanto yakwenza nokunyuka okulula kwamaqondo obushushu. Izizathu zininzi kwaye zintsonkothile, eyona nto ingaqhelekanga kukuba izifundo ezizimeleyo ziyinxalenye yesenzeko esinxibelelene nobushushu behlabathi, kunye nokuncipha kwehlabathi.
Esi siphumo, esifumaneka kuyo nayiphi na indawo yeplanethi, sisiphumo sokunyuka komyinge wezinga le-aerosols emoyeni emva kokubonakaliswa kwamasuntswana ahlukeneyo anxulumene nokutshiswa kwehlathi, ukuthuthwa kweemoto, umsebenzi wokuvelisa kunye nokutsha. izinto ezinokutsha.
UGerald Stanhill, kwisenzo sakhe sokukhanya kwelanga kwaSirayeli kwiprojekthi yokunkcenkceshela, “Ndiye ndamangaliswa kukubona ukuncipha okukhulu kokukhanya kwelanga kwaSirayeli. Xa sithelekisa le milinganiselo kwiminyaka yee-22 kwimilinganiselo yanamhlanje, sibona ukuba kukho ukuhla kwe-astronomical XNUMX%, kwaye iyamangalisa.
Siyibona yonke le nkungu imnyama ijinga emoyeni wezixeko zethu. UBeate Liepert, umphandi waseJamani ophumelele isidanga kwi-climatology, wenze uphononongo oluzimeleyo ngalo mbandela kwaye wafumana iziphumo ezifanayo.
El ubumnyama behlabathi ayisenantandabuzo, nayo ingqinwe ziingcali zebhayoloji ezimbini zaseOstreliya, uGraham Farquhar noMichael Roderick, bobabini abavela kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe yaseOstreliya.
Bafumene ukuhla kwehlabathi kwisantya sokuvela kwamanzi kwaye bacinge ngombuzo. Kubonakala ngathi eyona miba iphambili yokuphuphuma komphunga kukukhanya kwelanga, ukufuma nomoya. Kodwa ukukhanya kwelanga ngoyena nobangela uphambili, ukuba ubushushu buyancipha, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ilanga liyatshona.
Impembelelo yolu mnyama lwehlabathi inokutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo izinga lemvula kunye nokuncipha kweminye imimandla yemonsoon efana ne-Asia, ekugqibeleni ikhokelele kwindlala e-Afrika kuqala, emva koko i-Asia.
UGqr Leon Rotstayn, ingcali yemozulu esebenza kuphando ngemozulu, uthe: “Ezi mbalela kwiminyaka yoo-XNUMX no-XNUMX kusenokwenzeka ukuba zabangelwa kungcoliseko oluvela eYurophu naseMntla Melika, oluchaphazela iimpawu zamafu nokupholisa iilwandle zehlabathi.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokufudumala kwehlabathi kunye ne-Global Dimming
Uqikelelo malunga nefuthe lokwahluka kwimitha yelanga engaphezulu kubushushu behlabathi busuka kwinkxalabo yokuba ukufiphala kwelanga kuye kwafihla ubukhulu obupheleleyo bokufudumala kwe-greenhouse, kubanga ukuba ukuguqulwa kwamva nje kweSolar dimming phezu kokuqaqamba kunokuba ifuthe legreenhouse libe noxanduva lwento. yabonwa.
Ukuqhawula umphezulu welanga kunye neempembelelo ze-greenhouse kukufudumala kwehlabathi, iintsingiselo kuluhlu lobushushu be-diurnal ziyahlalutywa. Bacebisa ukuba ubumnyama belanga bebusebenza ekugqumeni ukufudumeza kwendlu eluhlaza, kodwa de kwaba ngoo-1980s, xa ubumnyama butshintsha ngokuthe chu ukuya ekukhanyeni.
Ukususela ngoko, umphumo ofunyenweyo we-greenhouse ubonise ubungakanani bayo obupheleleyo, njengoko kubonakaliswe ngokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kweqondo lokushisa (+0,38 degrees C / ngaphezulu komhlaba ukususela phakathi kwe-XNUMXs).
Global dimming yinto eveliswa yi Amandla asisiseko endalo ezisebenza ngendlela echaseneyo nobushushu behlabathi. Ubumnyama behlabathi bunciphisa ubungakanani bemitha yelanga efikelela kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amaqondo obushushu ehle kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngaphaya koko, ubumnyama behlabathi buphazamisana nemijikelo ye-hydrological kwi-biosphere kwaye yehlisa izinga lokuphuma kwamanzi, uphononongo lokufudumala kwehlabathi alunakuphela ngaphandle kokukhankanya ubumnyama behlabathi.
I-global dimming ibangelwa ukwanda kwamasuntswana afana ne-sulfate aerosols emoyeni, ungcoliseko olukhokelela kwi-global dimming lukhokelela kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, ezifana ne-phytochemical smog, iingxaki zokuphefumula, kunye nemvula ye-asidi.
Uphando lweNzululwazi
Ngokutsho kweengcali, ekuphela kwendlela abantu abanokuphepha ngayo intlekele yemozulu kukunciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi wezoshishino kunye neegesi ze-greenhouse, umzekelo i-carbon dioxide (CO2). Oku kunganciphisa ngaxeshanye ukusasazwa kwee-aerosols, umz. i-sulphur dioxide (SO2) echaphazela i-nucleation yamafu kunye nokwakheka.
Ngamafutshane, ukugquma kwamafu okuncinci kuthetha ukupholisa okuncinci, oko kukuthi, ukufiphala kancinci, kwihlabathi elinempembelelo yokusingqongileyo, yintoni eyenza uloyiko olukhulu kunye noloyiko olujikelezayo ngenxa yalo mba.
Umphumo wafunyanwa okokuqala nguGerry Stanhill, isazinzulu seNgesi esisebenza kwaSirayeli.Ethelekisa iirekhodi zelanga lakwaSirayeli ukusuka kwiminyaka yoo-1950 kunye nale mihla, uStanhill wothuswa kukufumana ukuhla okukhulu kwimitha yelanga. "Kwakukho ukuhla okumangalisayo kwe-22% ekukhanyeni kwelanga kwaye kuyamangalisa ngokwenene."
Enomdla, wakhangela iirekhodi kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye wafumana ibali elifanayo phantse kuyo yonke indawo, kunye nokukhanya kwelanga okuhla nge-10%, phantse i-30% kwiindawo ezazisakuba yiSoviet Union, kunye ne-16% kwezinye iindawo zeziqithi. Nangona impembelelo yahluka ngokubanzi ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwindawo, ukuhla kukonke kuye kwafikelela kwi-1-2% kwihlabathi jikelele kwishumi leminyaka phakathi kweminyaka yoo-XNUMX kunye no-XNUMX.
UGerry wabiza le nto ubumnyama behlabathi, kodwa uphando lwakhe, olupapashwe kwi-2001, lwadibana nempendulo ethandabuzayo evela kwezinye izazinzulu. Kutshanje, xa izigqibo zabo zaqinisekiswa zizazinzulu zaseOstreliya zisebenzisa indlela eyahluke ngokupheleleyo yokuqikelela imitha yelanga, ezathi izazinzulu ngemozulu zathi ekugqibeleni zabuqonda ubunyaniso bobumnyama behlabathi.
Ukuncipha kokukhanya kubonakala kubangelwa kungcoliseko lomoya, ukutshiswa kwamalahle, ioli kunye neenkuni, enoba kusezimotweni, kumaziko ombane okanye imililo yasekhitshini, akudali nje kuphela ikharbon diokside engabonakaliyo (eyona gasi yokuqala eluhlaza ebangela ukufudumala kwehlabathi) kodwa namasuntswana amancinane omoya. uthuthu, uthuthu, iikhompawundi zesulfure kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.
Izazinzulu ngoku zixhalabile kukuba ubumnyama, ngokukhusela iilwandle kumandla apheleleyo eLanga, kusenokuba kuyitshintsha indlela yokuna kwemvula ehlabathini. Kukho amacebiso okuba ukuncipha kolu rhatyazo kwakubangele imbalela e-Afrika eyasuba ubomi babantu abangamakhulu amawaka ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX noo-XNUMX.
Kukho imiqondiso eyothusayo yokuba kusenzeka into efanayo namhlanje eAsia, ikhaya lesiqingatha sabemi behlabathi. Unjingalwazi uVeerhabhadran Ramanathan, esinye sezazinzulu ngemozulu ehlabathini jikelele uthi:
“Eyona nto indikhathazayo kukuba ukufiphala kwehlabathi kuya kuba nefuthe elibi kwimonsoon yaseAsia. Sithetha ngeebhiliyoni zabantu.
Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba izazinzulu ezininzi zigqibe kwelokuba imozulu yanamhlanje ayichukumiseki kangako kwimiphumo yekhabhon diokside kunokuba yayinjalo, ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lomkhenkce, xa ukunyuka okufanayo kweCO2 kubangele ukunyuka kobushushu kwi-6°C.
Kodwa ngoku kubonakala ngathi ukufudumala okuvela kwiigesi ze-greenhouse kuye kwahlaziywa yimpembelelo eqinile yokupholisa ekunciphiseni; eneneni, ezimbini zongcoliseko zethu ziye zarhoxisa enye kwenye. Oku kuthetha ukuba imozulu inokuba buthathaka ngakumbi kwimpembelelo ye-greenhouse kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili.
I-Global Dimming kunye ne-Hydrological Cycle
Indima engundoqo yomjikelo we-hydrological ngokunxulumene nokukhanya kwehlabathi jikelele ikhuthaza uphononongo olubanzi lweempendulo zayo kutshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokunciphisa. Yinzame elungelelanisiweyo yamazwe ngamazwe yokuvavanya iimpembelelo zemozulu kwi-solar geoengineering, isiphakamiso sokuchasana nobumnyama behlabathi kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo zongcoliseko.
Sivavanya iindlela eziphantsi kwempendulo yokuna kwemvula kulinganiso olulula lokufihlwa kwelanga, kuyo yonke imodeli ehlanganisiweyo ukuchonga iimpawu ezomeleleyo.
Ngelixa i-solar geoengineering iphantse yabuyisela amaqondo obushushu angaphambi kwamashishini, i-hydrology yehlabathi iyatshintshwa kwaye utshintsho kwimvula yetropikhi ilawula impendulo kuyo yonke imodeli yesuite kwaye ezi ziqhutywa ikakhulu lutshintsho lweeseli zeHadley.
Utshintsho olwenziwa ngamandla luchaza iimpazamo ezahlukeneyo zemvula yetropikhi phakathi kweemodeli ezingcono kunokutshintsha kokufuma okanye isikali semvula kuthatyathwe umphunga (P-E), ngenxa yokuba iqondo lobushushu kunye neempendulo zokufuma zomelele kuyo yonke le suite.
Ukuncipha okubukhali kwi Ubushushu kunye nokufuma ngaphezu kwemimandla esemhlabeni enezityalo kusenokwenzeka ukuba inxulumene nempendulo yefiziyoloji kwiCO2 kwizityalo kwaye inegalelo kubumnyama behlabathi.
Iingozi zendalo kunye neengozi ezenziwe ngabantu zeGlobal Dimming
Ii-aerosols ziquka i-sulfate ekutshisweni kwamafutha efosili afana namalahle, uthuthu olusuka kwimizi-mveliso okanye iinkuni, uthuli lwendlela, kunye nokonakala komhlaba. Ii-aerosols ze-anthropogenic, ezifana nezo zisuka kwimizi-mveliso, imibhobho yokukhupha imililo kunye nemililo, zaziwa zinefuthe elibi kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye zinokubangela yonke into ukusuka ekumnyama ukuya kukufudumala, ungcoliseko lomoya kunye nokunyibilika okukhawulezileyo komkhenkce kwihlabathi jikelele, ezinempembelelo enkulu kokusingqongileyo. .
Ngokubanzi, iingxoxo malunga ubumnyama behlabathi bagxininisa kakhulu kwimithombo eyenziweyo, ngoxa beyityeshela eyendalo. Ii-aerosols zendalo ziquka iintlango, imithi, ityuwa yolwandle, uthuli, kunye neentaba-mlilo. Iintaba-mlilo kudala zaziwa ngokuvelisa isiphumo sokupholisa emoyeni.
Iintaba-mlilo zikhupha i-sulphur dioxide (SO2) kwiatmosfera engaphezulu, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-stratosphere, oku kungasentla kwetroposphere apho imozulu iyenzeka ngokwenene. Le mpembelelo inokuhlala iminyaka eliqela, ngokungafaniyo nemithombo ye-aerosol yemizi-mveliso engena kwi-troposphere kwaye idla ngokuba nemvula ngaphantsi kweveki. Ii-aerosols zendalo zinokususa iigesi ezifudumalayo zegreenhouse kwaye zibe namandla okupholisa uMhlaba.