AmaZapotec yayingabona bantu baninzi bomthonyama kwiphondo lase-Oaxaca, ababekho ukususela kwixesha langaphambi kweSpanishi. Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga indlela Umbutho weNtlalo weZapotec, oku kumela ngenxa yokunxibelelana kwayo nenkolo, uqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle.
Umbutho weNtlalo weZapotec
Igama elithi "Zapotec" livela kwisiNahuatl, isiyelelane santlandlolo sama-Aztec esisekho nanamhlanje ngenxa yamaqela amancinci abantu bomthonyama abasasithethayo. NgesiNahuatl, igama elithi "tzapotecatl" elichaza isiqhamo esaziwa eMexico njengesapote, esinika aba bomthonyama igama labo.
Kwakudala ngaphambi kokufunyanwa kweMelika, aba bantu bomthonyama bakwazile ukudala isizwe esihambele phambili. Enyanisweni, iintsalela zeMonte Albán, iMitla kunye neYagul zityhila ubukho boluntu lwaseZapotec ngaphambi kwexesha layo; kudala ngaphambi kokufika kweSpanish.
Noko ke, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, abantu baseYurophu bangqinga imimandla yaseZapotec ukuze bathabathe ubutyebi bendalo balo mmandla; nangona oku, aba bantu bomthonyama abazange babandezeleke njengabanye (umzekelo: amaMayans kunye nama-Aztec), apho ukuhlaselwa kweSpeyin kwakunomntu onamandla womkhosi.
Apha ngezantsi kukho ezinye iimpawu zentlangano yentlalo yabantu bomthonyama, ngokubhekiselele kwizinto zangaphambili ze-Hispanic kunye nezangoku:
Umbutho wentlalontle
Phakathi konxibelelwano lwentlalo oluye lwasetyenziswa kule dolophu yemveli, ukuphumeza iinjongo ezifanayo zempilo yabo kunye neyoluntu, sinazo:
umshado
AmaZapotec enza inzala, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba amalungu entsapho anokutshata nelinye ilungu lentsapho yawo; Kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba akuthintelwanga ukuseka usapho nabantu abasuka kwezinye iintsapho.
Bahlula iindidi ezimbini zemitshato: ukuhlalisana, okulandela umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaZapotec, kunye nomtshato weCawa yamaKatolika. ICawa iyakwalela uqhawulo-mtshato, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha abantu abatshatileyo bayahlukana kwaye bazibandakanye ngokukhululekileyo nabanye abantu.
Usolusapho
Uluntu lwaseZapotec lulungelelaniswe ngokwenkqubo yoosolusapho, nto leyo ethetha ukuba umbindi woluntu yindoda; zimbalwa kakhulu izizwe ezilungelelaniswe ngendlela ye-matriarchal.
Intsapho
AmaZapotec akhetha iintsapho ezinkulu (ezenziwe ngabazali, abantwana, ootatomkhulu, oomalume kunye nabazala), kuneentsapho zenyukliya. Kwimeko apho intsapho inenyukliya (eyilwe ngabazali nabantwana kuphela), bahlala behlala kufutshane nentsapho yonke.
Ilifa
Umgaqo wamaZapotec ngowokuba, kwimeko yokufa kwabazali, ilifa lahlulwe ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantwana; kodwa, ngokufuthi kwenzeka ukuba oyena mncinane uzuza ngaphezu kwabanye abantwana, ekubeni wayesahlala nabazali bakhe xa bafayo.
Ukongeza koku, inzala yamadoda idla ngokufumana ilifa elingaphezulu kweleentombi, ngenxa yokuba libutho loosolusapho. Kwelo cala, umhlaba unokufunyanwa ngaphambi kokuba abazali bafe: xa omnye wabantwana etshata yaye abazali babo sele bebadala kangangokuba abanako ukuwusebenza umhlaba.
iyantlukwano ekuhlaleni
Xa sibona ukubunjwa kombutho wentlalontle yaseZapotec, iboniswa ngokusasazwa okulula kunye nesiseko, kodwa i-classist enzulu, ekubeni yahlulahlulwe yaba zizizwe ezibini ezinike ngokucacileyo ukongama kwelinye lamaleko.
Eyokuqala iqulunqwe "ngababingeleli, abarhwebi kwaye iyaqhubeka nomkhosi." Eli qela lokuqala, elenza udidi olulawulayo, elathi lona libe nesakhiwo sephiramidi; oko kukuthi, inxalenye ephezulu yayihlala ababingeleli, ilandelwa ngoko nangoko yizidwangube, ezazisebenza kwindawo yorhwebo kwaye luvala olu luhlu lubalaseleyo lwentlalo, iklasi yomkhosi.
Udidi oluthotyiweyo okanye iqela lesibini lombutho wentlalontle yaseZapotec liza kuqulatha "abahlali, abamasango, abazingeli kunye namagcisa", nabo bahlelwa njengeqela langaphambili, kodwa ngeli xesha ngokusekwe kurhwebo kunye nobugcisa obubonwa ngumntu ngamnye, bafumene ulawulo.
Ukwazi amaZapotec kwintlangano yawo yentlalo, kutyhilwa ukuba esi sixeko sokhokho ngokwemvelaphi yaso besisoloko sisekwe ngeengcamango zolungelelwaniso lobuthixo, ngaloo ndlela sinikela ukongama eluntwini kudidi lonqulo okanye lwababingeleli. Kodwa le nkqubo inye yantlandlolo kwafuneka itshintshwe ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yobuthathaka bayo kungekhona ngokuchasene noluntu lwayo, kodwa ngokuchasene nabantu besithathu.
Umbutho wezentlalo wamaZapotec, kwiiklasi zawo, wawubuthathaka kakhulu, amalungu awo ngokubanzi ayengabantu abanomlingiswa ocacileyo, kuba imisebenzi yabo yokuqala yokutya yayiqhutyelwa kwinqanaba lomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wamaqela ezolimo kunye namafama. eyenziwa ngabalimi kunye nabazingeli. Bancediswa lelinye iqela elibuthathaka ngakumbi ngenxa yotyekelo lwalo lobugcisa, elalingeyonto ngaphandle kweengcibi zegolide nabaluki.
Iindawo ezingabamelwane baseZapotec zaziza kububona obu buthathaka zize zibaxhaphaze kusetyenziswa amaqela alawulayo. Isizwe esiyintloko, sasijongene nemfuneko ekufuphi yokukhusela yonke into ababenayo, kuquka iintsapho zabo kwanobomi babo; banyanzelwa ukuba benze isigqibo sokongeza uluhlu lomkhosi, apho uncedo kulo naluphi na ungquzulwano lwemfazwe luya kuba sisinyanzelo kubo bonke abantu.
Inkolo
AmaZapotec exesha langaphambi kweSpanishi acinga ukuba icosmos yayingqingwe zizinto ezine, nganye kuzo inombala othile wethoni kunye neempawu ezithile ezingaphezu kwendalo. Ukongezelela, baxhoma oothixo ngezinto zendalo, njengelanga, imvula, amaza, nezinye; ngokunjalo, ngeli xesha ixesha lalithathwa njengelihamba ngomjikelo kwaye lingangqamani.
Namhlanje, amaZapotec alandela imfundiso yamaKatolika, eyadityaniswa namabango angaphambi kweSpanishi. Iimfundiso zangoku zeZapotec ziquka:
- Ukuhlonelwa kukaYesu Kristu (umntwana kunye nomntu omdala).
- Ukukholelwa kwizilwanyana ezigadayo (ezibizwa ngokuba ngamathoni). Ekuzalweni, umntu ngamnye ufumana ithoni, enokuthi ibe nayiphi na isidalwa; kukholelwa ukuba esi sidalwa sinikeza umntu ezinye iimpawu zendalo (amandla, isantya, i-agility, ingqiqo, phakathi kwabanye).
- Ubukho babathakathi, abathakathi kunye needemon kwiifom zamadoda nabasetyhini.
Ukongezelela kubefundisi bamaKatolika, imibutho yamaZapotec inabefundisi abathile abanembopheleleko yokukhokela izithethe zokomoya; Aba babingeleli babizwa ngokuba "ngabathakathi" kwaye bajongene nemikhosi ephambili, njengale: imitshato, imingcwabo, ubhaptizo, ukufudukela kwikhaya elitsha, ukuhlanjululwa ngokomoya, phakathi kwabanye.
Imisitho
AmaZapotec exesha langaphambi kweSpanishi ayesenza uthotho lwezithethe ezinenjongo yokukholisa oothixo. La mahlelo ayenezipho zegazi namadini abantu nezilwanyana. Ngokufuthi, abaphumi-mkhosi abavalelweyo bezinye iidolophu babenikelwa ukuze bafumane uncedo loothixo ukuze bafumane isivuno esihle sokuphelisa ixesha lembalela, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Amahlelo anamhlanje amaZapotec anikel’ ingqalelo ngakumbi kwiziganeko eziyinxalenye ephambili yobomi, njengobhaptizo, umthendeleko, imitshato nemingcwabo. Emibini eyona mithendeleko ibalulekileyo ngulowo uqhubeka ngoSuku lweeNgcwele zonke kunye nalowo uqhubeka ngosuku lomxhasi wengcwele yendawo nganye.
Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku linomdla Umbutho weNtlalo weZapotec, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: