Ukongeza ekuphakamiseni imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eqingqiweyo kunye nemisebenzi emangalisayo yezakhiwo, bathathwa njengabadali bempucuko kunye nokudala kwabo isixa sokugqibelela, apha siza kufunda ngakumbi malunga nale nkcubeko kunye nenkcubeko. Umbutho wezentlalo weToltecs.
Umbutho wezentlalo weToltecs
I-Toltec yayiyinkcubeko yangaphambi kwe-Columbian yaseMesoamerica eyaphuhliswa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezisemantla eMexico ngexesha le-Postclassic Period phakathi kwe-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth yeenkulungwane zexesha lethu. Awona maziko aphambili enkcubeko yeToltec yayiyiHuapalcalco kwisixeko saseTulancingo kunye nesixeko saseTollan Xicocotitlan, esikwisixeko sangoku saseTula de Allende, esikwilizwe laseHidalgo. Esi sixeko sidume ngemifanekiso yaso ekhethekileyo yamatye, ebizwa ngokuba yiAtlanteans.
Imvelaphi yeeToltecs
Igama elithi "Toltec" livela kulwimi lwesiNahuatl kwaye liguqulelwe ngokuthi "abakhi abakhulu", eli gama libangelwa ukuba kwiintsomi zenkcubeko yesiNahuatl kuthiwa iToltec yimvelaphi yazo zonke impucuko, ama-Aztec, ukomeleza ukongama kwabo, babanga inzala yamaToltec.
AmaToltec ayinzala yabantu abafudukayo apho amaChichimecas aphuma khona. Malunga nonyaka amakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi amahlanu le dolophu yahlutha iTeotihuacán. Emva kwexesha bahlala kwithafa eliphakathi kwindawo ehlala ngoku kumazwe aseMexico aseTlaxcala, Hidalgo, Mexico, Morelos nasePuebla. I-Tula, inkulu yayo yoyiswa yiChichimecas ngonyaka we-1168.
Kukholelwa ukuba inkolo yabantu baseToltec yayiyeyohlobo lwamashamanic kwaye yayingafuni iitempile okanye iindawo ezithile ezisisigxina zokunqula. Oothixo baseToltec babeyi-cosmic kwaye bamele isibhakabhaka, amanzi, umhlaba, njl. Nangona kunjalo, kumbono wakhe wenkolo kuza umfanekiso omkhulu kaQuetzalcóatl, ukuzalwa kwenyoka eneentsiba kunye nesinye sezona zithixo ziphakamileyo ze-pantheon yaseMesoamerican.
AmaToltec aseke inkqubo yeenkolelo ezimbini. Inxamnye noQuetzalcoatl yayinguTezcatlipoca, ekukholelwa ukuba uye wathumela uQuetzalcoatl elubhacweni. Olunye uguqulelo lwale ntsomi luthi wahamba ngokuzithandela ekhwele isihlenga seenyoka, ethembisa ukubuya kwakhe kungekudala.
Ama-Aztec, angokwenkcubeko elandela iToltec, agcina ukuba ziindlalifa zenkcubeko kunye neengqondo zeToltec, kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba inkcubeko ephuma kwisixeko saseTollan (igama ngesiNahuatl kwisixeko saseTula). ) sisimbuku semfezeko kwimpucuko. Isithethe se-Aztec somlomo kunye ne-pictographic siye sachaza nembali yobukumkani baseToltec ngokudwelisa abalawuli bayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabo.
Phakathi kwabaphengululi bexesha lethu, umbuzo ovelisa ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngowokuba ngaba ii-akhawunti zama-Aztec zembali yeToltec zichazwa njengenkcazelo yeziganeko zembali. Nangona bonke abaphengululi bevuma ukuba kukho intsomi eninzi yokubalisa, abanye bathi ukusebenzisa indlela yothelekiso ebalulekileyo, inqanaba elithile lenyaniso yembali inokukhutshwa kwimithombo, ngelixa abanye bephikisana ukuba ukuhlalutya amabali njengemithombo yembali yokwenyani kwenza kube nzima. ukufikelela kulwazi lokwenyani lwenkcubeko yaseTula.
Ubugcisa nenkcubeko
Ubuchwephesha besizwe beToltec, ukongeza kwimveliso yeeseramics ezisetyenziswayo, ukwenziwa kwemosaic yamatye kunye nokuveliswa kwamalaphu, yayikukufezekiswa kwezinto ezihonjiswe ngeentsiba ezinemibala emininzi. AmaToltec enza ilaphu, iimosaics, kunye nempahla ngeentsiba ngeentsiba zeentaka ezahlukeneyo ezimile kunye nobukhulu obungaqhelekanga. Ngokweenkolelo zamaToltec, isithixo sabo esongamileyo yayinguQuetzalcoatl, inyoka enamanzi. I-Quetzalcóatl ligama elinikwe oyena mlawuli mkhulu wekomkhulu laseToltec, isixeko saseTula, phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Iitempile ezinikezelwe kuThixo ophakamileyo zihlala zihlotshiswe kakhulu: ngegolide, isilivere, i-turquoise, i-emeralds. Kwenye yetempile kwakuhonjiswe yonke into ngeentsiba; amagumbi amane etempile ajonge kumacala ahlukeneyo omhlaba: aneentsiba ezimthubi ngasempuma, zineentsiba eziluhlaza ngasentshona, zineentsiba ezimhlophe emazantsi, zineentsiba ezibomvu ngasentla.
I-Toltec incoma i-Quetzalcoatl ngokuqulunqa isiselo esivela kuThixo, esikhokelela kwi-ecstasy kwaye sibangela ukonwaba, ngaphezu kokusela kwiimbotyi zekoko. Iintsomi zithi iQuetzalcoatl yayisoloko ichasene nezithethe zamaToltec namadini abantu anegazi, kodwa omnye uthixo, uTezcatlipoca, umoya wasebusuku, wayethetha ngabo. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanisa iimpawu zezithethe kufuphi nesixeko samandulo saseChichen Itza, abefundisi bamaMaya babhala ngoku kwiincwadi zexesha labanqobi baseSpeyin.
Kwinkcubeko yabo, iiToltec zavelisa izithethe zeTeotihuacán kunye neXochicalco. Inkcubeko yaseToltec yaba nefuthe eliqinisekileyo ekuyilweni kwama-Aztec. Amatye ezikhumbuzo aseleyo oyilo lweToltec kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo iyamangalisa kubukhulu bawo kunye nobukhulu obukhulu.
Iphiramidi eneenyawo yayihonjiswe ngemizobo (amagorha, iinkozi, iijaguar), kwaye uphahla lwetempile phezulu lwaluxhaswe ngamagorha amatye amakhulu amane eemitha ezine eziisentimitha ezingamashumi amathandathu ukuphakama lilinye. Imixholo yomkhosi ixhaphake kakhulu kubugcisa beToltec. Imifanekiso yothixo ongqengqe etafileni enesitya sedini nayo ixhaphakile.
Amagorha eToltec nawo ayengabantu abatsha kubugcisa kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Iqondo lokubaluleka iToltec lincamathele emfazweni liyabonakala xa lijonga iintsalela zezikhumbuzo zabo ezizukileyo. Iintsika ezine ezithwele umthwalo zixhasa uphahla lwephiramidi (eyaziwa ngokuba yiPiramidi B) kwaye ikholamu nganye ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wegorha laseToltec.
Nganye yeentsika ezinobugorha zineengubo zokulwa zaseToltec ezilungiselelwe ngeentloko ezinemibala emininzi kwaye zibambe i-atlatl, uhlobo lomkhonto weToltec. Ikholamu nganye iyafana, ebonisa ukuba iiToltec zaziqhelene nolawulo lwezenzululwazi kunye nemveliso yobuninzi. Zonke iipiramidi ezifunyenwe kwisixeko saseTula ziqulethe iziqwenga zobugcisa ezibizwa ngokuba yifriezes equlethwe ngamacandelo amade eendonga ezihonjiswe ngemizobo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ekuncedeni ebusweni babo.
Enye yezi friezes, efunyenwe kwiphiramidi eyaziwa ngokuba yiPiramidi B, yayingaphezu kweemitha ezingamashumi amane ukuphakama kwaye ihonjiswe ngemifanekiso yeejaguar kunye ne-coyotes, iimpawu zemfazwe kwinkcubeko yaseToltec.
Iintsiba ezinkulu nezimibalabala ezisetyenziswa ngamaToltec kunye nama-Aztec kwimihombiso yawo yayizintsiba zequetzal kwaye yayiluphawu lokubaluleka okunikwa zezi nkcubeko kwiintsiba ezinemibala emininzi. Iintsiba ze-Quetzal nazo zazihombise iintloko zamagorha aseToltec ngakumbi iintloko zezidwangube zaseToltec. Kwanezithixo zabo okanye zihonjiswe ngeentsiba zequetzal, njengoko kwakunjalo ngothixo uQuetzalcóatl osoloko emelwa ngeentsiba zequetzal ezibizwa ngegama lakhe.
Umbutho wentlalo
Njengoninzi lweenkcubeko zaseMesoamerican, umbutho wentlalontle weToltec unike ukubaluleka okukhulu kwimpumelelo yasemkhosini. Izidwangube kumbutho wezentlalo weToltec zazenziwe ngamagorha athi, ngenxa yoloyiso lwawo emkhosini, anyuke izikhundla ukuze afanelekele eso sikhundla. Kunye namagorha kwakukho amadoda azinikeleyo awayenokuba ngamajoni nawo.
Kwinkcubeko yamaToltec, amadini kwizithixo ayebalulekile. Ubungqina bolu yiTzompantli, eyishelufu eyenziwe ngeekhakhayi zeentshaba kunye nezo zemibingelelo yabantu. Izidwangube zomkhosi neenkokeli zonqulo kwakuza kufuneka zicele imvume koothixo ngaphambi kokuba zizame ukuhlasela. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, udidi oluphezulu lweToltec luya kufuneka lubandakanye zombini iinkokeli zomkhosi kunye nezenkolo ezisebenza kunye kurhulumente, umkhosi, kunye nezithethe zonqulo.
Amagcisa kunye namanye amagcisa ayeyinxalenye yodidi oluphakathi kwintlangano yentlalontle yamaToltec. Abalimi, abanoxanduva lokulinywa kwemiyinge emininzi yombona kunye nomqhaphu onemibala emininzi, nabo babeza kuba yinxalenye yodidi oluphakathi. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zabelana ngesi sikhundla, zenza izongezo kwikhalenda yeToltec ukugcina umkhondo wamaxesha okulima nokuvuna, kunye nokubhiyozelwa kwemithendeleko yenkolo kunye nemisitho.
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