Isixeko saseTeotihuacán yayilikhaya lezona mpucuko zinefuthe kakhulu kwixesha langaphambi kweColumbian, namhlanje yindawo yembali engazange ishiye imikhondo emininzi yokuba abantu bayo babenjani, fumanisa nathi ukuba Umbutho weNtlalo weTeotihuacanos.
Yayingoobani iTeotihuacanos?
I-Teotihuacanos yayihlala kwindawo eyayiyinxalenye yesixeko saseTeotihuacán kwaye ngoku iyiNtlambo yaseMexico, ehambelana neyona nkcubeko ibalulekileyo eyakhiwe kwi-Pre-Columbian America ebekwe kumbindi wengingqi. Ilizwekazi laseMelika.
Nangona ingeyompucuko edumileyo njengabanye besizwe esinye, imele eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekusekweni kwezinye iinkcubeko ezisakhulayo kummandla ofanayo waseMesoamerican. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ifikeleleke kakhulu, ikwahambelana neyona ndawo incinci eyaziwayo, kuba iingcambu zayo kunye nokusasazwa kwayo kuseyimfihlakalo epheleleyo kwiingcali namhlanje.
Uphuhliso lwale nkcubeko imangalisayo yathatha iminyaka emininzi, ineziqalo zayo ngaphambi konyaka wama-300 a. C., nangona uqeqesho lwakhe lusenokuba lwaqalisa kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili okanye kamva. Ukususela ngaloo mzuzu, amaqela aqala ukuqhekeka, esenza iindawo kunye nezihlomelo, ezithe ngokuthe ngcembe zabangela ukuchuma kwale mpucuko.
Ngomnyaka wama-200 a. EC Ukuwa kwale mpucuko kwathatha ixesha elide, elaliphakathi ko 650 kunye no 850 AD. C. kwaye namhlanje, ekuphela kwento eseleyo yento eyayiyiyo le nkcubeko ziintsalela zesixeko sayo esikhulu.
Lo ngummandla owathiywa igama leNdawo yeLifa leMveli yi-UNESCO kwaye isebenza njengendawo yembali apho unokwenza khona ukhenketho, ukufumana ukutyelelwa ngabahlali baseMexico nabangaphandle, nangona iintsalela zayo zikwayingqwalasela yezifundo ezifuna ukuqonda. Ubume bomntu inxulunyaniswe kunqulo oluyilwe kwinkcubeko nganye ngokuzimeleyo.
Ubume beNtlalo yeTeotihuacanos
Yayizingcali zenzululwazi kwimbali yabantu bamandulo kunye nempucuko eyafumanisa inxalenye enkulu yembali yeTeotihuacanos, ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezimbalwa ezishiywe ngabemi bamandulo besizwe, njengesakhiwo seephiramidi, ubugcisa. imibhalo kunye nezinye izinto zolu luntu.
Nangona kunjalo, kuphinda kucingelwe ukuba olu lwazi aluqinisekanga ngokupheleleyo, ekubeni iminyaka engama-600 emva kokuba impucuko yawa, yayingama-Aztec ahlala kule ndawo kwaye acacisa ulwazi oluninzi olufunyenweyo malunga nenkcubeko yamandulo.
Nangona ulwazi olufunyenweyo malunga nale nkcubeko lukhulu, into enokufunyanwa kukuba umbutho wentlalontle yenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan Yayilawulwa ngumyalelo we-hierarchical kwaye abo bahlala kwizinga eliphezulu yayingabantu abanamandla aphezulu ezoqoqosho, ababekhokelwa ziinkolelo zonqulo ezazinyanzeliswa kwinkcubeko yaseMesoamerican ukwalathisa abemi babo.
Impucuko yayinekhefu elomeleleyo leklasi kwaye intlangano yabemi bayo yanikezelwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo amele isikhundla sentlalo yabemi bayo. Olu lwahlulo lukwabandakanya amakhaya kunye neendawo, kucingelwa ukuba iikhompleksi ezinkulu ezisecaleni kweepiramidi ezinkulu zazizezarhuluneli nababingeleli, ababekwelona nqanaba liphezulu kwesi sakhiwo sentlalo sicwangcisiweyo.
Inkolo kwiNtlalo yoMbutho weTeotihuacanos
Kufuneka sigxininise ukubaluleka kokuba le mpucuko yanikela kunqulo, babezinikele kakhulu kwaye benqula oothixo abaninzi, oku kuthetha ukuba babenqula oothixo abahlukeneyo, bethandaza rhoqo kulowo bakhethayo okanye kulowo wayebalungele kakhulu ngamaxesha obunzima kunye neengxabano. . Oothixo babo abaphambili yayiziinkwenkwezi zeNyanga kunye neLanga, zangaphambili ukususela ekubeni banikezela ipiramidi kumntu ngamnye, apho amasiko ahlukeneyo azinikele ukubonisa ukunyaniseka.
Iiphiramidi zazilungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo, ngendlela yokuba indawo ezikuyo ihambelane nendawo ezimi kuyo iinkwenkwezi yaye zibe nempembelelo ngokuthe ngqo kwizithethe ezazisenziwa apho. Ukongezelela koku, imihla yayibaluleke kakhulu xa benxibelelana noothixo bawo, babengamakholwa anenzondelelo yempambano ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba bangayishiyi nantoni na eyenzekileyo xa kufikelelwa kwizithixo.
Uninzi lwale miba lunokuthi lunxibelelene ngokuthe ngqo kwezinye iindawo zenzululwazi ezifana nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, abathi basebenzise ukuchonga oothixo babo, izikhundla zeenkwenkwezi kunye nolungelelwaniso abalugcinayo amaxesha ngamaxesha kunye nemizimba esemhlabeni, ngokusekwe kwezi zifundo. bacacisa ikhalenda yabo ebonisa imihla apho inkwenkwezi yaboniswa emhlabeni, kule isayensi yeTeotihuacanos.
Umbutho wezopolitiko waseTeotihuacán
Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba ulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko olwalulawulwa yile nkcubeko kwafuneka lucwangciswe kakuhle kwaye lulungelelaniswe kakuhle ukuze kulawulwe impucuko ebanzi nenabemi ixesha elide. Ithiyori ephambili kukuba iTeotihuacanos ikhokelwa ngabalawuli abaliqela be-elite ababekwisakhiwo esifanayo kunye nombutho wezopolitiko umsebenzi wabo wawukukwenza izigqibo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwabemi.
Kwelinye icala, umsebenzi womntu ngamnye kwaba balawuli yayikukuthatha ulawulo lwecandelo elithile lesixeko, nangona omnye wabo unamandla amakhulu kunabanye kwaye nganye yezi zinto ibonakalisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kunabanye, kunye babumba. ipalamente eyayiphethe enye yezona mpucuko zibalulekileyo zelo xesha kwaye ngokukodwa yayinyamekela umbutho wentlalontle weTeotihuacanos.
Umba obaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwale nkcubeko yayingumkhosi wayo womkhosi, owathi nangona wawungazange waziwe ngokuba ndlongondlongo okanye imfazwe, umbutho wabo womkhosi wawubekeke kakhulu kwaye womelele ngokwaneleyo ukugcina olu luntu lukhuselekile ixesha elide.
Into engaziwayo esaqhubeka nanamhlanje yindlela urhulumente akwazi ngayo ukwenza abantu bezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizwe ezahlukeneyo bagcine impucuko kunye ixesha elide, yimpendulo efunwa kakhulu kuba inokuba sisisombululo sokwahlulwa okuphawulweyo kwabantu ngoku. , kwimeko embi kakhulu, esi sicombululo sinokubangela impikiswano phakathi kwamalungu oluntu lwanamhlanje.
Ngokuphathelele umbutho wezoqoqosho Teotihuacán, esi sakhiwo saba ngumzekelo wokulandelwa kwezinye iindawo, ekubeni yayiyinkqubo eyakhiwe kakuhle kakhulu eyayithatha inzuzo yazo zonke iindawo zabasebenzi ezazisetyenziswa ngabemi. Ndiyabulela koku, amazwe asemdeni ajoyine le nkqubo eyayiqinisekisa okulungileyo kwikhaya lommi ngamnye nakulo lonke uluntu ngokubanzi.
Umsebenzi ophambili wabasebenzi we umbutho wentlalontle weTeotihuacanos eye yafumana inzuzo kwingxowa yoluntu nakubo bonke abahlali bequmrhu elikhulu yaba kukuhlwayelwa nokuvuna izinto ezivelisa imathiriyeli ekrwada efunekayo yokucacisa ukutya okuhambelana nengobozi esisiseko yommi ngamnye.
Kwangaxeshanye bachaza iindlela zobuchule ezathi zavela ngendlela yokulawula uluntu ngelo xesha, ezinje ngokuveliswa kunye noomatshini abaququzelela umsebenzi onzima, ukongeza koku, babengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukuphumeza i-barter eyaziwayo, apho. baye bathethathethana nabantu okanye nabalawuli bezinye iintlanga ukuze benze uhlobo lonxulumano olusekelwe kwisivumelwano noluya kuba yingenelo kuwo omabini amaqela.