Ukusuka eColombia siza kuthetha ngeli qela lemveli, namhlanje siza kukubonisa ngeli nqaku linomdla, yonke into malunga ne Umbutho weNtlalo weMuiscas, iClan okanye usapho olwandisiweyo, olunxulumene ngamakhonkco egazi. Sukuphoswa yiyo!
Yayinjani iNtlangano yeNtlalo yaseMuiscas?
Umbutho wezentlalo weMuiscas wawusekelwe kwintsapho, eyayiquka iqela labantu abadityaniswe ligazi. Iziduko zazinenkosi okanye inkosi, eyayinokuba ngumbingeleli (okwabizwa ngokuba yisheikh). Iziduko zazifudula ziyinxalenye yesizwe, oko kukuthi, iziduko ezininzi zadityaniswa zaza zayila iqela lentlalontle elinye. Umbutho wezentlalo we-Muiscas wawunokuhlelwa kweeklasi zentlalo. Iinkosi zezizwe, iinkosi okanye ababingeleli babekwizikhundla eziphezulu ekuhlaleni. Balandelwa ngamajoni (abizwa ngokuba ziiguechas).
Udidi lwentlalo olulandelayo lwaluyilwe ngamagcisa, abakhandi begolide, ababumbi, abasebenzi kwimigodi yetyuwa neyeemerald, abarhwebi nabasebenzi basezifama. Ekugqibeleni, kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi, yayingamakhoboka. Babeziintshaba zomthonyama ezoyiswayo zaza zathinjwa zaza zanyanzelwa ukuba zikhonze ezizweni.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho ii-cacique ezininzi ngaphakathi kwentlangano yentlalo ye-Muiscas. Abo banegunya elikhulu babebizwa ngokuba ziiZipas neeZaques kwaye abo bakwizikhundla eziphantsi babebizwa ngokuba ngamaUzaques.
Ubume beNtlalo yeMuiscas
Eli qela lomthonyama lalinombutho wentlalo ye-pyramidal, eyakhiwe ngabalawuli, ababingeleli, amaqhawe, abasebenzi bezolimo, amagcisa kunye nabarhwebi, kunye nodidi oluphantsi: amakhoboka.
Imimandla
IiMuiscas zazilungelelanisa zaba ziinkosi. Yayiziiyunithi zezopolitiko ezazikhokelwa ngumphathi we-cacique, owayengoyena mntu uphambili kulo mbutho. Le mithi yayikhatshwa ziisheikh, igqiza kunye nabakhala edolophini. AmaMuiscas ayezigqala iinkosi ezinegunya elikhulu yaye iishekh zazizigqala njengenzala ethe ngqo yoothixo. Iinkosi neenkosi zanikwa igunya lokubonelela uluntu ngokutya. Ukuze benze oku, babesenza amasiko okuhlonela indalo, ukuwakhusela nokwenza nantoni na engaphaya kwamandla endalo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-caciques (i-zipas okanye i-zaques) yayingenakujongwa emehlweni abo kwaye yonke into abayivelisayo yayigqalwa njengengcwele. Sithetha nge-caciques yamandla amakhulu, kuba kwakukho ezinye "ii-caciques" ezazilawula ekuhlaleni (ngokuqhelekileyo yayiyi-guechas eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-caciques ngezenzo zabo zokulwa). Ezi cacique zazibizwa ngokuba zizaques.
Ngoko ke, ukuze isixeko sigcinwe phantsi kolawulo lomlawuli owongamileyo, kwakufuneka kusetyenziswe abamemezeli bedolophu. Abakhaleli bedolophu babejongene nokuthetha nemithi yasekuhlaleni, bebakhumbuza ukuba abona banamandla yinzala yezithixo.
ikomkhulu elingcwele
Kwakukho amakomkhulu amabini angcwele awayenamandla enkolo, ngala:
-Ingcwele yeTundama, ekhoyo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiDuitama, Paipa, Cerinza, Ocavita, Onzaga kunye neSoatá.
-Ingcwele yase-Iraca, ehlala kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yiBusbanzá, iSogamoso, iPisba kunye neToca.
Ubukhosi baseGuatavita
IGuatavita cacicazgo yasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye yayihlala kwindawo esembindini yommandla omiwe yiMuiscas.
Ubukhosi baseHunza
Ubukhosi baseHunza bukhule kwindawo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiTunja, umasipala kwisebe laseBoyacá. Ezona nkosi zibalulekileyo zaseHunza zezi: Hanzahúa, Michuá kunye noQuemuenchatocha. UQuemuenchatocha wayeyinkokeli eyayisetroneni xa iSpeyin yafika, yagxininisa ekufihleni ubuncwane bakhe ukuze bukhuseleke kwiSpanishi.
Ubukhosi baseBacatá
Obu bukhosi bakhula kummandla waseZipa. IZipa eziphambili yayizezi: Meicuchuca (egqalwa ngabanye ababhali-mbali njengeZipa yokuqala yeZipazgo yaseBacatá), iSaguamanchica, iNemequene, iTisquesusa kunye neSagipa. Le yokugqibela yayingumninawa kaTisquesusa waza wangena esihlalweni emva kokubulawa kukaTiquesusa ngamaSpanish.
IiSheikh okanye ababingeleli baseMuisca
Abefundisi bakaMuisca babebizwa ngokuba ziinkosi. Aba babenemfundo yeminyaka elishumi elinesibini eyayikhokelwa ngabadala.
Iishekh zaziyigcina yonke imisitho yonqulo yaye zaziyinxalenye yezona zizwe zibalulekileyo ekuhlaleni, ekubeni zazizigqala ziyinzala yoothixo okanye izithixo zeenkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke, yonke imisebenzi yonqulo yayigqalwa njengento ebalulekileyo.
Ababingeleli, njengeentloko zezizwe, yayingabo ababegcina inxalenye yerhafu eqokelelweyo nentsalela yesivuno.
Amagorha eMuisca
Abalweli beMuisca babesaziwa ngokuba ziiguechas. Aba yayingabo babephethe ukukhusela ummandla weMuiscas kwizizwe eziziintshaba.
AbakwaMuiscas bazilungelelanisa ngokwezopolitiko nakwezolawulo besebenzisa iMuisca Confederation, eyayibunjwe ziindawo ezine: iZipazgo de Bacatá, Zacazgo de Hunza, Iraca neTundama.
Ukuze ube yinxalenye yeeguecha kwakungeyomfuneko ukuba ube ngowezihandiba, ekuphela kwento eyayifuneka yayikukubonisa amandla nesibindi ababenaso. Ii<em>gecha zazinconywa ngenxa yempumelelo yazo kwiimfazwe nezinye izizwe zaza zafumana iwonga eliphezulu.
Muisca amagcisa kunye nabasebenzi
Eli qela lalijongene nokuvelisa yonke imisebenzi yezandla, ubucwebe kunye nemihombiso esetyenziswa yiMuiscas. Babenoxanduva lokusebenza emigodini nasekusebenzeni emasimini (ukuvuna konke ukutya).
Eli qela lilo elenza umsebenzi onzima, kungoko kusithiwa ngaphandle kwawo amanene, abefundisi namagorha ayengenakuphila.
Amakhoboka
AmaMuicas ayesoloko esilwa nezinye izizwe. Kuyo nganye kuzo, boyisa iintshaba zabo baza abasindileyo babathabatha amakhoboka.
Amakhoboka ayephethe imisebenzi ethile awayeyiphathiswe ngabakwaMuiscas yaye kwakufuneka aphile ngokwemiyalelo yawo.
IiMuiscas zafika njani kwiTrone?
I-Muiscas yayinemithetho yokulandelelana kwe-matrilineal. Ngenxa yale nkqubo, ilifa lafunyanwa ngumama.
Ngaloo ndlela, oonyana be-zaque okanye i-zipa babengasoloko bengabokuqala kumgca wokulandelelana. Ukuba bekukho indoda enguyise womama, ibiyakuba nguye onelungelo kwisihlalo sobukhosi.
Amasiko kunye neendlela zokuphila
Ezolimo kunye nokutya: AbakwaMuiscas baseke iindawo zezolimo ezithe saa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemozulu. Kummandla ngamnye babenendawo yokuhlala yokwexeshana, nto leyo eyayibavumela ukuba banandiphe iimveliso zezolimo kwiindawo ezibandayo nezipholileyo ngamaxesha amiselweyo.
Le nkqubo yezolimo, ebizwa ngokuba yi "microvertical model", yayilawulwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngobudlelwane bembeko kunye notshintshiselwano namanye amaqela emveli apho iMuiscas yayiphantsi kwayo.
Le modeli inokuba yimpendulo elungelelanisiweyo kwimiqobo yendalo, kuba izityalo ezininzi zibakho ngonyaka. Ukongeza, umngcipheko oqhubekayo wesichotho kunye neqabaka, nangona oko akuthethi ukuba ilahleko iyonke yezityalo, inokubangela ukunqongophala.
Inxalenye yengxaki yasonjululwa ngeentlobo ezininzi zeetapile ezazikho, kwaye uninzi lwezi ntlobo zazinokumelana neqabaka kwisithuba seenyanga ezintlanu zilinyiwe.
Kodwa kwakhona, ngokuba neemveliso zamanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-thermal, babenokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kwiibhatata, i-cassava, iimbotyi, iipepile, i-coca, umqhaphu, ithanga, i-arracacha, i-fique, i-quinoa kunye ne-beech ebomvu, nangona isiseko sokutya kwabo ngumbona.
Njengoko i-Muiscas yayingayazi intsimbi, yayisebenza umhlaba ngamatye okanye izixhobo zokhuni ngexesha lemvula, xa umhlaba uthambile, ngoko babecinga ukuba ixesha elomileyo liyintlekele enkulu.
Iitapile, umbona kunye nequinoa yayizezona mveliso zisetyenziswayo, ezinongwe ngetyuwa, ipepile kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezinevumba elimnandi. Kabini ngonyaka, bavuna iitapile nombona kanye kwiindawo ezibandayo, apho kwakuhlala uninzi lwabemi.
Akwaziwa enoba babesebenzisa isikhondo sombona oswiti, njengoko benjenjalo abemi bomthonyama baseMexico, okanye nje ubusi, obabuxhaphakile kumathambeka eentaba. Isiselo se-quintessential se-Muiscas yayisisicha, isiselo esinxilisayo esivundiswe ngumbona.
Baziqhelanisa nokuzingela nokuloba, aba bagqibela babekwimilambo namachibi asemathafeni aneminatha emincinane namahlenga eengcongolo abaqhubeka bewenza de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Baphinde batya iiprotheyini ezininzi zemifuno ezinje ngamandongomane, iimbotyi kunye necoca, kunye neeproteni zezilwanyana ezinjenge curi, ixhama, umvundla, intlanzi, iimbovane, iimopane, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana zamahlathi. Abasemagunyeni baseMuisca babephethe ekwabiweni ngokutsha kokutya ngamaxesha okunqongophala.
Umbhali wengxelo yaseSpeyin uGonzalo Fernández de Oviedo uthi ebudeni beminyaka emibini yoloyiso, akuzange kubekho mini yalahleka yonke into eyayifuneka ukuze ungene kwimiqolomba yamaKristu. Ubalisa ukuba kwakukho iintsuku zekhulu lexhama, ezinye zekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu kwaye ngosuku lokugqibela zazingamashumi amathathu amaxhama, imivundla kunye nombutho othanda ukwazi kunye nosuku lwewaka lamaxhama.