Ulwazi oluncinci oluvela kubantu bethu bomthonyama lusinika ithuba lokwazi, ngeli nqaku linomdla nelifutshane, ngakumbi malunga IMapuche Social Organisation nokunye okuninzi. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! Ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubonakala kubalulekile kuwe, lonke ulwazi.
Umbutho wentlalo ye Mapuche: Isiseko sayo, ukuqhuba kunye nokudlula
Intlangano yentlalontle yamaMapuches yakhiwe ngobudlelwane obuhambelanayo kunye nendalo, i-pre-Hispanic Mapuche intlangano yentlalontle yayihluke kakhulu, ekubeni yazivumela ukuba iphuhlise ukusebenzisa izibonelelo ezininzi ezinikezelwa ngokusingqongileyo, ngokuhlonipha i-admapu.
Yayiyintoni iadmapu
Kwi-Mapuches, i-admapu yayiyimithetho yokuziphatha, inkolo kunye neyomoya elawula uluntu lwase-Araucanian, ngendlela efanayo, njengesipho esinikwe nguThixo uNgenechén kwizinyanya, ichaza isazisi esisekelwe kwintsebenziswano esisigxina ehloniphekileyo kunye nendalo.
Njengoko sibona, intlangano yentlalo yamaMapuche kunye nelungelo lentsapho ukusebenzisana ekuzingeleni, ukuqokelela kunye nemisebenzi yezolimo ngokuthe ngcembe nayo yaseka ulawulo lwelonco.
Ukuba akulula ukwazi indlela intlalo yoluntu yaseMapuche eyakhiwe ngayo ngaphambi kokufika koloyiso, ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi lwangaphambili, abantu baseSpeyin abazange baqonde indlela uluntu olubunjwe ngayo olunika imfazwe, bade baloyise.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, babebhekwa njengabangaphandle kwayo yonke impucuko, kodwa izazi-mlando ziye zafumanisa ukuba isakhiwo solu luntu sasisekelwe kumaqela eentsapho ezinobudlelwane be-patrilineal, ebizwa ngokuba yi-lofs.
Ngaloo ndlela, kwinkcubeko yamaMapuche, i-lof nganye yayiphethe i-lonko okanye i-cacique, ngasentla yayingu-quiñelen, owathi naye wayalela ii-lofs ezininzi, kwaye ngasentla ngu- lebo, owalungisa yonke imicimbi enxulumene nemfazwe. okanye uxolo.
Kwelinye icala, kwinqanaba elifanayo njengengcuka yayiyi-ayllarehue, eyayenziwe yintsapho okanye iziduko ezithinjiweyo, ezazilawula iphondo, nangona nganye igcina ukuzimela kwayo; Kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwakukho ibutalmapu, eyenziwe ngama-aillarehues amaninzi.
Olunye utshintsho olwazama ukuziswa ngulo mbutho kwintlalontle yaseMapuche kukuqiniswa komfanekiso welonko, owahlala de kwangowe-1881, ngokusekwa kwenkqubo yokhuselo lokunikezela umhlaba kuluntu, oluchongwe ngegama lika lonco nganye,
Nangona kunjalo, ayizange isebenze ekudityanisweni kweMapuche kunye noluntu lwaseChile, nangona kunjalo, kumaqela emveli yamaMapuche namhlanje kukho iinkokeli ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:
I-machi, ejongene nokuphilisa umphefumlo okanye umzimba wabantu, ibonwa ngezesekeli zayo ezifana ne-trapelakucha okanye i-trarilonko, kunye ne-lonco, ethatha umsebenzi kunye neentsingiselo zolawulo okanye zonqulo.
Ngale ndlela, lo mbutho omncinci we-Mapuche wentlalontle usebenza namhlanje ukudibanisa izizukulwana eziye zafudukela kwimimandla yasezidolophini.
Unqulo lwamaMapuche
Inkolo yolu hlanga ziinkolelo zonqulo lwemveli kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko yamaMapuche, abantu bomthonyama abahlala eChile naseArgentina.
Izinto ngokubanzi
Xa kuchazwa iinkolelo zamaMapuche, kufanele kuphawulwe ngaphambili ukuba akukho ngxelo ibhaliweyo yamabali amandulo kunye neentsomi ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanish, ekubeni iinkolelo zabo zonqulo zazidluliselwa ngomlomo.
Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkolelo zabo ziphawulwa ngokungavisisani ngokupheleleyo, zibonise iiyantlukwano kunye nomahluko phakathi kocalucalulo olwahlukeneyo, kunye naphakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abemi kunye neentsapho ezenza umntu ngamnye kubo, kwaye zisasazwe kuwo wonke ummandla ukuba enye ihleli enye kuzo.
Ngokukwanjalo, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo into yokuba uninzi lweenkolelo zabo ziye zafaniswa neentsomi kunye neentsomi zentsomi yaseChile kwaye, kancinci, kwiintsomi zemimandla ethile yaseArgentina, apho uninzi lwazo luguqulelwe khona.
Kakhulu okanye kancinane, zombini njengesiphumo sobuKristu (ngenxa yenxalenye enkulu yokunyanzeliswa kokushumayela kweSpanish), ikakhulu ngenxa ye-syncretism, ngenxa yokutolika, okanye ukulungelelaniswa kwentsomi phakathi koluntu lwaba babini. amazwe..
Kwakhona kuye kwavelisa iiyantlukwano kunye neeyantlukwano kuninzi lwezi nkolelo eziye zadityaniswa kwinkcubeko yaseChile naseArgentina kwanakwimo yenkcubeko yabo.
Ngokunjalo, ngaphezu komlinganiso kunye namakhonkco akhoyo phakathi kokubonakaliswa kwenkolo kunye neentsomi zaseMzantsi Melika eziqhelekileyo kubo bonke abantu base-Amerindian beli lizwekazi.
Iinkolelo zonqulo kunye neentsomi zamaMapuche zahlula ngokubonisa iimpawu ezizodwa ezihambelana ngokuthe ngqo namaMapuche kunye neenkcukacha zabo, izithethe zabo, ubomi babo bentlalo kunye, ubukhulu becala, umbono wabo wendalo kunye nezithethe zabo zonqulo.
Ingcinga yemveli yokomoya kunye neNtshona
Ixesha lebhayisikile yipatheni yokucinga yabantu abaninzi bomthonyama baseMelika, abakhoyo kwinkcubeko yabantu baseMapuche, eyenye indlela yokucinga ecacileyo eyilwe yingqiqo yaseYurophu kunye nepositivism, ebethelela kuyo ipateni yengqondo ekhoyo. Ihlabathi laseNtshona iminyaka engama-400.
Ixesha lomgca elihambelana nenguquko yefilosofi yamaYuda esekwe kwiZoroastrianism ibonakaliswe ngokwahlukileyo kwithiyori yexesha lomjikelo. Indlela yakhe yokuqonda ixesha yayisisiseko sophuhliso lwaseNtshona kunye noko sivakalelwa kukuba namhlanje.
Ngoko ke, ukusuka kwihlabathi lemveli, kugxininiswa ukuba "iNtshona iye yaphika ngokuqinisekileyo ubukho befilosofi yomthonyama, ibeka kudidi lwembono yehlabathi elula, intsomi okanye ingcinga yasentsomini."
Ukusebenzisana kweengcinga zomgca kunye ne-cyclical kuphunyeziwe nge-syncretism, kodwa le ntsebenziswano iya kuchaphazela isiseko seenkolelo zeMapuche, kuba iguqula ingundoqo yombono wabo weNdalo yonke ngokubeka umbono ohambelanayo.