Ngeli nqaku elinomdla uya kuba nakho ukwazi inkcubeko ye Umbutho weNtlalo wama-Aztec. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!Uya kubona kwakhona iinkcukacha zecandelo ngalinye elibumba olu luntu lwemveli luphawule isiganeko esibalulekileyo embalini.
Umbutho wezentlalo wama-Aztec
Umbutho wezentlalo wama-Aztec ubhekisa kwindlela impucuko yamandulo yaseMexico eyasasaza ngayo kwaye yamisela abemi bayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezona zikhundla zibalulekileyo zazisenziwa ngababingeleli neenkokeli zomkhosi; Emva koko kwafika abahlali abaqhelekileyo (amagcisa, abarhwebi) kwaye ekugqibeleni kwabakho amakhoboka.
Baye bahlala ikakhulu eMesoamerica kwaye uBukhosi babo benziwe kwiindawo ezintathu eziphambili: iTlacopan, iTexcoco neTenochtitlán (eMexico), nangona iziko lamandla lidityaniswe eTenochtitlán; oko kukuthi, kwesi sixeko kwasalathiswa eminye imimandla.
Ngokufanayo, i-Mexica state yayilawulwa yi-huey-tlatoani, ithathwa njengomlawuli ophezulu kwaye ikhethwe liqela lezikhulu ezenza ibhunga. Kwakhona, urhulumente ubizwa ngokuba bubukhosi obuzuzwa njengelifa, ekubeni yayingabo kuphela ababehlobene nokumkani wangaphambili ababenokungena etroneni.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu luntu lwaluziintlobo ngeentlobo, oko kukuthi, iindidi zalo zentlalo zazicandwe ngokungqongqo kwaye azizange zitshintshe kakhulu kulo lonke uphuhliso lwenkcubeko nezopolitiko. Ababhali-mbali baye bahlula uBukhosi baseMexico baba ngamaqela amathathu aphambili asekuhlaleni: abantu abahloniphekileyo, abantu abaqhelekileyo kunye namakhoboka.
Yayinjani intlangano yentlalo yama-Aztec?
Amanene: NgesiNahuatl, izihandiba zazisaziwa ngokuba yi<em>pīpiltin yaye zaziliqela labantu abazizityebi elalilawula imicimbi yezobupolitika neyonqulo. I<em>pīpiltin yayinomhlaba weefama yaye yayibeka abantu abahlwempuzekileyo namakhoboka ukuba bayisebenze. Ngokufanayo, aba bahloniphekileyo benza ibhunga kwaye bakhokela i-huey-tlatoani.
Kwizihandiba, ezi zikhundla zilandelayo zinokufunyanwa:
– The tecuhtli: Ayengamele ukuhlawulwa kweerhafu.
-Uluhlu: yayingabalawuli bamaphondo needolophu ezincinane.
– ITizoc Ahuacatl: Babengabagwebi abongamele ukulawulwa kobulungisa.
– iTlacatecatl: Ibingabathetheli bemikhosi. Ngamanye amazwi, bayalela kwaye baququzelela imikhosi yaseMexico.
– ICihuacoatl: babengabona bantu banegunya emva kweHuey-Tlatoani. Babenembopheleleko yokunikela iminikelo nokongamela imicimbi yenkundla neyonqulo.
I huey tlatoani
NgesiNahuatl, i-huey ithetha "inkulu," ngelixa i-tlatoani iguqulela "isithethi." Oku kwabonisa ukuba i-tlatoani yayizizidwangube eziphawulwa ngokuba zizithethi ezibalaseleyo ezinobunkokeli kunye nezakhono zonxibelelwano.
Ngaphezu koko, ezi nkokeli zalathisa intlangano yentlalo yabantu baseMexico kwaye zazijongwa njengobukho obungaqondakaliyo emhlabeni. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-Aztec akholelwa ukuba i-Huey Tlatoani ikhethwe ngumyalelo woothixo ukuba zimele uBukhosi kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko, yempi kunye nentlalontle.
Abantu abaqhelekileyo (abantu abaqhelekileyo)
NgesiNahuatl, le ntlalo yayibizwa ngokuba yiMācēhualtin. Yayibunjwe ngabalimi ababesebenza umhlaba wabanumzana; Amagcisa kunye nabarhwebi abancinci nabo bawela kolu luhlu. IiMācēhualtin zazibaluleke kakhulu kwimpucuko yama-Aztec, ekubeni zazisisiseko sophuhliso lwezoqoqosho loBukhosi.
Ngokufanayo, ababhali-mbali baye bafumana iingxelo ezibonisa ukuba iMācēhualtin yakha amathafa namadama amancinane aphucula isivuno sezolimo.
Umnombo woluntu we-Mācēhualtin: Kwakhona kwafunyanwa ubungqina obubonisa ukuba enye iMācēhualtin iphumelele izikhundla eziphezulu kwintlangano yezopolitiko, kodwa oku kwakungaqhelekanga kulo luntu.
Ngokomzekelo, kuyaziwa ukuba kwakukho amagcisa aphumeleleyo akwazi ukuthenga umhlaba, nto leyo eyabavumela ukuba babe ngabanumzana.
I-Mācēhualtin nayo inokunyusa inqanaba lentlalontle ukuba iphumelele emfazweni. Oku kwenzeka xa umlo oqhelekileyo wakwazi ukubamba iintshaba ezine ngexesha lomlo; Kamva, abathinjwa banikelwa kwilizwe laseMexico ukuze izidwangube zigqibe enoba ziza kuba ngamakhoboka okanye zikhethelwe ukwenza amadini.
Nangona kunjalo, esi siganeko asizange senzeke rhoqo, njengoko izikhulu zaziqeqeshwe ngcono emfazweni kunamajoni aqhelekileyo kwaye yayingabo ababamba iintshaba zabo. Oko kukuthi, ngenxa yezakhono zabo, abantu abahloniphekileyo babenokuthi babambe ngexesha lokulwa.
Amakhoboka
Aba bantu babebizwa ngokuba ziiTlātlācohtin yaye iqela labo lentlalontle laliquka amabanjwa ezobupolitika (oko kukuthi emfazwe), izaphuli-mthetho, nabantu abasematyaleni ababezinikele ngokuzithandela ebukhobokeni ukuze bahlawule oko babekutyala.
Njengoko unokubona, abemi boBukhosi bama-Aztec abazange bazalwe bengamakhoboka; Kubantu baseMexico, ubukhoboka yayiyindlela yokuphila engena ngenxa yeengxaki zemali okanye njengesohlwayo sokwaphula imithetho. Kwimeko yamabanjwa emfazwe, angena ebukhobokeni njengohlobo oluthile lokuthinjwa.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamakhoboka kunye neenkosi zabo: Kwabanye ababhali-mbali, ubukhoboka baba ngumsebenzi onemveliso kakhulu kuma-Aztec ngokwezoqoqosho. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba abarhwebi bekhoboka babephathwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo yaye babenobutyebi obuninzi.
Ukongezelela, iinkosi zazinenkululeko enkulu yokuzikhethela ngokuphathelele amakhoboka azo. Ngokomzekelo, maxa wambi kwakusenzeka ukuba umhlolokazi atshate elinye lamakhoboka akhe okanye amenze umlindi wakhe. Noko ke, ukuba ikhoboka lalingabathobeli abanini balo, laligwetyelwa ukufa.
Nangona ubukhoboka babungeyomfuza kweli butho labantu, abantu babenokuba ngamakhoboka ngonaphakade. Enyanisweni, i-tlatoani Moctezuma II yaziwa ngokuba igwebe abangcatshi ukuba babe ngamakhoboka ubomi babo bonke; Kuyafana nangeeshaman nabavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi abangazange bakwazi ukuqikelela iziganeko ezibalulekileyo.
Ezinye iimpawu zobukhoboka bama-Aztec
Maxa wambi abanye abantu ababeneengxaki zemali bathengisa ngabantwana babo ebukhobokeni. Kwezi meko, ikhoboka lalihlala libotshelelwe kumhlaba womnini walo de elo tyala lihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokufanayo, kuyaziwa ukuba xa inkosi ifile, amakhoboka anehambo entle nobuchule obukhethekileyo ayekhululwa. Kunoko, amakhoboka aphakathi afunyanwa njengelifa kwinzala yeenkosi.
Nangona amakhoboka ekwindawo ephantsi yentlalo-ntle yama-Aztec, asenako ukutshata aze enze izigqibo ezikholisa iinkosi zawo.
Ngaphezu koko, aba bantu bekulindeleke ukuba babe negalelo kuphuhliso loBukhosi baseMexico, ngaloo ndlela babedla ngokuba negalelo kungquzulwano lwasemkhosini okanye ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezikhulu.
Imikhosi yomkhosi
Umkhosi woBukhosi baseMexico wawuyiYaoquizqueh, abantu abaqhelekileyo abanolwazi olusisiseko lomkhosi, kunye nezikhulu zasePipiltzin.
Kancinci ngakumbi ngalo Mbutho
Lo mbutho usekelwe kwiimpawu zeenkolelo nomkhosi womkhosi, intlangano yentlalontle yama-Aztec yasekwa ngamaqela afanayo okanye i<em>calpullis, amalungu ayo anamaqhina egazi abonakala eqhelisela unqulo lothixo othile, kwakuloo mmandla.
Ngaloo ndlela, kwiqela ngalinye lala maqela kwakukho iiklasi zentlalo ezicwangcisiweyo, apho kwakukho ithuba lokuhamba kwentlalo.
Kwimeko yentlalo yama-Aztec, izihandiba zaziludidi lwentlalo olunawona malungelo aphakamileyo, ngale ndlela zazilawula urhulumente.
Balawula abasebenzi kumazwe abo, bayalela amajoni edabini, bephethe izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinjengomhlaba, amakhoboka, okanye izicaka, kwaye babenokukhetha imfundo ukuze babe ngamagosa exesha elizayo obukumkani.
Ngaphandle kokuhlonelwa ngabantu, babenandipha iingenelo ezininzi, njengokutya i-xocoatl okanye itshokolethi. Ukuba olu didi lubekwe ngokwala manqanaba mathathu alandelayo:
- Umlawuli okanye iTlatoani, wayenegunya eliphezulu le-calpullis, ekhethwa ngokubanzi ukuba basondele kwizinyanya.
- I-Tetecuhtin, ngokuba ludidi oluphakathi lwezihandiba, zigcine izikhundla zolawulo, phakathi kwazo ababingeleli ababalulekileyo, iinkokeli zomkhosi okanye amagosa aphezulu.
- I-Pipiltin, eyakha elona nqanaba liphantsi lezidwangube, elenziwe ngabaphumi-mkhosi abajongene nokukhusela ubukhosi kunye nokoyisa amanye amazwe, kwakhona, inzala yaseToltec kunye nePochutec okanye abarhwebi abadumileyo babeyinxalenye yalo.
Kulo luntu, ngaphantsi kobuhandiba yayingabantu abaqhelekileyo okanye i-macehualtina, ngokutsho koku, ukucwangciswa kwentlalo kwakumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
https://youtu.be/398BqFETlgE
- Abarhwebi, amagcisa namahlwempu, nangona babengabodidi oluphantsi, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayikukuba babenandipha inkululeko yokusebenza baze bafumane iintsapho, bephila ubomi obulula phakathi kwee<em>calpullis ezahlukahlukeneyo, abanye babenokufikelela izihandiba. ngenkonzo yasemkhosini okanye ngomtshato.
- Amabanjwa emfazwe okanye i-Tlacotin, kwintlangano yentlalontle yama-Aztec, yayiluhlobo oluthile lwekhoboka, kodwa ngokukhululeka ngokukhululeka ngokuziphatha kwabo.
- Amakhoboka kunye nabakhonzi, ababeyila abasebenzi bobukhosi ababesebenzela abantu abakhulu, ngelixa amakhoboka ayekuphela kwempahla yabanini bawo de kwasekufeni, ii-serfs zinenkululeko ethile yokutshata.
Ekugqibeleni, kule ngqungquthela ye-hierarchical, i-calpullis yenza isiseko esisisiseko se-Aztec yentlalo yoluntu, i-apex yayo yayihlala ihlala ngabo bahlobene ngokusondeleyo nomsunguli.
Siyakumema ukuba uqhagamshelane namanye amanqaku kwibhlog yethu, enokuba nomdla kakhulu: