Nangona yapheliswayo ngumthetho ngeminyaka yee-1950s, inkqubo yokwahlulwa ngokwelifa yamandulo eyamiselwa yinkqubo yokucalula eyasekwa buHindu isenempembelelo Umbutho woluntu waseIndiya inciphisa ngokuqinisekileyo uphuhliso lwayo.
Umbutho weNtlalo waseIndiya
Ngokutsho kobuHindu umphefumlo ukuphindukuzalwa ngokuqhubekayo ( saṃsāra ), kulo mjikelo ngokuthe ngcembe umphefumlo utyekela ekubeni nyulu ngakumbi okanye kancinane ngokuxhomekeke kwisidima umntu aphila ngaso.
UbuHindu bumi ngelithi ukuzalwa kudidi oluphantsi kuthetha ukuba umntu kubomi bakhe bangaphambili wayengumoni, ukuba ngokuchasene noko loo mntu uzalelwe kwelona nqanaba liphakamileyo, elo lamaBrahmin libonisa ukuba umphefumlo wakhe unyulu yaye, ukuba uphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo. ubomi obulungileyo, ungafikelela kwi-nirvana kwaye uphazamise umjikelo wokufa kunye nokuzalwa kwakhona. Kungenjalo, ubomi bakhe obulandelayo buya kuba bobelungu lodidi oluphantsi.
Inkqubo ye-caste emisela umbutho wentlalontle e-Indiya ineempawu ezithile zokumisela, enye yazo kukuba yenziwe ngamacandelo amane aphambili ukongeza kwi-Dalits, eyaziwa ngokuba ngabagxothiweyo okanye abangathintekiyo. La maqela ngamaqela avaliweyo, umtshato uvumelekile kuphela phakathi kwamalungu odidi olunye kwaye abantwana abaphuma kolu manyano bakwinqanaba elinye nabazali.
Olunye uphawu lwenkqubo ye-caste kukuba ii-castes zihlelwa ngokobuqhetseba ngokobunyulu okanye ukungcola, kodwa zikwahlulwa ngokwemisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi yazo. Kwinkqubo yocalucalulo kukho iinkalo ezimbini ezisisiseko: iVarna, ebhekisela kumbala, nethi Jāti, “ebhekisela kuhlobo lobukho.
Varna
Ngokutsho kobuHindu, umntu wokuqala uPuruṣa (umntu wendalo iphela, inkosi yobukho) wayebingelelwa yaye abantu bodidi bazalwa emzimbeni wakhe. Abantu bahlelwa ngokweendidi ezine ezisisiseko kuxhomekeka kwinxalenye yomzimba kaPurusha abazalelwa kuyo, olu didi luchaza imo yomntu ngokwasentlalweni, lowo anokutshata naye nohlobo lomsebenzi anokuwenza. Akukho mntu unokuzama ukudlula kwelinye i-caste ukuya kwelinye ngexesha lobomi bakhe, ekuphela kwendlela yokuqhubela phambili okanye ukuhlehla kwimo yentlalo ngokuzalwa ngokutsha kubomi obulandelelanayo.
Amadoda kunye neendima zawo kuluntu zichazwe kwiivarnas ezine, iindidi ezibanzi apho uluntu lwahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba: amaBrahmins, amaShatrias, amaVaisya kunye namaSudra.
iibrahmins
Ngokutsho kwenkqubo yokwahlulwahlulwa kwabantu elawula intlangano yezentlalo yaseIndiya, amaBrahman alolona didi luphakamileyo, azibanga engabaphathi beBrahman efanayo, engamandla angcwele agcina indalo iphela. Ngaphambili babegqalwa njengoothixo phakathi kwabantu. Imisebenzi ye-brahmins kukufunda kunye nokufundisa imibhalo engcwele yamaHindu, iVedas kunye ne-smriti. Bakwanoxanduva lokubingelela kwizithixo.
I-brahmins inomsebenzi wokuba ngabagcini bokugcinwa kweemfundiso zeVedas, nabo banembopheleleko yokudlulisela olu lwazi kubantu ngabanye bezinye iindidi ezimbini eziphezulu, ii-chatrias, umkhosi kunye nezopolitiko; kumaVaishya, abarhwebi nabangamahlwempu. I-Brahmins ayifanele idlulisele olu lwazi kwi-sudras, amakhoboka, kuncinci okungathintekiyo njengoko esi sisono esihlwaywa ngokuhlushwa ngokomzimba.
Iimfundiso ezadluliselwa ngamaBrahmins kudidi oluphezulu zibandakanya intanda-bulumko, unqulo, amayeza, ubugcisa kunye neqhinga lomkhosi. Ezi mfundiso ziyimbuyekezo eyenziwa ngamaBrahmins kuluntu.
ii-chatrias
Ziyi-caste yesibini ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ye-caste emisela intlangano yentlalontle yaseIndiya, ingaphantsi kweBrahmins nangaphezulu kweChatrias, iVaishyas kunye neShudras kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo i-pariahs. Olu ludidi lwamagorha, omkhosi, oko kukuthi, abo basebenzisa amandla nobukhosi, ngamanye amazwi, abalawuli. Ngokutsho kweVedas iRajá (ookumkani) bakhethwa ngaphakathi kweqela le-chatrias.
Ngokutsho kweMithetho kaManu, imbopheleleko yokuqala yokumkani we-chatria caste kukukhusela abantu bakhe, naye unomsebenzi wokwandisa ubukumkani usebenzisa "iindlela nje zomphefumlo" kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko ngeengxabano. Umsebenzi ophambili wamalungu e-chatria caste awayengengabo ookumkani yayikukuthatha inxaxheba emfazweni, ukufa okanye ukubulawa ngelixa esilwa notshaba.
Los IiVaisyas
I-Vaisyas ngabameli be-varna yesithathu ebalulekileyo yentlangano yamandulo yentlalo yaseIndiya, eyayiquka amafama, abarhwebi, abachwephesha bezentengiselwano, abachwephesha, abanini bomhlaba, abelusi kunye nabathengi. I-Vaisyas yayinendima eqhelekileyo yamafama kunye nabalimi kwiimibhalo zonqulo zamaHindu, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha baba ngabanini bomhlaba, abarhwebi kunye nababolekisi bemali. Ekubeni bekwihlelo eliphantsi, enye yeembopheleleko zabo yayikukulungiselela abo bakumgangatho ophezulu ukutya.
KwiIndiya yamandulo, amafama akhululekileyo, abelusi, kwakunye namagcisa athile nabarhwebi kwizixeko needolophu babengamaVaisya. Ukususela kwiinkulungwane zokuqala zexesha lethu, abalimi, abalimi (kunye nabaninzi beengcibi) balahlekelwa ukuzimela kwaye baqala ukubhekwa njenge-sudras, kwaye abaninzi abathengisi babizwa ngokuba yi-vaisyas.
IiSudras
IiSudras zenza inxalenye yezinye zezona ziphantsi kwiivarnas ezine zenkqubo yobuHindu kunye nombutho wezentlalo waseIndiya. Ngokwethiyori, i-caste ye-sudras yenza iklasi yentlalo ephantsi kakhulu kwinkonzo yabanye abathathu abaphezulu, i-brahmins, i-chatrias kunye ne-vaisyas, nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kwemibhalo yokuqala yamaNdiya, bathatha inxaxheba ekubekweni ubukhosi. ookumkani, Babengabalungiseleli kwanookumkani.
Imibhalo engcwele yamaHindu iDharma sastra ayivumeli i-sudras ukuba ifumane imfundo yokufunda nokubhala kwaye ivumelekile ukuba ifundiswe ubugcisa obuthile kunye nobugcisa obufana nokuqeqeshwa kweendlovu. AmaSudra ngokuqhelekileyo ayengabalimi neengcibi. Kwimibhalo yamandulo i<em>sudra yayichazwa ‘njengomniki wengqolowa’ kwaye uhlobo lwakhe lokuzixhasa lwachazwa “njengerhengqa nezikhwebu zombona”.
Umyalelo wamandulo othi, "I-Vedas ngabatshabalalisi bezolimo kunye nezolimo ngumtshabalalisi weVedas", kuboniswa njengesinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni i-sudras ingavunyelwanga ukuba ifunde iVedas. AmaSudra ayedla ngokuba ngabakhonzi, abalimi, ababumbi nabanye. Babengavunyelwa ukuba babandakanyeke koko abanye abantu abathathu abakumgangatho ophezulu babandakanyeka kuko. I-sudras yavuzwa kuphela ngegumbi kunye nebhodi, abazange bafumane nawuphi na umvuzo ngoko babengenayo impahla kwaye babengenakushiya ilifa.
Ubume bentlalo bee-sudras behluke ebukhobokeni kuphela kuba i-sudras ayinakuqeshwa kwimisebenzi ethathwa njenge "engahlambulukanga" kwaye ayizange ithathwe njengentengiso.
IiPariahs okanye Abangachukunyiswanga
Kwinkqubo ye-caste elawula umbutho wentlalontle yaseIndiya, abagxothiweyo okanye abangabonakaliyo bangaphandle kwee-varna ezine zendabuko. Ukuba ngaphandle kwee-varnas, abangenakuchukunyiswa bavunyelwe kuphela ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi, ebandakanya imisebenzi yesikhumba, awona mafama ahluphekileyo, abalimi abangenamhlaba, abasebenzi bemini, amagcisa asesitalatweni, phakathi kwabanye.
Abangenakuchukunyiswa abayiyo inxalenye ye-varnas ezine. Babonwa bekwazi ukungcolisa amalungu aphezulu, ngakumbi amaBrahmins. Abangachukunyiswanga baphakathi kweshumi elinesithandathu neshumi elinesixhenxe ekhulwini labantu baseIndiya (ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini ezigidi zabantu). Uluntu olufanayo lufumaneka kuwo wonke uMzantsi Asia, eNepal, ePakistan, eBangladesh, naseSri Lanka, kwaye ayinxalenye ye-diaspora yaseIndiya yehlabathi.
Ngenxa yemeko yabo, abagxothwayo badla ngokuba ngamaxhoba obundlobongela, basoloko bexhatshazwa, bebulawa yaye bedlwengulwa. Kwiphondo laseRajasthan, phakathi kowe-1999 nowama-2003 kuphela, bekukho abantu abangaphezu kwe-2006 abadlwengulwayo kwaza kwabulawa abangama-2008. Ukubulawa kwabantu okubandakanya ukudlwengulwa kwabasetyhini kunye nokubulawa kwamadoda nabafazi abagxothiweyo kuxelwe ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX eChondur, eNeerukonda, eAndhra Pradesh, eTamil Nadu, ePunjab, eKherlanji, eyona yamva nje nguMaharashtra (XNUMX) kunye noRajasthan (XNUMX). ).
UJati
AmaJati abizwa ngokuba ngamaqela ezentlalo endogamous ahlanganisa iiyunithi ezisisiseko zesakhiwo semveli sombutho wezentlalo waseIndiya. UJati uguqulela ngokoqobo ngokuthi "ukuzalwa". I-jati yohlulo lombutho wentlalontle yaseIndiya eyahlukileyo kuleyo yenkqubo ye-varna. Ngokutsho kwe-Anthropological Survey yaseIndiya ka-1993, inani lamajati ngamawaka amane anamakhulu amathandathu anamashumi amathathu anesihlanu, nto leyo kanye icandelo elikhoyo kwimisebenzi.
Le nkqubo, efana kakhulu nombutho woluntu lwaseIndiya kwiinkampani, mhlawumbi yandulela inkqubo ye-varna. Akukho jati iwela umda weelwimi, kwaye ke zonke iindawo zolwimi lwaseIndiya zinenkqubo yazo yejatis. Akukho mbhalo wonqulo wobuHindu umisela inkqubo yejati ngokusemthethweni, ngokuchaseneyo noluvo oluqhelekileyo lwaseNtshona, izithethe zamaHindu ziyayigxeka.
Ngokuqhelekileyo ifani yomntu othile ibonisa ukuba yeyiphi ijati okanye indawo anxulumana nayo. Ngokomzekelo, ifani ethi Gandhi ibonisa umthengisi weziqholo, ifani ethi Srivastava ibhekisela kunobhala wezempi. Amalungu eejati ezahlukeneyo ahlala ngokwahlukeneyo. Indima edlalwa ngumntu kwintlangano yentlalontle yaseIndiya inqunywe yi-jati ehlala kuyo kwaye banokutshata kuphela amalungu e-jati yabo ukususela kwimithetho yokuzalanisa kule nkqubo.
Kwi-jati nganye kukho amasiko ahlukeneyo anxulumene nokutya kunye nempahla, ngamanye amaxesha bade babe nolwimi lwabo kwaye kwezinye iimeko kwanoothixo babo, xa oku kusenzeka abantu abajongene namahlelo ngamalungu e-jati ngokwayo kwaye abangoBrahmins . KubuHindu kujongwa ukuba ukuba lilungu lejati kungumqobo wokuzikhulula kukuzalwa ngokutsha, oko kukuthi, ukufikelela kwimoksha, inkululeko yokomoya.
Kumaxesha amandulo ijati nganye yayilawulwa libhunga layo lodidi yaye yayilisiko eliqhelekileyo ukuphila ubomi obuzilawula ngokupheleleyo. Amalungu e-jati azuze ilifa lomsebenzi wobugcisa wabanduleli bawo. Oku bekuyinyani ingakumbi kumaqela akhethekileyo kubugcisa kunye neenkonzo, kunye nabo babandakanyeka ekwaluseni kunye nokuhambahamba. Iindidi ezininzi zadityaniswa ngobudlelwane botshintshiselwano ngokwesithethe obumiselwa ziimveliso kunye neenkonzo.
Ukuguquka kwemvelo
Ngexesha lolawulo lobukoloniyali ungena umgaqo wokulingana wawubandakanyiwe kumthetho, kwinkcubeko nakwintlangano yentlalo yaseIndiya, amaNgesi azisa imisebenzi emitsha yezoqoqosho evuleleke kuzo zonke iindidi zentlalo, oku kwadala inqanaba elithile lokuphulwa kokunyakaza kwentlalo. kunye nenkqubo yocalu-calulo nangona olu tshintsho lwaluxhatshazwa ikakhulu ngabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu ukuze bafunde ngcono.
Urhulumente waseIndiya owavela emva kwenkululeko ngo-1947, wasebenzisa umthetho osebenzayo kakhulu ofuna ukuphelisa inkqubo ye-caste, ukuthintela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye nokuseka izabelo zokuthatha inxaxheba kwabagxothiweyo kwiiyunivesithi, kwi-bureaucracy , kwipalamente yasekhaya kunye neye-federal. Kodwa ukusekwa komgangatho ophakathi ezidolophini ngokunyuka kwemisebenzi yee-ofisi kunye nokuvela kweenkqubo zokusebenza kungqineke kuyeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokoyisa inkqubo yokucalulwa kwabasebenzi.
Le nkqubela phambili yezabasebenzi iye yamisa ubudlelwane be-jatis kwimisebenzi kumbutho wentlalontle waseIndiya. Noko ke, ezilalini, inkqubo yokucalula ngokweendidi isabalulekile kubomi babantu. Kodwa kwimimandla yasezidolophini nkqu nomthinjana wokutshata kwamaqela ohlukeneyo uya woyiswa ngakumbi.