Yayibubukhosi obaphuhla ngaselunxwemeni loMlambo umNayile ngaphezu kweminyaka ephantse ibe ngamawaka amathathu. Ixesha elide kangaka Umbutho wezentlalo waseYiputa iphumelele ukuyilwa kwempucuko eqaqambileyo eempawu zayo eziphambili zinyamezele utshintsho oluncinci ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
Umbutho weNtlalo waseYiputa
Impucuko yamandulo yaseYiputa yavela ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokukwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezinzima zeNayile River Valley kunye neDelta. Ukusebenzisa izikhukula zonyaka ezichumisa umhlaba ngentlenga echumileyo, inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela esebenzayo yezolimo yadalwa, nto leyo eyavumela ukuba umhlaba uchume umhlaba. imveliso yobuninzi obugqithisileyo bezityalo eziziinkozo, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa inkqubela yentlalo nenkcubeko.
Ulawulo olusebenzayo olugxininise amandla phezu kwemithombo yabantu kunye nezinto eziphathekayo luvumele ukudalwa kothungelwano olunzima lwemisele, ukusekwa komkhosi oqhelekileyo, ukwanda korhwebo, kunye nophuhliso oluthe ngcembe lwezemigodi, i-geodesy yentsimi, kunye nobuchwepheshe bokwakha obenze bakwazi ukulungelelanisa. ulwakhiwo oludibeneyo lwezakhiwo zesikhumbuzo.
Umkhosi onyanzelisayo nolungelelanisayo weYiputa yaMandulo wawusisixhobo sikarhulumente esiphuhliswe kakuhle, esasibunjwa ngababingeleli, ababhali nabalawuli, sikhokelwa ngufaro, ngokufuthi esakhelwe phezu kwenkqubo yonqulo entsonkothileyo enehlelo lezithethe zokungcwaba.
Umbutho wezentlalo waseYiputa wamandulo wawukhokelwa nguFaro, kunye nentsapho yasebukhosini, yayiyi-axis yayo yonke imisebenzi kwaye igxininise amandla apheleleyo; ngaphantsi koFaro yayiludidi lwababingeleli olwaludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisakhiwo sentlalo; ngezantsi ngamagosa kunye nequmrhu lolawulo, kamva udidi lomkhosi kunye nabarhwebi kunye namagcisa, ngaphantsi kwabalimi kwaye ekugqibeleni amakhoboka.
UFaro
Igama elithi Faro livela kwigama elithi per-aâ kulwimi lwamandulo lwaseYiputa lithetha "indlu enkulu", kwaye lisetyenziselwa ukumisela ookumkani kunye nookumkanikazi ababelawula iYiputa yamandulo iminyaka engaphezu kwamawaka amathathu. Amagama ooFaro abangamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amane anesihlanu ayaziwa kubungqina obuninzi, kubandakanywa noluhlu lwasebukhosini oluhlanganiswe ngababhali baseYiputa. Kwintlangano yezentlalo yaseYiputa, uFaro wayesebenzisa igunya elipheleleyo, eyalela umkhosi, emisela irhafu, egweba izaphuli-mthetho yaye elawula iitempile.
Ukususela kwii-dynasties zokuqala ooFaro babegqalwa njengabangcwele kwaye bachongwa kunye nothixo uHorus, ukusuka kwisizukulwana sesihlanu nabo babejongwa "ngoonyana bothixo uRa". Emva kokufa kwakhe, uFaro wamanyaniswa nothixo onguOsiris, wafumana ubomi bokungafi, waza emva koko wanqulwa njengomnye uthixo ezitempileni. AmaYiputa ayekholelwa ukuba uFaro wawo nguthixo ophilayo. Kuphela wayenokumanyanisa ilizwe kunye nokugcina i-cosmic order okanye i-Maat.
Ngokweengcamango zeengcamango zasebukhosini, uhlobo lukaFaro luphindwe kabini: umntu kunye nobuthixo. Le ngcamango yobuthixo kaFaro yavela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwi-Old Kingdom (2686 ukuya ku-2181 BC), njengothixo welanga uRa, owayeyindodana yakhe, uFaro wayephethe ukugcinwa kocwangco. Ngaphantsi koBukumkani obuphakathi (2050 ukuya ku-1750 BC) uFaro usondela kwizifundo ezikhethwe nguthixo uRa kwaye zikhonza njengomlamli. KuBukumkani obutsha (1550 ukuya ku-1070 BC) uFaro yimbewu kathixo, unyana wakhe wenyama.
Ukusuka kwiMibhalo yePyramid, imisebenzi yenkolo yolongamo yenziwe kumgaqo omnye: «Zisa iMaat kwaye ubuyisele umva Isefet», oku kuthetha ukuba ngumgqugquzeli wemvisiswano kunye nokubuyisela umva isiphithiphithi. UFaro uqinisekisa ukuchuma kobukumkani ngokuncenga noothixo ukuba balawule amanzi oMlambo umNayile.
AmaYiputa akazange acinge ukuba uFaro wayenokuwulawula lo mkhukula njengothixo. Indima yabo incinci kwaye ilinganiselwe ekufumaneni ububele boothixo, ukuqinisekisa ukubakho rhoqo kunye nentabalala yamanzi ngeminikelo yonqulo. Intsebenziswano phakathi kukaFaro noothixo ngumbandela wokuphila omnye komnye. Kwiitempile, ukunikezelwa kwezibingelelo kuxhomekeke kwizikhukula, kwaye kunikwa kuphela kwimeko yesisa kunye nenkonzo eqhelekileyo.
UFaro wayenamandla okuba yintloko yemikhosi kwaye amisele iinjengele. Kwiipapyrus ezininzi kunye nefresco reliefs uFaro uboniswa uloyiso phezu kweentshaba zakhe, oku kubonwa njengomboniso we-megalomania, ukuzimela kunye nokuzimela. UFaro naye ungumgwebi ophakamileyo, waseka iinkundla zobulungisa, wamisela imithetho kunye nemithetho, wachaza imiyalelo yasebukhosini yokuqeshwa kwamagosa, ukukhushulwa, ukutshintshwa, izibhengezo zomvuzo, njl.
Ukugcinwa kocwangco lwentlalo olusekiweyo kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uFaro aqinisekise ukulandelelana kwamandla akhe. Kungenxa yoko le nto wayenabafazi abaliqela, kodwa mnye kuphela kubo wayethathwa njengokumkanikazi owafumana igama loMfazi Omkhulu wasebukhosini. Ukuba ukumkanikazi wafa, uFaro wakhetha omnye wabafazi bakhe. Umkhwa oqhelekileyo phakathi kooFaro yayikukutshata oodade wabo, kwaneentombi zabo, kanye njengokuba oothixo babetshata neentsapho zabo. Oku kwakusenzelwa ukomeleza ubunyulu begazi lasebukhosini.
Ubukhosi
Izidwangube kwintlangano yentlalontle yaseYiputa zazimelwa yintsapho kaFaro, amagosa aphakamileyo karhulumente nangabanini-mhlaba abazizityebi. Phakathi kwezona zikhundla zibalaseleyo ezaziyinxalenye yobuhandiba baseYiputa yayiyi-vizier. Ukubaluleka kwe-vizier kwagxininiswa ngexesha lobukhosi besine, nangona kwaziwa ukuba ubukho besi sikhundla ngaphambili kakhulu. I-vizier iyinhloko yawo onke amandla okulawula, olawula izikhulu ze-Upper Egypt kunye ne-Lower Egypt, ngumgwebi ophakamileyo kwaye uphethe umsebenzi owenziwe nguFaro.
I-vizier iyintloko yolawulo oluphakathi, ijongene nobulungisa, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe oyintloko kulawulo lwe-treasury kunye nezolimo. I-vizier imele isikhundla senkulumbuso kwaye igunya lakhe lagqithiswa kuphela nguFaro owanikezela imisebenzi yakhe emininzi kuye.
Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-vizier yayikukulawula ilizwe ngexesha leentsuku ezingamashumi asixhenxe zokuzila ezalandela ukufa kukafaro; ikwanguye owayephethe ilungiselelo lesidlo somngcwabo nokukhatshwa komculo. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, nguye owayenamandla okumisela, ngokufanelekileyo, indlalifa kaFaro.
Isikhundla esasiyinxalenye yezidwangube kumbutho wezentlalo waseYiputa yayiseso sobuhedeni. Oonothwal’ impahlana yayingamagosa aphakamileyo awayephethe urhulumente wephondo elithile. Inkosi yayiyintloko yolawulo lwasekhaya kwi-Egypt yaMandulo, inoxanduva lokunkcenkceshela, imveliso yezolimo, kunye nokuqokelela irhafu kunye nokubeka imida yepropathi emva kokukhukula komNayile wonyaka, kwaye yayinoxanduva lolawulo lweendawo zokugcina iimpahla kunye noovimba.
Kwiphondo, ukumkani wasebenza njengommeli kaFaro ethatha uxanduva lomthetho, umkhosi kunye nonqulo. Ayekwangabalathisi babefundisi bephondo ababebalathisa, bengenelela kokubini ekulawulweni kwetempile nasekuqheliseleni unqulo olunempumelelo lobuthixo olubandakanyekileyo, izikhundla ezisebenza ngokusisiseko kulungiselelo oluthe rhoqo lwezibingelelo ezinikelwe kuthixo. .
Amandla omkhosi
Abo babesebenzisa amandla omkhosi babekwayinxalenye yezidwangube kwintlangano yentlalo yaseYiputa. Emva kwemfazwe kunye ne-Hyksos, kwi-Second Intermediate Period (1786-1552 BC), uhlaziyo lolawulo lwenzeka apho umkhosi osisigxina wadalwa. Kuze kube ngoko, eYiputa kwakungekho mkhosi, kodwa uchungechunge "lweehambo" lwenziwa ukuya emfazweni. Ngokudalwa kwalo mkhosi usisigxina, umzobo woMphathi wemikhosi uyavela.
Umphathi ophakamileyo womkhosi nguFaro kunye nentsapho kaFaro yalathisa ikomkhulu lomkhosi ohlukeneyo, kunye neentloko zomkhosi zinokuba ngoonyana bakaFaro. Iinjengele namagosa aphakathi ayengawabantu basebukhosini. "Umphathi wamajoni" wayeyinjengele kwaye ngaphantsi kwakhe kwakukho: "Abaphathi bamajoni", "uMphathi wemikhosi eyothusayo", njl. Amagosa aphethe intonga ende, ukuze ahluke kwamanye amajoni.
Udidi lwababingeleli
Ulawulo olwalulawula iYiputa yamandulo lwalulawulwa ngokobuthixo. Enyanisweni ukumkani wayegqalwa njengothixo. Njengothixo, wayenembopheleleko enkulu yokugcina ulungelelwano lobuthixo kubukhosi bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba uFaro athumele amanye amagosa anokuthi enze imisebenzi yawo kuyo yonke imisitho ebhiyozelwa kwiitempile ezininzi zaseYiputa. Oku yayikukuzalwa kodidi lwababingeleli phakathi kwentlangano yentlalontle yaseYiputa.
Ngaloo ndlela uFaro wamisela iqela lababingeleli, abanye babo ababenokuba ngamalungu entsapho yakhe, ababenemihlaba emikhulu ngamandla abo. Ababingeleli babebonakala ngobulumko babo, owona msebenzi wabo wawukulawulo lweetempile nokunikela ingqalelo koothixo babo ukuze batolike iminqweno yabo baze bayizalisekise.
Upopu, obizwa ngokuba nguShem, wayekwincopho yolawulo lwababingeleli. Upopu wayeyindoda efunde kakhulu, eqhele ukuba ngomnye wabadala betempile, enikwe isakhono sokulawula kunye nobuchule bezopolitiko. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe yayikukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwetempile nelifa layo, ukongezelela koko kwakufuneka alawule yonke imisitho ezukileyo. Eli gunya lidla ngokufunwa phakathi kwabefundisi, nangona yayililungelo likafaro ukunyula nabani na athanda ukunyula kwezi zikhundla.
Omnye wemisebenzi, mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubabingeleli, yayikukugcinwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo engcwele okanye "izihlabo". Phakathi kwababingeleli, iqaqobana elikhethiweyo lalinelungelo lokungena “kweyona ngcwele” kwitempile nganye ukuze linyamekele ukhathalelo lwendawo engcwele.
Udidi lwababingeleli lwalunamandla amakhulu nokuzimela geqe ekubeni itempile nganye ngokuqhelekileyo yayinikwa umhlaba owaneleyo ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuphila kwayo ngezityalo nemfuyo eyayiyiqeshisa kubantu basekuhlaleni. Ababingeleli babenembopheleleko yokufundisa iinkosana, izidwangube namagosa exesha elizayo.
Imfundo eyayinikelwa ngababingeleli kooFaro okanye izihandiba ezitempileni yayintsonkothile kakhulu, ekubeni ekufundiseni ukubhala yayiquka nezinye iinkalo zoqeqesho, ngaphandle kobuchule obuchanekileyo bokuzoba usiba, ekubeni ijografi, imathematika, igrama, njl. njl. imibhalo engcwele; iilwimi zasemzini, umzobo, imbalelwano yorhwebo kunye nediplomacy, njl., eyenze ukuba kufikelelwe eyona misebenzi yahlukileyo.
Ababhali
Ababhali bazixhasa izidwangube kwimisebenzi yazo. La magosa ombutho wezentlalo waseYiputa abonakaliswe ngokukwazi ukufunda, ukubhala kunye nokubala kakuhle, ukuba afunde iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, ngoko ke ayengabantu abafundile kakhulu ababekhonza njengoonobhala kuFaro. Ayelawula ilizwe, abukele ulwakhiwo yaye aqokelela nerhafu. Umsebenzi wayo othe ngqo wawuquka ukukhutshelwa kweodolo, ukurekhoda kunye nokugcina umkhondo wayo yonke imisebenzi yezoqoqosho.
Umbhali waseYiputa wayedla ngokuphuma kudidi oluphantsi, kodwa wayekrelekrele yaye efundile. Wayeqhelene kakuhle namaxwebhu asemthethweni nezorhwebo elo xesha, yaye wawalungiselela ngokuwayalela okanye ngezinye iindlela, umsebenzi awayehlawulwa ngawo.
Abarhwebi kunye nabarhwebi
La malungu ombutho wezentlalo waseYiputa azinikele ekuthengeni nasekuthengisweni kwazo zonke iintlobo zeemveliso ezisuka kokona kutya kusisiseko, okufana nokutya okuziinkozo, imifuno, iziqhamo, njl. kwanoFaro ngokwakhe nendlu yakhe.
Abanye abarhwebi babenemizi yabo, ngoxa abanye berhweba kwiindawo zentengiso nakwiindawo zentengiso zasezidolophini. Abanye babeneqela leenqanawa ezazihamba kwiilwandle ezikude zikhangela izinto ezixabisekileyo ezivela kumazwe akude. Abanye bahamba kwiindlela ezinkulu zokurhweba zehlabathi zamandulo.
iingcibi
Babengabantu abaphetheyo ukwenza ngezandla zabo uluhlu oluhluke kakhulu lwezinto ezivela kwizinto eziyimfuneko kunye nezisebenzisekayo ezifana nezitya ukuya kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ejikelezayo, i-frescoes okanye i-bas-reliefs. Amagcisa aseYiputa aya kusebenza kwiintlobo ezimbini zeendibano zocweyo: iindibano zocweyo ezisemthethweni, ezijikeleze amabhotwe kunye neetempile kwaye kulapho abaculi abakhulu kunye nemisebenzi baqeqeshwa khona, kunye neendibano zocweyo zabucala, ezijoliswe kubathengi abanganxulumananga okanye kunye nobukhosi okanye kunye unqulo.
Abalimi
Abalimi yayilelona qela likhulu, yaye babehlala kumanqugwala amancinane, kunye nezilwanyana zabo kunxweme loMlambo umNayile, ubomi babo babuzinikele kwimisebenzi yezolimo, bejongwe rhoqo ngamagosa kaFaro. Iziqhamo zesivuno ezifunyenweyo zahlulahlulwe zaziinxalenye ezimbini: enye yazo, kwaye enye ifakwa kwiindawo zokugcina oofaro ukondla amagosa asebukhosini.
Inkoliso yabalimi yayisebenza emasimini ivelisa izityalo, ngoxa abanye babekhonza kwizindlu zezidwangube. Ebudeni bexesha lezikhukula, elathabatha malunga neenyanga ezintathu, abalimi babedla ngokwenza imisebenzi emikhulu yokwakha karhulumente.
Amakhoboka
E-Egypt kwakukho ubukhoboka, kodwa kungekhona ngokwengqiqo yakudala yegama. Iiserf "ezinyanzelwayo" zazinamalungelo asemthethweni, zafumana umvuzo kwaye zinokunyuswa. Impatho-mbi yayingasoloko isenzeka, yaye xa isenzeka, ikhoboka lalinelungelo lokufaka ibango enkundleni, kodwa kuphela xa isohlwayo sasingekho sikweni. Ukukhonza kwezona ntsapho zibalaseleyo kwakukho namatsha-ntliziyo. Maxa wambi abantu abatshonileyo bazithengisa kwiintsapho ezifumileyo.
Amakhoboka abelwa kwinkonzo yasekhaya anokuzigqala enethamsanqa. Ukongezelela kwigumbi nendawo yokutyela, umninizo kwakufuneka ababonelele ngentaphane yamalaphu, ioli nempahla.
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