Namhlanje siza kukufundisa ngeli nqaku linomdla, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoorhulumente kwi Umbutho wezoPolitiko weToltecs, kunye nokugqwesa kweqela lomkhosi, ukongeza kwezinye iimpawu ezithile zenkcubeko kunye nezinye izinto.
Wawunjani umbutho wezopolitiko weToltec?
Umbutho wezopolitiko weToltec wawuphawulwe ngamandla kunye nolawulo olusetyenziswa ziinkokeli zomkhosi. Ukongamela emkhosini kwabangelwa ziimfazwe ezahlukahlukeneyo ekwakufuneka abantu bajamelane nazo ukuze bakhusele amazwe abo. Imizabalazo eqhubekayo yale nkcubeko yaseMesoamerican ibangele ukukhula kwemimandla.
Ngokubanzi, abantu baseToltec babonakaliswa yinyaniso yokuba babengama-nomads kwasekuqaleni, baqhelisela imilinganiselo yokunyaniseka, ukuthobela kunye nokunyaniseka. Kwelinye icala, amadoda ayenembopheleleko yokuxhasa iintsapho zawo, ngoxa amabhinqa enyamekela imisebenzi yasekhaya. Noko ke, olona phawu lwakhe lubalaseleyo yayibubukroti.
Njengabaphumi-mkhosi abalungileyo, bakwazi ukubonisa izakhono zabo zobunkokeli, nto leyo eyavumela amajoni ayalela amadabi ukuba aququzelele kwaye aseke ulawulo lwezopolitiko. Kwalandelwa amandla omkhosi ibe bububingeleli yaye ngaphantsi kwezi klasi zingathandwa kangako, njengamagcisa namahlwempu.
Umbutho wezopolitiko weToltecs: isakhiwo samandla
Uhlobo lolawulo lwale nkcubeko yayinobukhosi kunye nomkhosi. Ukongezelela, wawuphawulwa ngesimilo sawo sobuthixo, oko kukuthi, abona balawuli baphakamileyo babesenza izigqibo zabo bekhokelwa yimithetho nemimiselo yonqulo olwalukho. Olu hlanga lwalunqula oothixo abaninzi, ngoko lwalukhokelwa ngabo bonke oothixo olwalukholelwa kubo.
Umbutho wezopolitiko waseToltec wawukhokelwa yinkokeli ephezulu, eyayiyinkokeli yomkhosi ebalaseleyo eyayisebenzisana kumadabi aliqela. Le ntloko yorhulumente yayiluhlobo lokumkani olwaluhlonelwa ngabemi yaye, maxa wambi, uloyiko ngenxa yendlela awayelisebenzisa ngayo igunya, wayexhaswa ngabefundisi.
Uninzi lookumkani okanye abalawuli abadumileyo
Kwinkcubeko yaseToltec, kwakukho ookumkani abahlukeneyo okanye abalawuli abaqinisekisa ukuba ubukhosi buhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Ezinye zezona zazibalulekile:
– Chalchiutlantzin (667-719 AD).
– Ixtlicuechahuac (719-771 AD).
– Huetzin (771-823 AD).
– Totepeuh (823-875 AD).
– Nacaxxoc (875-927 AD).
–Mitl (927-976 AD).
– Xiuhtzatzin (ukumkanikazi) (976-980 AD).
– Tecpancaltzin (980-1031 AD).
– Tōpīltzin (1031-1052), wafa ngonyaka 2 Tecpatl.
Kolu ludwe lukhankanywe, oyena mlawuli ubalulekileyo yayinguCe Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl, owaziwa ngokuba nguTopiltzin. Umsebenzi wakhe uhlukaniswa ngumthamo ovelisa ngayo ukuchuma kweToltec kunye nendlela yokudibanisa izithethe kunye nezithethe zaba bantu baseMesoamerican.
UQuetzalcóatl wayengunyana kaTecpatl (enye yeenkosi zokuqala zamaToltec, ehlonelwa njengomntu wasentsomini). Wayenoxanduva lokwakhiwa kwezopolitiko iiToltec, izicwangciso zakhe kunye nemigaqo yakhe yalawula ixesha elide. Igama lalo mphumi-mkhosi lalinxulumene nothixo ababemnqula kwaye lithetha "inyoka eneentsiba".
Uninzi lookumkani okanye abalawuli abadumileyo
Kwinkcubeko yaseToltec, kwakukho ookumkani abahlukeneyo okanye abalawuli abaqinisekisa ukuba ubukhosi buhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Ezinye zezona zazibalulekile:
– Chalchiutlantzin (667-719 AD).
– Ixtlicuechahuac (719-771 AD).
– Huetzin (771-823 AD).
– Totepeuh (823-875 AD).
– Nacaxxoc (875-927 AD).
–Mitl (927-976 AD).
– Xiuhtzatzin (ukumkanikazi) (976-980 AD).
– Tecpancaltzin (980-1031 AD).
– Tōpīltzin (1031-1052), wafa ngonyaka 2 Tecpatl.
Kolu ludwe lukhankanywe, oyena mlawuli ubalulekileyo yayinguCe Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl, owaziwa ngokuba nguTopiltzin. Umsebenzi wakhe uhlukaniswa ngumthamo ovelisa ngayo ukuchuma kweToltec kunye nendlela yokudibanisa izithethe kunye nezithethe zaba bantu baseMesoamerican.
UQuetzalcóatl wayengunyana kaTecpatl (enye yeenkosi zokuqala zamaToltec, ehlonelwa njengomntu wasentsomini). Wayenoxanduva lokwakhiwa kwezopolitiko iiToltec, izicwangciso zakhe kunye nemigaqo yakhe yalawula ixesha elide. Igama lalo mphumi-mkhosi lalinxulumene nothixo ababemnqula kwaye lithetha "inyoka eneentsiba".
ubuntu
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inguqu echasene ne-Topiltzin yayingu-Huemac, owayengumlawuli owamsusa esikhundleni. Le nkokeli yayigqalwa njengenye yezokugqibela kwinkcubeko yaseToltec, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kwakugqunywe zizigqibo ezingezizo eyazenzayo. Ngoko ke, esi sixeko saba neengxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo kuzo zonke izakhiwo zaso ezakhokelela ekupheleni kwaso.
Huemac kunye neziphoso
Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuwa kweToltec yindlela uHuemac aqhuba ngayo ukuqokelela irhafu kunye neerhafu. Ubuqhophololo awayesebenzisa ngabo igunya nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho kwavusa ukusabela kwabemi abangabamelwane, ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba baphangwe baze bahlaselwe.
Imithetho
Imithetho yaba sisiseko senkcubeko yaseToltec emva kokuba babe ngabantu abaphucukileyo kwaye bahlala eTollan (eTula, ngoku eMexico). Ngoko ke, ezi zamkelwa yintloko eyintloko karhulumente (ukumkani), eyathi yazisebenzisa kule leta yaye ngaloo ndlela igcina ulawulo lwabemi.
Ukumkani, njengomdali wemithetho, wayekwanamandla okohlwaya abo bangazange bathobele ngezenzo ezoyikisayo nezoyikisayo zomkhosi. Esinye sezohlwayo eziyintloko ezazibangelwa kukungathobeli yayilidini, umntu wayenikelwa koothixo awayekholelwa kubo.
Ababingeleli
Ababingeleli babengumntu obalulekileyo kwintlangano yezopolitiko yeToltec, kuyafaneleka ukucacisa ukuba bahluke kakhulu kwinto eyaziwayo namhlanje.
Ukufaneleka kwequmrhu lababingeleli kwakubangelwa kukuba ezobupolitika nonqulo zazihamba kunye, ekubeni abalawuli babekholelwa ukuba babekhokelwa ngoothixo kumadabi abo nakwizigqibo zabo zorhulumente.
Ngaloo ndlela, ababingeleli babephethe amaqela ahlukeneyo athimba iinkokeli zomkhosi ngeemfazwe. Kwangaxeshanye, babecebisa abaphathi babo ngokusekelwe kwizigidimi ababezifumana koothixo belo xesha.
Kwelinye icala, ukuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika kwabefundisi kwinkcubeko yesizwe kwakuquka ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi kawonke-wonke eyahlukahlukeneyo, kwakunye nokongamela izindlu zomkhosi. Kwakhona babenamandla okuzikhusela kuhlaselo nohlaselo lwabamelwane nokoyisa amanye amazwe ngenjongo yokwandisa ubukhosi.
Umsebenzi ophambili wezopolitiko
AmaToltec ajolisa umsebenzi wawo wezobupolitika kubuchule bomkhosi ababecetywa ngabalawuli nabalawuli ukuze boyise eminye imimandla. Ukwandiswa kwaba bantu baseMesoamerica kunye nokuhlala kwabo kangangeenkulungwane ezintathu kwakungenxa yesimo sabo sokulwa kunye nomoya wokuzikhusela.
Abachasi abakhulu bentlangano yezopolitiko yeToltec yayiyiChichimecas, eyayihlala ilwela inzuzo yezoqoqosho nentlalontle. Kwelinye icala, iiToltec zenza ulawulo lwazo lwaba yinyaniso ngokoyisa abantu abangabamelwane zaza zafaka kuzo zonke izithethe zabo, ingakumbi izithethe zonqulo.
Kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya ukuba izigqibo zezopolitiko zolu hlanga zazinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokukhula koqoqosho. Iinkokeli zasebenzisa ithuba lokoyiswa kwemimandla emitsha ukuze ziphuhlise umsebenzi wazo wezolimo. Ngaloo ndlela, bakwazi ukuthengisa nokwenza inzuzo kubo bonke abantu, ngakumbi abo bakwizikhundla eziphezulu.
isiko
Ubugcisa; Ubugcisa bakhe, obubonakaliswe kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye neendonga eziqingqiweyo, zihambelana ngokusondeleyo nezakhiwo. Bamele oothixo babo kunye nabalinganiswa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamatye, imizobo yaseludongeni, i-ceramics, imizobo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.
I-Architecture: I-Toltec ngokungathandabuzekiyo yenze utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimigangatho yezakhiwo ekhoyo eMesoamerica ngekhulu le-XNUMX; Enye yazo kukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ye-anthropomorphic exhasa isilingi yegumbi elinentloko, ngaloo ndlela ifezekisa indawo enkulu yangaphakathi, njengoko kubonwe kwitempile yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli El Señor del Alba.
ITula kuqikelelwa ukuba yayilikhaya kubahlali abamalunga nama-30,000, ababehlala kwikhompawundi ezinkulu ezinomgangatho omnye ezinophahla olusicaba ubukhulu becala olwenziwe ngamatye nomhlaba kwaye lwagqitywa kwi-adobe. Ngaphandle kwendawo ehlala abantu baseTula, ibonisa isicwangciso segridi esichaza ngokucacileyo iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala.
Phakathi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo zolwakhiwo, iPiramidi B ibalasele, inegama elibi leatlanteans, i-4.6m ukuphakama eyayikhe yaxhasa uphahla lwetempile. Ngokwezifundo, ezi Atlante zazihonjiswe ngemosaic kunye neentsiba ezihonjisiweyo.
Umkhondo wepeyinti ubonisa ukuba babenokutsalwa ukuba bavelise kwakhona igorha leToltec-Chichimec likaMixcóatl (uyise kaQuetzalcóatl) okanye uthixo wenkwenkwezi yasekuseni uTlahuizcalpantecuhtli.
Bakha neentsika zeenyoka ezinamaqhina, intloko phantsi kunye nomsila phezulu, bexhasa umphezulu owawuyinxalenye yokungena kwiholo enkulu.
Kwinqanaba lasekhaya, babeneeklasi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo zezindlu, iqela lezindlu, iiyunithi zamagumbi kunye nezindlu zokuhlala.
IGastronomy: Ngokutsho kothotho lwezifundo ezenziwa eTepetitlán, ilali yaseTula, eHidalgo, iingcali uGuadalupe Mastache noRobert Cobean bagqiba kwelokuba i-amaranth yayibalulekile ukondla inkcubeko yamaToltec, kuba yayithintela ezi zizwe ukuba zingalambi ngamaxesha embalela. . .
Okwangoku, i-amaranth ivelisa "i-alegrías", umxube wale mveliso kunye nobusi, amantongomane kunye neerasentyisi; I-Amaranth, i-huautli okanye i-alegría, igama eyaziwa ngalo namhlanje, ngamaxesha angaphambi kwe-Hispanic yayisisityalo esisisiseko kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zelizwe, kubandakanywa naleyo yasekwa eTula, eHidalgo, njengoko kuxelwe ngobungqina be-archaeological kunye nedatha ye-ethnohistoric evela kwimvelaphi yakho. inkcubeko.
Kwicala lakhe, uNadia Vélez Saldaña, i-archaeologist egxile kwi-paleobotany kunye nelungu leqela lophando lwe-archaeological zone yaseTula, wachaza ukuba le mbewu yayingabalulekanga kuphela kule ndawo yaseHidalgo, kodwa nakwiMesoamerica yonke, kuba yayilula -sebenzisa isityalo ukulima, ukongeza ekubeni neqondo eliphezulu lokumelana namaxesha onyaka owomileyo kunye neqabaka:
I-Amaranth iyaxhathisa kwaye ikhula kuzo zonke iintlobo zomhlaba ochumileyo, ngoko ke, ngokungabikho kweecereals, i-huautli yayiye yagubungela iimfuno zokutya zabemi.
Nadia Velez Saldana
Olunye uphawu lwe-amaranth kukukwazi ukugcinwa kwiimbiza zodongwe ixesha elide, ngaphandle kokubola.
Oku, kunye nexabiso layo eliphezulu lezondlo, kuye kwakhokelela, kwizigaba ezithile, ukuba kusungulwe njengesona sityalo esibalulekileyo eTula, kuninzi kunombona, eqinisweni, enye yeerhafu ukuba amaphondo 'Ajacuba kunye Jilotépec.
Phakathi apho iTula ifakwe ekupheleni kwePostclassic (phakathi kwe-1200 kunye ne-1521), banikezela i-Triple Alliance, ngaphezu kombona kunye neembotyi, yayiyi-amaranth ngokuchanekileyo, ebonisa ukuba esi sityalo sasisityalo esibalulekileyo ngeli xesha.
IAmaranth yayingasetyenziswanga kuphela njengokutya, kodwa nakwiminikelo nezithethe; Ngaloo ndlela, uVélez Saldaña wakhankanya ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweenkozo kuye kwabhalwa nguBernardino de Sahagún kunye nabanye ababhali bengxelo, abachaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimibhiyozo ethile apho kwakusetyenziswa imifanekiso eyenziwe nge-amaranth ebotshiweyo.
Amanani amasiko e-huautli ayenziwe ngobuchule obusetyenziswa namhlanje ukwenza i-amaranth candy, umphandi uthe. Basosa i<em>amaranth baza bayixuba nobusi be<em>magüey ukuze bafumane intlama ethambileyo ukuze benze imifanekiso ye-anthropomorphic yezithixo ezithile, eyayisetyenziswa kwimibhiyozo.
Ekugqibeleni, uVélez Saldaña wabonisa ukuba, ngokucacileyo, ukubaluleka kwayo ngokwesithethe kwakunokuba yimbangela yokuvinjelwa kwayo emva kokutshatyalaliswa, ukulinywa kwayo kwancipha de kwaphantse kwanyamalala kwezinye iindawo ngexesha lobukoloniyali, ngoko umbutho wezopolitiko weToltec wehla.