Apha sifumanisa malunga Umbutho wezopolitiko waseIndiya, i-republic yepalamente yedemokhrasi yomanyano kunye nokwahlulwa okucacileyo kwamagunya kwaye siya kwazi ukuba ukuqala kwayo kwezopolitiko kwakunjani emva kwe-revolution eyaqalwa nguGandhi.
Umbutho wezopolitiko waseIndiya: iimpawu zayo eziphambili
Inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseIndiya isekelwe kwimodeli yaseWestminster, kodwa yakhiwe kwinqanaba lomdibaniso. Urhulumente wakhe, ukusukela kwinkululeko, ngaphandle kwexesha eliphantse libe li-10 leminyaka, usezandleni zeendlalifa zezopolitiko zaseGandhi.
Kude kube lulonyulo lokugqibela, eli lizwe libenenkqubo yamaqela amaninzi. NgoMeyi ka-2009, elona qela lidala lezopolitiko, i-Indian National Congress (INC), yaphumelela ivoti egqithileyo yaze yatshintsha imo yezopolitiko, nangona ukusebenza kwawo kukuthandabuza ngoku.
NgoAgasti 15, 1947, iIndiya yafumana uzimele-geqe yaza yaba lilizwe elizimeleyo elikuManyano lweBritani. Oku kwakhokelela ekwahlukaneni kwamazwe amabini: iIndiya kunye nelizwe lamaSilamsi ePakistan.
Ekuqaleni kwabo, aba babini basekwa njengokuzimela, kodwa kunye nokumkani waseBritane njengentloko yelizwe kunye nerhuluneli jikelele.
NgoJanuwari 26, 1950, uMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya waqalisa ukusebenza, uphenjelelwa yintanda-bulumko yenkululeko yedemokhrasi, yaye ngawo kwaqukunjelwa inkqubo yokuzimela geqe. Kwandula ke, ngowe-1952, kwaqhutywa unyulo lukawonke-wonke lokuqala, ukuze ekugqibeleni kwasekwa eyona demokrasi inkulu ehlabathini, ngabantu bayo.
Ngoku, kukho imibutho yezopolitiko ebhalisiweyo engaphezu kwe-180 kwaye ithatha inxaxheba ngakumbi kurhulumente ngenkqubo yakhe yokumelwa ngokulinganayo.
Inkqubo yezopolitiko
Umbutho wezopolitiko waseIndiya namhlanje usekwe kumanyano lwamazwe angama-28 kunye nemimandla esixhenxe, ngenkqubo yomdibaniso. Ngokomgaqo-siseko, ichazwa "njengeriphabliki yobusoshiyali kunye nedemokhrasi yehlabathi", enenkqubo yepalamente yolawulo.
Isebe elilawulayo lenziwe ngumongameli, inkulumbuso kunye nebhunga labaphathiswa. Umongameli yintloko karhulumente, kodwa olona gunya lolawulo yinkulumbuso. Umongameli - kwimeko yaseIndiya - linani elithatha indawo yeKumkanikazi yaseBritane. Oku kuthetha ukuba inegunya elingokomfuziselo nelisesikweni kunye namandla amancinane kakhulu.
Eli lizwe linezixhobo zombuso wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, i-39,5% yemisebenzi ekhoyo eIndiya ivela kwicandelo likarhulumente, kwaye inkonzo yoluntu ifuna umgangatho ophezulu kakhulu kubasebenzi baseburhulumenteni, ukuya kuthi ga kweli lizwe. amagosa athathwa njengabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu.
Umxholo
Ipalamente ye-bicameral yaseIndiya kwaye inendlu ephezulu (uRajya Sabha) kunye nendlu ephantsi (Lok Sabha). I-Upper House, ekwabizwa ngokuba liBhunga laMazwe, inamalungu angama-250 anyulwe ngokungathanga ngqo nangokulungelelanisiweyo ziindibano zowiso-mthetho zelizwe ngalinye.
Ubudala bokuba lilungu leRajya Sabha yiminyaka engama-30 kwaye i-tenure yiminyaka emi-6. I-Lower House, nekwaziwa njengeNdlu yaBantu, inokuba namalungu angama-552 anyulwe iminyaka emihlanu ngevoti edumileyo.
Imithetho inokwaziswa ngawo omabini amagumbi kwaye kufuneka yamkelwe ngawo omabini kwaye abe nemvume kamongameli ukuba ibe njalo.
Okungafaniyo kukuba imithetho malunga nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, iirhafu kunye nezinye iimali kufuneka zingeniswe yindlu ephantsi, kwaye indlu ephezulu ayikwazi ukuguqula iibhilikhwe, inokwenza iziphakamiso kuphela kwaye ibuyisele i-bill. umthetho phakathi kweentsuku ezilishumi elinesine ukususela kumhla owufumene ngawo.
Unyulo lukaMongameli
Ikholeji yonyulo, eyenziwe ngamalungu anyuliweyo kuzo zombini izindlu zepalamente, kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikhetha umongameli kunye nosekela-mongameli kumjikelo weminyaka emihlanu.
Umongameli naye ukhetha inkulumbuso, eyinkokeli yombutho okanye imbumba kunye nesininzi sasepalamente kwindlu ephantsi. Uninzi lwezigqibo zikarhulumente zenziwa yiNkulumbuso, egameni likaMongameli, ongoyena mntu uphezulu kurhulumente waseIndiya.
IPalamente yase-Indiya ingumzekelo osetyenziswa eNgilane, oquka iziko elaziwa ngokuba yi-Question Hour, apho amalungu epalamente epalamente eneyure enye, ekuqaleni kosuku ngalunye, yokubuza abaphathiswa bakarhulumente wesigqeba ngemisebenzi yabo. , eboniswa kumabonwakude.
Amaqela kunye nesithethe sawo kulawulo
Inkqubo yeqela inamaqela amaninzi kwaye iphambili ngamaqela amancinane ommandla; Amaqela esizwe ngalawo amkelwa kumazwe amane nangaphezulu.
Inkqubo yonyulo yinkqubo yokumelwa ngokulinganayo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba naliphi na iqela okanye umfelandawonye unokufumana isininzi kwindlu esezantsi kwaye ube ngurhulumente.
Uninzi lwexesha lasemva kwenkululeko, i-Indiya yayilawulwa liqela ledemokhrasi yezentlalo kunye nendlalifa yezopolitiko kaMahatma Gandhi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Indian National Congress (INC).
Kodwa ukusukela ngo-1977 lo mbutho kwafuneka ujongane nothotho lweengxwabangxwaba zezopolitiko, ukuze kwixesha lika-1977-1980, 1989-1991 no-1996-2004, amandla abesezandleni zeqela eliphikisayo, elimelwe kakhulu ngumbutho. I-Nationalist Bharatiya Janata (BJP).
Ngenene, ipolitiki yaseIndiya ngeminyaka yoo-1990 ayizange izinzile de iBJP yaseka iNational Democratic Alliance, idibanisa amaqela amancinane engingqi, kwaye yaba yimbumba yokuqala engeyiyo eye-INC ukugqibezela ixesha. iminyaka emihlanu. .
Ethubeni, ngo-2004, i-INC, nekwaziwa njenge-Congreso-I okanye i-Partido del Congreso, yaphinda yafumana inkxaso yayo kwezonyulo, nto leyo eyayivumela ukuba iseke imanyano karhulumente ye-United Progressive Alliance (UPA), edibanisa amaqela asekhohlo kunye namaqela aphikisayo. BJP.
Ke, ukusukela nge-22 kaMeyi kulo nyaka mnye, uManmohan Singh wonyulwa njengeNkulumbuso, ohleli esihlalweni emva konyulo lwakhe ngoMeyi ka-2009.
Ukwenziwa koorhulumente bomdibaniselwano kubonakalisa utshintsho kwezopolitiko zaseIndiya, apho amaqela amancinane engingqi afumana amandla angakumbi ngemini.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, namhlanje enye yeengxoxo ezishushu kakhulu eIndiya ichaphazela ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo yeqela ibe yinkqubo yamaqela amabini, okunciphisa inani elikhulu lamaqela athatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko, ngenxa yenkqubo entsha yonyulo.
Yayinjani intlangano yezopolitiko yaseIndiya kumaxesha amandulo
Kumaxesha amandulo, ngenxa yokuba kwakukho uthotho lwamaphondo awayephantsi korhulumente wookumkani, kwadalwa uhlobo oluthile lolawulo lobukhosi.
Noko ke, akuzange kube kwada kwabakho uhlaselo lwama-Aryan awathi amaHindu akufumanisa kuyimfuneko ukuseka izixeko-dolophu ukuze azikhusele, apho ibhotwe leRaja, eligunya lakhe lalilikhulu kunelo leentloko zamaphondo.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kokungena kwama-Aryan, amandla adlula ukuba ahlale kumagorha, de ababingeleli bakwazi ukulawula, bebeka inkolo yeBrahmanical kunye noluntu olwahlulwe lwaba ngama-castes avaliweyo e-Brahmins kunye ne-Shahriar, oku kukuthi, kwakuyinkqubo. kwiiklasi zeentsapho, ngokusisiseko ezingokonqulo, ezazinamandla ngokomnombo.
Ngoko ke, ulawulo lwamandla kwinkcubeko yamaHindu lwaluquka ukumkani, njengomlawuli owongamileyo; amabrahmins, awayeyinxalenye yodidi lwababingeleli, ayelawula ngokusesikweni aza amisela imithetho ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>dharma, imigaqo yayo eyayibhekisela kubunyulu bokomoya okanye ungcoliso; kunye neqela eliphakamileyo elibunjwe ngamagosa anemihlaba emikhulu.
Umbutho wezopolitiko waseIndiya namhlanje
Emva kokuzimela geqe kwiBritane ngo-1947, esi sizwe sahlulwa saba ngamazwe amabini: iIndiya nePakistan, nangona ekuqaleni zombini ezi zizwe zazinoKumkani waseBritane njengentloko yelizwe.
Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva uMgaqo-siseko omtsha waqalisa ukusebenza, ngokusekelwe kwinkqubo yomanyano echazwa njengedemokhrasi, isoshiyali kunye nelizwe, ebonelela ngonyulo olukhululekileyo kunye nokumelwa ngokulinganayo.
Okwangoku, umbutho wezopolitiko waseIndiya wenziwa ngamandla alawulayo enziwe ngumongameli, onyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu ziindibano zaseburhulumenteni kunye nepalamente yesizwe, kodwa ligunya elingumfuziselo elinamandla amancinane; iNkulumbuso, ophethe ngokwenene, kwaye ekugqibeleni, iBhunga labaPhathiswa.
Njengoko sele sibonile, umbutho wezobupolitika waseIndiya, ungaphantsi konqulo, namhlanje unandipha inkululeko epheleleyo, nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yakudala yocalucalulo, eyaya iqatsela kubuthanga baseBritani, neyaye yabhangiswa ngenkululeko, isaqhubeka isebenza kwizicelo zikarhulumente.