Ngo-1886, kwazalwa omnye wabapeyinti abathandwayo nabadumileyo baseMexico kwimbali yesizwe, ekhunjulwa ngakumbi ngomsebenzi ongaqhelekanga awawuphuhlisayo kwintshukumo yobugcisa bokuzoba eludongeni. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga ne Ulwakhiwo nguDiego Rivera, hlala kwaye ufunde kunye nathi ngeli nqaku lifundisayo esilenzileyo.
5 eyona misebenzi yamkelwa nguDiego Rivera
Emva kweminyaka emininzi yokusebenza nzima, u-Diego Rivera waba ngomnye wabapeyinti abadumileyo kulo lonke elaseMexico kwaye waba ngomnye wawona mabhongo enkulungwane yama-XNUMX, esoloko ezama konke okusemandleni akhe ukodlula eyakhe imida. Unanamhla oku, umsebenzi wakhe obalaseleyo njengomzobi usanconywa kakhulu. Imisebenzi ka-Diego Rivera iyamangalisa.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba baninzi abachasayo malunga nophuhliso lwakhe njengengcali kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, njengomntu, imisebenzi yakhe iye yathandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuzinikela kwakhe okuphezulu kwezentlalo. Kwaye kukuba, eneneni, imizobo yakhe eseludongeni yambeka kwindawo yobugcisa abambalwa abantu baseMexico abaye bafikelela kuyo ngaphandle kwemida yabo.
U-Rivera wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzalweni kwakhona kolu hlobo lomzobo, obuza imibuzo engenakwenzeka. Iindonga kunye neesilingi awazenza kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke zelizwe lakhe ngokukhawuleza zaba ngamahlakani akhe asondeleyo malunga nokukhusela abasebenzi. Zijongwa njengeminye yemisebenzi ebukhali kaDiego Rivera.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo uthathwa njengomlandeli othembekileyo wobukomanisi, kuba wadlala indima enjalo kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, enemixholo yentlalontle neyesizwe njengabalinganiswa abaphambili bemizobo yakhe. Kuyo ngamnye kubo wasebenzisa ubuninzi bombala, ngelixa ehlala ebhekisa kwixesha elidlulileyo laseMexico langaphambi kweColumbian.
Ngale ndlela, i-muralist yenza kwakhona ezona mboniso zahlukeneyo ze-costumbrista ngelo xesha. Nangona ikhathalogu yombhali yemveliso ibanzi kakhulu, ngezantsi sikhethe ezona zibalulekileyo ukuziphuhlisa nganye nganye:
Indalo (1922)
Ngo-1922, u-Diego Rivera wapeyinta umzobo wakhe wokuqala ngaphakathi kweSimón Bolívar Amphitheatre, e-Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso ekwi-Historic Centre yaseMexico City. Lo mzobo wagunyaziswa nguNobhala wezeMfundo kaRhulumente waseMexico, uJosé Vasconcelos.
Oku kuphefumlelwe iseti yezinto zobuhle, ezifunyenwe kumava ahlala kuhambo lwakhe oluya kwisixeko esikumazantsi mpuma eMexico, eSanto Domingo Tehuantepec. Umbindi wokubunjwa okunjalo yindawo yokuqala, apho kuphuma khona uhlobo lweseli yasekuqaleni, indoda enezandla ezivulekileyo kwimilo yomnqamlezo.
I-semicircle eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ebekwe phezulu kwi-mural idlala indima yesimboli samandla okanye umgaqo womdali, ngexesha elifanayo ukuba likhanyise ukukhanya kwayo kuwo onke macala omzobo. Kuzo zombini iziphelo sifumana imiboniso emibini, kodwa iyahambelana.
Lo ungasekhohlo ngumzekeliso ocacileyo womculo, othi kulo mzekelo umelwe yintombazana enxibe ufele lwegusha yaye idlala nembande. Kwinkampani yalo mzobo, unokubona ezinye izifaniso ezinxulumene nokucula (ingubo ebomvu), i-comedy (onxibe ii-pigtails ezimbini), kwaye, ekugqibeleni, umdaniso, omi ngeengalo eziphakanyisiweyo.
Ukongeza koku, iimpawu zezakwalizwi zongezwa kuyo yonke into: uthando, ukholo kunye nethemba. Ngokwenxalenye yalo, kwiphaneli ngasekunene sinokuchonga imizekelo yentsomi (onxibe ilokhwe eneetoni eziluhlaza negolide) kunye nesithethe (onxibe ebomvu).
Ngokufanayo, sinokubona imibongo evuselela inkanuko kunye nentlekele, lo mva usebenzisa isigqubuthelo sobuso. Ukongezelela, kwinxalenye ephezulu, ukuma, zizimntwiso ezicacileyo zeempawu ezine ezibalaseleyo: ubulumko, ubulungisa, amandla kunye nokuzeyisa. Ezinyaweni zeqela ngalinye, umfazi (ekhohlo) nendoda (ekunene) bahlala ze.
Ingoma yabantu baseMexico (1929-1935)
"I-Epic yabantu baseMexico", ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi "Imbali yaseMexico", i-fresco eyenziwe nguRivera kwiindonga zesitebhisi esikhulu seNdlu yeSizwe yaseMexico, phakathi kweminyaka ye-1929 kunye ne-1935. phantsi kokugunyaziswa ngunobhala wezemfundo yoluntu, uJosé Vasconcelos, ngaphakathi kwesakhelo seMexican muralist Renaissance.
Omnye wemisebenzi ka-Diego Rivera ngulo mzobo ubanzi woMphathiswa weMfundo yoLuntu, enendawo emalunga ne-276 m², unoxanduva lokubonisa ngenkalipho isitayile esivuthiweyo somzobi. "I-Epic yaBantu baseMexico" yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu apho umbhali wayo athatha umsebenzi wamabhongo wokumela imbali yangoku yesizwe sakhe ukuya kuthi ga ngo-1935 nakwixesha elizayo elingekude.
Kwinxalenye esekunene, esenyakatho yeNdlu yeSizwe, iMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi imelwe ngentsomi kaCē Ācatl Tōpīltzin eTula. Indawo esembindini, ekwicala lasentshona, lelona likhulu kuzo zonke kwaye imele iMexico ukusuka kuloyiso lwaseSpain kude kube ngoo-30.
Kwicandelo lesithathu, elisemazantsi, umbono kaMarx wesizwe ebudeni benkulungwane yama-XNUMX uqukunjelwa. Ngokwayo, isihloko esidibanisa nganye kwezi ziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo yimizabalazo yeeklasi zentlalo, ezidluliselwa ngokucacileyo ngumfanekiso ophakathi wefresco ekhangayo.
Lo mfanekiso sithetha ngaye nguKarl Marx ngokwakhe, ophethe ipowusta enesicatshulwa esincinci kwiManifesto yamaKomanisi apho kuchazwa oku kulandelayo:
“Yonke imbali yoluntu kude kube namhlanje yimbali yomzabalazo wodidi. Kuthina le nto ayithethi kuthi ncam ukuyiguqula ipropathi yabucala, ingowokubhangisa; Ayikokwenza mfiliba iyantlukwano yodidi, kodwa imalunga nokutshabalalisa; Ayikokulungisa uluntu lwangoku, kodwa imalunga nokuseka olutsha”.
Nangona umzobo oseludongeni umele iinkulungwane neenkulungwane zomzabalazo kunye neenkulungwane zomzabalazo kunye neengcinezelo zodidi olunobuqhophololo lwabalawuli, unesiphelo esinethemba. Isalatha kwi-utopia apho amafama kunye nabasebenzi basefektri basebenza kunye, apho wonke umntu uhlala ngokuvisisana nendalo kwaye ekugqibeleni uyaphumelela.
Imizobo yoshishino yaseDetroit (1932-1933)
Ngeminyaka yee-30, iindaba zazisasazekile malunga neefrescoes ezikhethekileyo ezenziwa nguRivera kwindawo yakhe yaseMexico, yiyo loo nto igcisa likwazile ukufumana abaxhasi abaninzi eUnited States. Omnye wabo yayingu-Edsel Bryant Ford, usomashishini waseMelika kunye no-philanthropist, unyana kaHenry Ford.
Lo mphathi wemoto uxhase ngezimali umdwebi oseludongeni owona msebenzi wakhe wobukrelekrele ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha, "iDetroit Industry Murals". Ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezisithoba, igcisa lahlala kwisixeko saseDetroit, laza lakwazi ukugubungela yonke indawo yokwamkela iindwendwe ephakathi kweDetroit Institute of Arts, ngothotho olungekho ngaphantsi kunye nemizobo engama-27 kwiindonga ezine ezahlukeneyo.
Babalisa ibali lesixeko ngokusebenzisa iileya ezininzi, konke oko kuboniswa ngabasebenzi baso, kunye nenkqubela phambili eyenziwe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba. Kungenxa yokuba ngelixa i-Detroit yayikhe yaba liziko lemizi-mveliso elikhulayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, nayo yabona ukulahlwa kwabantu abaninzi ngexesha lokuPhulukisa okukhulu.
Ukufika kuka-Diego esixekweni ngo-1932, iziphumo ezinjalo zavakala kakhulu, yiyo loo nto umzobi waphinda wagxininisa imeko entsonkothileyo ekufuneka idlule kuyo abasebenzi belizwekazi laseMelika. Kwifresco, ezolimo kunye nobuninzi bendalo babonakaliswa yimifanekiso eyenziwe ngumntwana omncinci odibeneyo phakathi kwemifanekiso ehamba ze kunye namakhuba.
Kwiindawo ezisemantla nasezantsi, ishishini le-auto elikhulayo lase-US lakhiwe kukusetyenziswa koomatshini abanzima abakhupha intsimbi etyhidiweyo kunye nemigca yokuhlanganisa eyenza iimoto ezibomvu zelekese.
Kwindawo yodonga olusentshona, unokubona ukuba zeziphi iingozi eziphambili zetekhnoloji ngokwembono yazo, njengezixhobo zemfazwe ezinokubangela ukuzibhubhisa kobuntu, ukunika umzekelo. Kudonga olungasentla, njengoko sele sichazile, uRivera wayemele ukuqhubela phambili kwezonyango okwenziwa ngelo xesha.
Ufeze oku ngokusebenzisa i-motif yomkhumbi wamaKristu, etshintsha kuphela abantu benkolo kunye noogqirha kunye nezigulana zangoku, kwanomculi wathatha umsebenzi wokulinganisa umama wakhe, ngokutsho kweengxelo ezithile yinkwenkwezi. I-cinema yaseMelika, uJean Harlow.
Enyanisweni, xa umsebenzi wagqitywayo waza wanikelwa eluntwini, kwabonakala kwiqela lamaKatolika anenzondelelo yempambano njengonyeliso olupheleleyo kwaza kwavela impikiswano enkulu. Ekugqibeleni, u-Edsel Ford wawamkela umsebenzi kaRivera ngaphandle kwengxaki, ngenxa yenkxaso enkulu enikelwa liqela elinomdla labafundi baseyunivesithi kunye nabasebenzi abasilwa ngokuchasene nokuhlolwa.
UMntu oLawula iNdalo iphela (1934)
Xa sithetha “ngoMntu oLawula iNdalo yonke”, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi “Ndoda ekwiCrossroads”, kubhekiselwa kumzobo oseludongeni opeyintwe ngo-1934 nguDiego Rivera weZiko laseRockefeller, kodwa wapeyintwa kwakhona kwiPalacio yoBugcisa obuFine eMexico. Isixeko.
Umsebenzi wawubandakanyiwe kwiziko elikhankanyiweyo kuba umzobi wongeza umfanekiso wamaKomanisi waseRashiya kumzobo oseludongeni, uVladimir Lenin, kwaye usapho lwaseRockefeller aluzange luthande kwaye lwayalela ukuba lutshatyalaliswe ngoko nangoko. Emva kwexesha elithile, urhulumente waseMexico wagunyazisa umsebenzi omtsha, kwaye uRivera wagqiba ekubeni aphinde alungise umzobo wefresco kwisakhelo sesinyithi esiphathwayo seNdlu yoBugcisa obuLungileyo.
Kungenxa yoko le nto kuthiwa sisihloko somnye weyona mizobo iphikisanayo yegcisa kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Nangona ubukhulu bayo buncinane kunobokuqala (4,46 × 11,46 m.), isenomtsalane njengeyokuqala. Ukuze uyiqonde, kufuneka icace into yokuba luphuhliso olufuziselayo kumacandelo amathathu.
Embindini sifumana indoda esebenzisa umatshini olawula indalo iphela. Apho ulawula ubomi kwaye ulawula ukwahlula i-macrocosm kwi-microcosm. Sele ukwiphaneli yasekhohlo, unokubona ukuba zithini iziphumo zoluntu longxowankulu ngokumelwa kukaCharles Darwin ebhekisa kwisayensi.
Konke oku ngokungafaniyo nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamatye, onoxanduva lokufuzisela inkolo kunye nemiboniso yomzabalazo phakathi kweeklasi. Ekunene, ihlabathi lobusoshiyali limelwe ngamanani abalulekileyo ale ntshukumo, njengoVladimir Lenin, uKarl Marx, uLeon Trotsky noFriedrich Engels.
Ngokukwanjalo, ecaleni kwabo ukumelwa kweRed Army (igama elisemthethweni lomkhosi kunye nomkhosi womoya weRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), kunye nemanyano yabasebenzi, emelwe ngabasebenzi besona sikwere sidumileyo eMoscow. , iRed Square. Ngokusisiseko kucingwa kwendalo yonke ngokweRivera: imbono, isayensi kunye nenguquko.
Iphupha lemini ngeCawe eAlameda Central (1947)
Kwindawo yokugqibela yolu luhlu malunga nemisebenzi eyaziwayo kakhulu ngu-Diego Rivera, sasifuna ukubeka "Iphupha leCawa emva kwemini kwi-Alameda Central", umzobo owenziwe ngo-1947 ngoku uye waba ngumsebenzi oyintloko kumboniso osisigxina kwi-Diego. Imyuziyam yaseRivera Mural.
Umzobo oseludongeni yayilinyathelo lomyili wezakhiwo waseMexico, uCarlos Obregón Santacilia. Ngelo xesha, indawo eyayicetywe kuye yayikwigumbi laseVersailles leHotel del Prado, ephambi kwe-Alameda Central. Noko ke, ngenxa yenyikima yango-1985, ihotele yonakala kakhulu, njengoko wenzayo nomsebenzi, yaye kwafuneka ifuduselwe apho iboniswa khona namhlanje.
Kuyo, u-Diego Rivera uzibonakalisa njengenkwenkwana ehamba nge-Alameda Central eMexico City. Kukhenketho lwakhe kuqatshelwe ukuba ukhatshwa malunga nekhulu labalinganiswa abayimifuziselo abenza iminyaka engama-4000 yembali yesizwe.
Umntu osembindini wokwakheka nguLa Catrina okanye uCalavera Garbancera, indalo yokuqala yomzobi odumileyo waseMexico, umzobi, kunye nomzobi wecaricaturist, uJosé Guadalupe Posada, omi ecaleni kwakhe ngasekunene. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uLa Catrina unxibe isibile esineentsiba esibhekiselele kubuThixo obuphambili be-Mexica pantheon, Quetzalcóatl.
Emva kweRivera ngumfazi wakhe uFrida Kahlo, ebambe isimboli se-yin kunye ne-yang ezandleni zakhe ngelixa evuma ngengqondo umyeni wakhe. Ngasekunene kwakho, unokubona indlela umbuliso onikezwa ngayo phakathi kukaManuel Gutiérrez Nájera kunye noJosé Martí, ababhali ababini abakhulu bexesha. Ngomnye wemisebenzi ka-Diego Rivera ekhuthaze kakhulu.
Kwicala labo, embindini wabo kukho abantu basetyhini ababini abaphawuleka kakhulu, abayintombi kunye nenkosikazi yowayesakuba ngumongameli waseMexico, uPorfirio Díaz. Kwicandelo elisekhohlo libonakaliswe ukunqoba, ukuzimela, ixesha lobukoloniyali, ukuhlasela kweNyakatho yaseMelika kunye nokungenelela kweYurophu, amaxesha embali apho ipaki idlala indima yenqanaba eliphambili.
UBenito Juárez, uHernán Cortés, uSor Juana Inés de la Cruz, uFray Juan de Zumárraga, uViceroy Luis de Velasco y Castilla, uMlawuli uMaximilian, kunye nomfazi wakhe uCarlota nabo banokuchongwa. Kwicala lasekunene, umzabalazo othandwayo, iintshukumo zabalimi kunye ne-revolution zivuselelwe. Kuvela uPorfirio Díaz, uEmiliano Zapata, uRicardo Flores Magón, uFrancisco I. Madero, phakathi kwabanye.
Ukuba eli nqaku belithanda, musa ukuphuma ngaphandle kokufunda kuqala: