Phakathi kweyona mimangaliso mihle kakhulu esinokuyixabisa kwindalo yethu yasemhlabeni yi AmafuZenziwe ngoluhlu olukhulu lwamathontsi amanzi amancinci okanye amatye anqabileyo omkhenkce.
Bazintoni?
¿yintoni amafu? Ziyinxalenye yesibhakabhaka sethu ukusuka kwimvelaphi yoMhlaba, zinokubonwa ngokugqibeleleyo kuba zihlala zingaphezulu kweentloko zethu imini nobusuku, nangona kunjalo, ababaninzi abantu abaqonda ngokwenene ukuba ezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba yintoni. Amafu.
Yima okomzuzwana uze ujonge phezulu esibhakabhakeni ukuze uyonwabele ukucinga ngolo kwakheka kuhle okukhoyo kuphela kwisibhakabhaka esingenasiphelo. Ukongeza koku, umbuzo uphakama, ziyintoni ngokwenene? Okokuqala, amafu athathwa njengeHydrometeors.
Ngoku, yintoni i-hydrometeor? Imalunga noko kuqhele ukubizwa ngokuba ziimeteors zolwelo, eziyinxalenye yeseti yamasuntswana amanzi, aqinileyo okanye angamalwelo, axhonywe emoyeni, kulula kakhulu, akunjalo?
Njengoko sele kutshiwo, amafu azii-hydrometeors ezingenakuphikiswa emehlweni abantu, qaphela ukuba ziyimilo eyenziwe ngamathontsi amanzi okanye amatye anqabileyo ekhephu, nawo ahlala enqunyanyisiwe kokusingqongileyo.
Xa amafu ebonakala engwevu okanye amnyama, oko kubonisa ukuba kuza isiphango. Yinto eyenzekayo ngenxa yokuba ziba ngqindilili ngokugqithisileyo kwaye zixinene kakhulu kangangokuba ukukhanya kwemini akukwazi ukunqumla kuzo, okwangoku xa ziyeka ukuba ngqindilili zibonakala zimhlophe ngokupheleleyo kuba zichitha ukukhanya okunokubonwa ngokupheleleyo, zibanike lo mthunzi umhlophe ubenzayo. inomtsalane kwaye inomtsalane.
Phambi kokuqhekeza ukuba zeziphi iintlobo kunye neeklasi zamafu, umxholo wendlela ilifu elenziwe ngayo kufuneka uqwalaselwe. Ngamafutshane, kunokuthiwa i Amafu bangena kwinkqubo yokwakheka ngenxa yokupholisa komoya, ngokuqokelelana kwamasuntswana amancinane angumphunga wamanzi okanye omkhenkce, athi anyuke aye kwindalo esingqongileyo ngendlela yokuphuphuma komphunga.
Ingabonwa ukuba wonke umoya unamanzi, nto leyo iyinto engabonakaliyo efana negesi eyaziwa ngokuba ngumphunga wamanzi. Ngexesha lokuphakama, ukunwenwa, kunye nokuphola, umoya obandayo awukwazi ukugcina amanzi abilayo amaninzi njengomoya oshushu.
Ngoko ke inxalenye yomphunga iqokelelana kumasuntswana alula atyibilika ngokuphawulekayo ajikeleze kwaye enze ithontsi elincinane elijikeleze imolekyuli nganye. Ngeli xesha izigidi zezi goths zidibana, ziba lilifu elinomtsalane kakhulu, yiyo loo nto intle kakhulu. Ukwaziswa kwendalo.
Ukususela kulo mbono, badibanisa kunye ne-nuclei ebizwa ngokuba yi-condensation nuclei, eyi-particles efumaneka kwimozulu, umzekelo, i-pollen, uthuli, umlotha, phakathi kwabanye. Zingamanye amasuntswana athatha umsebenzi osisiseko ukukhuthaza ukuhanjiswa kwamathontsi amanzi awenza amafu.
Amasuntswana angumzuzu ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba ahlale phezulu kunye nokuhamba komoya okuthe nkqo okuncinci. Ngelo xesha bahlala benqunyanyisiwe. Konke oku kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokushisa apho le nkqubo yoxinaniso iphantsi kwayo, iya kuxhomekeka kwakhona ekuphuhliseni ifu kunye neempawu zayo.
Umzekelo ocacileyo kakhulu kukuba, xa embindini wale nkqubo yocondensation kwenzeka kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-zero, ngaloo ndlela evumela amafu ukuba abunjwe ngamakristale omkhenkce anqabileyo kakhulu, xa athe adalwe kumoya ofudumeleyo, abumba ngamanzi amaninzi. goth.
Ngenxa yokuba bakha phantsi kweemeko zomoya ezisamile, baya kubonakala njengomaleko kwaye babe nobukhulu obuthile. Ngeli xesha, ezo zenza phakathi kokuhamba komoya okuqinileyo kunye nempepho zinokuzisa ubukhulu obukhulu kwaye zibe nokujikeleza okumangalisayo okuthe nkqo kwimisitho.
Iinkqubo zoqeqesho
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amafu avela phakathi kweenkqubo ezithile eziya kugqiba iindidi ezininzi zamafu avela apho, yinkqubo evumela ukusekwa kweendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo:
Ngenxa yokunyuka kwe-orographic
Yinkqubo eyenzeka xa inkitha yomoya omtsha noshushu ingqubana nentaba okanye ukubalasela, kunokubonwa kwakhona ukuba lo moya ukhankanyiweyo uyenyuka, ufikelele kumanzi abandayo abumba iileya, kubandakanywa amafu ophuhliso, njengomthetho, ilingana ne-3 km yokuphakama okanye ngaphantsi.
Ngokuhambisa okwenziwa ngumphambili womoya
Ezi ndawo zomoya zaziwa njengezowuni apho umoya ohamba ngokuxinana okwahlukeneyo kunye namaqondo obushushu adibana khona. Kwimeko apho umoya oshushu kunye nomoya omtsha udibana nomoya owomileyo nobandayo.
Ngoko ke, ukwakheka kwamafu avunyiweyo anqamlekileyo avela, aziwa ngokuba yi-nimbostratus ebonakaliswa ngokubalasela malunga ne-3 km, kunye ne-altostratus ekubude be-3 kunye ne-5 km.
Ngomzuzu apho i-agglomeration yomoya obandayo kwi-total yangoku ingqubana nendawo yokugcina umoya oshushu kunye nomoya omtsha, inika ukwakheka kwamafu e-cumulonimbus.
ngeconvection efudumeleyo
Yinkqubo eyenzekayo xa iqoqo lomoya oshushu kunye nomoya ococekileyo likhuphukela kumaqondo okushisa apholileyo kwiindawo eziphezulu, ngaloo ndlela kubangele ukuphuhliswa kokuqokelela okukhulu, yinto eyenzeka kakuhle ngaphantsi kwe-3 km ukuphakama.
Iimeko ezininzi zinokujongwa, apho amafu anokukhula ngokuthe nkqo ukuze afikelele kwi-10 km ubude, ngaloo ndlela aguquke abe yi-cumulonimbus. Ekubeni la mafu anoxanduva lokuvelisa imvula, kuyo nayiphi na imeko yimbangela yokudala izivunguvungu kunye ne-snow blizzards.
Ilifu libekwe lodwa kumacandelo amabini ngexesha xa kuvela izantyalantyala zemvula, nto leyo ethintela umoya ofudumeleyo ukuba ube nayo nayiphi na intshukumo phakathi kwawo. Xa ilifu lihleli lodwa, iyayeka imvula.
Iimpawu ngokubanzi
Nganye kuzo zonke iimpawu anazo amafu zibaluleke kakhulu, njengaloo ngubo yogqume isibhakabhaka somhlaba wethu, zifana neeperile ezishinyeneyo zamanzi eziqokelelana kwi-troposphere, ngenxa yesi sizathu kuphela koxanduva lokujongana nendalo. inxalenye enkulu yeempembelelo zemozulu ezisisiseko ezenzekayo.
Lulungiselelo oluphawulekayo lwamasuntswana amancinane omkhenkce kwindawo yawo eyomeleleyo okanye amanzi akwimo yawo yolwelo okanye zombini ngaxeshanye, oko kukuthi kuxutyiwe. Kukwacingelwa ukuba amafu anokuqulatha amasuntswana amakhulu amanzi alulwelo ngokupheleleyo okanye amanzi angumkhenkce kunye nemithana yomsi, umphunga okanye iintsalela zothuli.
Amafu anokubonwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, atshintsha ngokwendalo yawo, imilinganiselo, inani kunye nokusasazwa kwendawo yamasuntswana awabumbayo kunye nokuhamba komoya womoya. Kunokuqatshelwa ukuba imilo kunye nombala obonakaliswe ngamafu ngokuhambelana nokuqina kunye ne-nuances yokukhanya eyifumanayo.
Kwakunye nezikhundla ezihambelanayo ezibandakanyekayo ngumbonisi kunye nomthombo wokukhanya okufanayo njengelanga, inyanga kunye nemitha ngokumalunga namafu. Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba amafu enziwe ngokuqokelelwa komphunga wamanzi ofumaneka kumoya ofumayo wokusingqongileyo. Ngamafutshane, ubushushu obuqhutywa yilanga obugqithiselwa kumgangatho ongaphezulu butshisa amanzi kwaye bubangela ukuchithwa komphunga.
Okunyuka emva kokudibana namaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwaye aqhube inkqubo yokuqokelela. Enye into kukuba kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zeqondo lokushisa, ukuphakama, uxinzelelo kunye namacandelo ahlukeneyo, kuphawulwe ukuba amafu aneendlela ezahlukeneyo, izinto ezithile kunye neempawu zokwenziwa komzimba, yiyo loo nto zilungelelaniswe ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zoyilo.
Kutheni amafu emhlophe?
njengokukhanya ihamba njengokuthontelana kobude obahlukeneyo, ithunzi ngalinye libonisa amaza alo akhethekileyo. Amafu anokubonwa kumhlophe, kungenxa yokuba maninzi kakhulu amanzi amancinci e-gothic okanye amatye anqabileyo omkhenkce, asebenza ukutshabalalisa ukukhanya kwee-frequencies ezisixhenxe (orenji, i-indigo, ebomvu, etyheli, eluhlaza, eluhlaza kunye ne-violet), xa ixubene isebenza ukunika ukukhanya okumhlophe.
kutheni zisiba ngwevu nje amafu?
Ngokuhambelana namafu, inkqubo yenzeke apho amaconsi amancinci kakhulu amanzi okanye amaqhosha e-ice, adla ngokufikelela kwindibaniselwano egqwesileyo xa exutywe. Xa ukusasazwa kwamanzi kunye nomkhenkce kwenzeka, oku kuxa zonke iifrikhwensi zibonakaliswa, okwenza amafu abonakale amhlophe.
Ukusuka kwinto oyibonayo, ukuba amafu aya kuba ngqindilili okanye aphakame kakhulu, unokubona kwakhona ukuba ukukhanya bekungazukubawela, oko kubavumela ukuba bathathe inkangeleko engwevu okanye emnyama. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukuba amafu amaninzi ahlukeneyo abonakaliswe, kuya kuphawulwa ukuba isithunzi singongeza ukubonakala kwegrey okanye i-shades eyahlukeneyo.
Kutheni amafu edada?
Ukongeza kuyo yonke indlela elandela amafu, kunokumiselwa ukuba ukubunjwa kweLifu kwenziwe ngamathontsi amancinane amanzi alulwelo, athi enze ilifu xa ilanga lifudumeza umoya.
Oku kuvela njengoko unyuka, khumbula ukuba umoya uphola ngokuthe ngcembe de ufikelele kwinqanaba lokugquma kwaye ngoko ke amanzi aqokelelana ukwenza ilifu. Ekubeni ilifu nomoya zishushu kunomoya ongaphandle ozingqongileyo, koko oku kuzenza zidande!
Ahamba njani amafu?
Yixabise kakuhle kwaye ugcine engqondweni ukuba i-Clouds ihamba emoyeni, kwezinye iimeko ihamba ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-100 ngeyure. Ngeli xesha amafu anesaqhwithi, ngokuqhelekileyo ahamba malunga ne-30-40 mph.
Ukwakhiwa kwamafu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo emoyeni
Okokuqala, kunokutshiwo ukuba iimpawu zamafu zisekwe ngamacandelo afikelelekayo, abandakanya umyinge omkhulu womphunga wamanzi, amaqondo obushushu kumphakamo othile, umoya kunye nonxibelelwano olunokuba nalo nezinye iindibano zomoya. . .
Yenzeka njani inkungu?
Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweeNkungu ezibonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuyaqondakala ukuba iiNkungu zinenkqubo yokwakheka, ngakumbi xa impepho evela emazantsi isizisa umoya ofudumeleyo noncangathi kwindawo ethile, mhlawumbi iphelisa ixesha elibandayo. Kula maxesha kubonisa kakhulu Ukufuma.
Ukuba kuhamba njengoko umoya usiba shushu kwaye kwangaxeshanye uphole kangangokuba udilize kumhlaba obandayo kakhulu, okanye ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ikhephu lihlala lizifiphalisa iiNkungu ezixineneyo.
Kukwajongwa ukuba umoya oncangathi oshushu uyaphola ukusuka ngaphantsi njengoko uqukuqela kwindawo epholileyo. Kwimeko apho loo moya usondele ku-saturation, kulapho apho umswakama uqokelela khona ukunika ukwakheka okumangalisayo kweeNkungu kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi nobuhle bazo.
Zingaphi iindidi zamafu ezikhoyo?
Ngokuhambelana nembonakalo yabo, uphuhliso kunye neempawu zemeteorological, kuphawulwe ukuba amafu ahlelwe abe zine iintlobo zamafu ezibaluleke kakhulu, amagama abo atyunjwe ngolwimi lwesiLatini. Zihlelwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo kwaye zisasazwe kwiiklasi ezininzi ezinamagama amangalisayo. Ayifani noluhlu olude lwe Izilwanyana zasendle, echaza ngamnye ngokungqalileyo.
Njengoko kubonisiwe nguMbutho weHlabathi weMeteorological (WMO), ezi ntlobo zine zisisiseko zamafu aqondwa ngokulula kakhulu, adibana ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 yeeklasi ezidityanisiweyo. Ke kwezo klasi zili-10, ezisi-8 ziiStratiform Clouds, ezo Clouds ziveliswa ngembalelwano nomphezulu woMhlaba.
Amanye amafu amabini ashiyekileyo abizwa ngokuba zii-cumuliforms, kuba uphuhliso lwawo luthe nkqo ngokupheleleyo. Kukho kwakhona into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Accessory Clouds. Oku kubhekiselele kuphuhliso olukhethekileyo oluthi ngamanye amaxesha luthathwe njengeentlobo ezithile okanye iiklasi, kodwa ezingabhalwanga kulo myalelo uphambili.
Ngoku uya kuboniswa kwiinkcukacha ezincinci kwiiklasi ezine ezibalulekileyo zamafu: iCirrus, Cumulus, Stratus kunye neNimbus phakathi kwazo.
amafu e-cirrus
Olu hlobo lweLifu lukwabizwa ngokuba yiCirrus, eyona ntetho igqwesileyo kwiSpanish, yenziwe ngamafu anemilo emhlophe apho iifom zenkcazo yazo zifunyenwe ngendlela eyandisiweyo kunye neguquguqukayo, ngaphandle kokusondela kwezithunzi zangaphakathi, yintoni na. ivumela ukukhanya kwemini phakathi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo ziboniswa njengemigca echanekileyo elinganayo okanye ngesimo esigoso nesiqhelekileyo. Kwiindawo ezithile, zichongwa njengeentsimbi zehashe. Qaphela ukuba ngamafu enziwe ngamaqhosha omkhenkce.
Kodwa ukongezelela, bakwindawo ephakamileyo kakhulu efikelela kwi-8.000 kunye ne-12.000 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ubushushu bomoya buphantsi kakhulu.
Yiloo nto amatye anqabileyo omkhenkce asuka kula Mafu atshabalala okwethutyana ngaphambi kokuba abethe phantsi. Kangangokuba la Mafu eCirrus ayamangalisa kuba anamandla amangalisayo atsala ubushushu obusemhlabeni obupheliswa esithubeni kwaye bubusebenzise njengokukhanya okuqaqambileyo emini.
Ngoko ke ayikabonakaliswa ngokomfuniselo, nje ukuba banakho ukufudumeza okanye ukupholisa uMhlaba. Kwimeko apho isibhakabhaka sigutyungelwe zezi ntlobo zamafu, sinokubonisa kakuhle inkangeleko enkulu yokuba ipeyintwe ngeebrashi.
Nangona kunjalo, kukholelwa ukuba ziimeko eziqhelekileyo kakhulu, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba kwiiyure ezingama-24 ezilandelayo kukho utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwimozulu okanye ukuba kukho ukuhla kweqondo lokushisa. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkangeleko yabo, banokubizwa ngokukodwa.
Cumulus
Amafu amahle abizwa ngokuba yiCumulus okanye iCumulus, amkelwa njengaMafu angenasimo esibonakalayo okanye imilo echaza kwaye iyahlula ngaphandle kwento yokuba isiseko sawo siphakama sithe tyaba, qaphela ukuba sikhula ngokuthe nkqo, sinika imilo eqinile kakhulu kwindawo yayo. ubungqukuva.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukucacisa ukuba kubonisa inkangeleko engqindilili enezithunzi ezichazwe kakuhle kunye nemiphetho, ehlala i-grayish ngombala, ukubonakala kolu hlobo lwefu kufana nomqhaphu.
Kwakhona kunokuqatshelwa ukuba i-Cumulus Clouds ingabonwa kumaqela amakhulu kunye nemigca, kodwa ngendlela edibeneyo. Amafu eCumulus aqhele ukufunyanwa kumphakamo ophakathi/ophantsi onokuba ziimitha ezingama-500 nobude obumalunga neemitha ezingama-4000.
Ezi ntlobo zeeklasi ezisasazwa ngokwamaqela eCumulus ziphawuleka kakhulu kwaye, nazo, zifumaneka kwiindlela ezihluke kakhulu ezinokuthi zibonwe ngokucacileyo kunye noyilo kunye nokwakheka kwazo okwendalo ngokupheleleyo, kakhulu ngokuhambelana ne Iintlobo zempembelelo yokusingqongileyo.
Konke oku kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zemozulu, umzekelo ukufuma komhlaba, ubuthathaka kunye nethambeka elifudumeleyo, iintlobo ezithile zezahlulo ezinokukhokelela kwizantyalantyala zemvula, nkqu nezaqhwithi kunye nemilinganiselo yemvula ephezulu, ngelixa kwezinye Ziluphawu. yemozulu eyamkelekileyo.
I-Stratus
Olu didi lwamafu lubhekwa njengephantsi, lwahlula esibhakabhakeni ngendlela yenkungu enenkungu, umthunzi wabo uphakathi komhlophe kunye negreyish, unokubonwa ngamabala ee-shades ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo kwi-grayish shading, ukumila kwazo kungaqhelekanga, oko. ayinamahluko ayichazayo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo babonisa ubukhulu becala kwiinyanga ezibanda kakhulu kunokuba bonke ebusika banokuhlala imini yonke, banike ukujonga esibhakabhakeni ngomthunzi ongwevu. Ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-2500 ukuphakama, yiyo loo nto zihlelwa njengamafu aphantsi kakhulu, ngawona abangela inkungu kunye nemvula encinci.
Ngamafu anokuthi abonwe ngamaxesha ashushu onyaka, umzekelo, entwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni, unokuwabona ngeeyure ezipholileyo zasekuseni kwaye kamva achithe ngexesha losuku. Ngokubanzi, zizibonakaliso zemozulu entle nangona kwiziganeko ezithile zinokunika inkungu eninzi okanye i-drizzle, kodwa oku kwenzeka kuphela kwimeko ephantsi kakhulu.
Nimbus okanye Cumulonimbus
I-Nimbus ligama lemvelaphi yesiLatini ukuba ngesiSpanish yi-Nimbos, ngamafu amangalisayo ongayi kufuna ukuba sesitratweni ukuba uyawabona ngenxa yokuba ngawona abangela ezo mvula zibi okanye iimvula ezinkulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama lesiLatini elithi Nimbus, lithetha imvula yemvula okanye isaqhwithi, oku kuthetha ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwebinzana lesiLatini ukubhekisela kumafu anoxanduva lokuna kweemvula.
Kunokuthiwa ngoko ukuba i-nimbuses ifakwe kwikhathalogu njengalawo mafu anokuphakama okuncinci kakhulu, aneziseko ezingaqhelekanga kunye nezingalindelekanga, ezinokubonwa kwi-grayish okanye i-opaque shadings kunye neetoni ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuhambelana nobukhulu kunye nobumnyama obumangalisayo, ii-Nimbuses zixhotyiswe ukufihla ukukhanya okuphuma eLangeni, ukunqanda ukuba kufikelele kumphezulu ocacileyo ngokupheleleyo emini.
Ii-Nimbuses zibhekiswa kuzo ngokwenqanaba elifanayo ne-Cumulonimbus, kuba zikuhlelo olufanayo. Ngexesha apho kuthethwa ngeNimbos, ibhekisa kwilifu lemvula enkulu. Ngoku, xa sibhekisa kolu didi lwamafu, sithetha ngemvula yeklasi yaseCumulus. Kwaye xa ubhekisa kwi-nimbostratus, imalunga nemvula iStratus uhlobo lwamafu.
Ziyimvula enokufikelela emhlabeni ngendlela yemvula, ikhephu okanye isichotho, kuxhomekeke kubushushu bemozulu kunye nokuchithwa kwamafu ayenzileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha ukuba ubushushu bemozulu buphezulu, kuyacingeleka ukuba amathontsi emvula ayanyamalala ngaphambi kokuba afikelele emhlabeni, sisiganeko esibizwa ngokuba yi-virga, amathontsi awelayo kodwa abe ngumphunga ngaphambi kokuba afikelele emhlabeni.
La mafu e-cumulonimbus anokuvelisa izaqhwithi zombane ezinamandla kunye neendudumo ezibandakanya umbane kunye neendudumo, kangangokuba zibe neemeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo nezinononophelo.
Cloud Classification
Olu luhlu lwenziwe kwiintlobo ezi-4 ezisisiseko zamafu, kukho ukuhlelwa apho kuthethwa kuphela ezintathu, oko kungenxa yokuba i-Nimbus inokubonakaliswa phantsi kokuhlelwa okufanayo kweCumulonimbus ngenxa yokuba bakwi-classification efanayo. Olu hlobo lohlelo luyafana ne Ukuhlelwa kwezilwanyana ngokwe-taxonomic, ngenxa yeempawu ezithile ezahlula uhlobo ngalunye.
Iiklasi ezidityanisiweyo zenzelwe ukwahlula ilifu ukusuka kwelinye, njengoko kubonakaliswe ngokucwangciswa kwayo, ukuphakama, kunye neempawu zomzimba, ezifana nomthunzi kunye nokuma kwayo. Ukusuka kwezi ntlobo zine, ulwahlulo olwahlukileyo lwe-Clouds luvela ukuze lwahlule enye kwenye kunye nokwazi ngamnye ngokucacileyo ngakumbi.
Kuyacaciswa ukuba kolu luhlu lweeklasi, ezi-4 zingundoqo ziphuma, ezizezi, i-Cirrus, i-Nimbus, i-Stratus kunye ne-Cumulus, apho iingoma eziphambili ezi-6 zilandelayo:
ICirrostratus
Gcina ukhumbula ukuba i-Cirrostratus yenziwe ngala Mafu ahlala ixesha elide kunye nemiphetho eqhelekileyo. Ukuba zixatyiswa kakuhle, kunokuphawulwa ukuba zinokuvela kwisithsaba sokukhanya xa sithelekiswa nelanga okanye inyanga. Ngexesha apho isibhakabhaka sigcwele i-cirrostratus ekufutshane, luphawu lwemozulu eyoyikisayo ngenxa yezaqhwithi okanye ubuso obushushu.
Altostratus
Zezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba ziingubo zamafu ezibuthathaka neziguquguqukayo ezibonisa imimandla ethile enobungqingqwa obukhulu nangona zingakuthinteli ukungena emini. Banenkangeleko efanayo yokugquma kwamafu. Xa ibonwa nje inkangeleko yazo esibhakabhakeni, ubukhulu becala ibonisa ukuhla kobushushu obuhambisana nokuna kwemvula.
I-Altocumulus
Amafu aphakathi abizwa ngokuba, lawo abonisa isakhiwo esingalindelekanga kunye neengqungquthela ezibaluleke kakhulu kwindawo engezantsi. Njengomgaqo jikelele, bahamba ngaphambi kwemozulu eyoyikisayo ebangelwa yizantyalantyala zemvula okanye izaqhwithi.
Cirrocumulus
Ukongeza kwindlela entle elandela ulwahlulo lwamafu, kukhankanywa amafu ajikelezayo, afana nala Mafu abonisa umaleko ongaguquguqukiyo, onenkangeleko engqukuva enoburhabaxa obucokisekileyo, njengokuchetywa komqhaphu omncinci.
Ngalaa Mafu angenazo ezongeziweyo kwaye anomthunzi omhlophe. Ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakala zigquma iindawo ezinkulu zesibhakabhaka, ezihlala zibizwa ngokuba sisibhakabhaka esinamafu. Ezi zidla ngokubonisa utshintsho olungalindelekanga emoyeni kwiiyure ezili-12 ezizayo yaye ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakala ngaphambi kwezantyalantyala zemvula neendudumo.
INimbostratus
Yenziwe ngamafu abonisa ukubonakala komgangatho oqhelekileyo ebumnyameni, onomdla kakhulu ngenxa yeentlobo zeetoni zayo. Zenziwa ngamafu angumzekelo wokukhanya okanye imvula ephakathi kunye neezantyalantyala zemvula ezibandayo. Ewe, kuxhomekeke kummandla, kukuba amafu aqala ukuwa kwekhephu.
IStratocumulus
Kolu luhlu luphunyezwa ngamafu aneengqungquthela ezibanzi, ezenziwe kwiikholomu kwaye zifumaneka kwiindidi ezibanzi zeetoni ezityhafileyo ezinemithunzi eyahlukeneyo. I-Stratocumulus isantya ngokukhawuleza ngamaxesha, kodwa kwenzeka xa olu hlobo lwamafu luguqula kwi-nimbostratus.
amafu akhethekileyo
Ezi ntlobo zamafu zibizwa i-mammothodontic ngenxa yokuba luqikelelo oluphantsi oluthambekileyo ukusuka kwinkungu ye-cumulonimbus. Ngokubanzi, zidibene nemozulu embi kakhulu, oko kukuthi, imozulu embi iyeza.
Apha ungabonisa kwakhona amafu lenticular ezibangelwa kuyilo lwamaza nomoya owenziwe ziintaba. Zijongeka njengeepleyiti okanye iisosari ezibhabhayo ezijikeleze iintaba.
Ngokugxininiswa kakhulu, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba Inkungu Lilifu eliphezu komhlaba, elenziwe ngamathontsi amanzi amaninzi adada emoyeni.
Kunika umdla kakhulu ukukhankanya imiqobo, ziintsalela ezishiywe ziinqwelo-moya xa zibhabha. Ezi zithintelo yimizila yesakhiwo somphunga xa umsi oshushu kunye nomswakama usasazwa emoyeni kwaye ngoko ke udibanise noxinzelelo lomphunga ophantsi, ubushushu obuphantsi kwimekobume. Lo mxube sisiphumo sesibini sesiphithiphithi esiveliswa ngumsi we-injini yenqwelomoya phakathi ekubhabha.
Amafu awodwa ngendlela abunjwe ngayo kwaye ngalinye lawo lahlulwa ngeempawu zalo ezikhethekileyo kuwo, kulo mzekelo. Amafu eFractus iindawo ezincinci ezirhabaxa zecloudlets ezidla ngokufunyanwa ngaphantsi kwesiseko samafu. Leyo iye yaqhawuka kwilifu elikhudlwana yaye isikwa yimpepho ebhudla ngamandla, ibangela ukuba ibe nenkangeleko ejijekileyo, eyaphukileyo.
Amanye amafu axatyiswayo ngamafu aluhlaza, ahlala edityaniswa nemozulu ekunokuthiwa imbi kakhulu, kuba imozulu imbi. I-shading eluhlaza ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo, nangona kunjalo iyamkelwa ukuba inento yokwenza nokuba nexabiso elikhulu leeperile zamanzi ezihambayo kunye nesichotho ngaphakathi kwamafu ekubunjweni kwayo.
Amafu angahlelwanga
Kukho ezinye iindidi zamafu ezingabonakali ngaphakathi kuhlelo olumiselweyo, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba zahlukile, ngenxa yokuba zibonisa ezinye iimpawu eziwenza abe ngamafu akhethekileyo kwaye ke ahluke ngokumangalisayo kwezinye, okanye ngokulula. isizathu sokuba zidalwe phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye zifumaneka kwindawo ethile yesijikelezi-langa.
Kweli qela lihle kangaka, kufuneka kukhankanyelwe ezine zala Mafu, ngawona afumana ulwazi oluthe kratya, nangona ulungiselelo lwawo lungekacaci. Ngamafu akwipolar stratospheric, polar mesospheric cloud, lenticular clouds, namafu obuqaqawuli basekuseni.
ILenticular Clouds zezo zineesosari okanye iilensi eziguqukayo, zibonakala kakhulu. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba bahlala beyinxalenye yamafu e-cirrocumulus, i-altocumulus okanye intsapho ye-stratocumulus, nangona eyona nto iyaziwa ngokubanzi ngamafu e-lenticular cirrocumulus clouds (lenticular altocumulus).
Baququzelelwe ngokuzimeleyo, banezinto ezithile ezikhethekileyo ezivela kwabanye. Ngokubanzi, ziya kwenzeka kwiindawo ezinamagingxigingxi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo nakwiindawo ezifihlakeleyo zamafu ahlukeneyo. Ziyi-Fixed Clouds ezakhiwe ukusuka kwi-inversion efudumeleyo kwiindawo ezinemvula. Abantu abanyuka iintaba bayazazi yaye bazenza njengomqondiso wesiphango.
Inkqubo yazo yokulahlwa yenzeka ngokupheleleyo xa umaleko ongaphezulu womoya ojikeleze umhlaba, opholileyo unabela ngaphantsi, ufudunyezwa bubushushu obuxutywe nombethe osemhlabeni. Into yile, ukuba umhlaba uyabanda, loo miphetho isezantsi yendalo inokuphola kuneencam eziphezulu, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-inversion efudumeleyo.
Le mimandla idla ngokuzinza ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba xa loo moya ubetha ithambeka lentaba kwaye uzama ukususa umsinga womoya ofudumeleyo ongasentla, ubangela ukuba umbono wehle kwakhona, ubumba indawo emiselweyo ebhangayo. inika ukumila kwe-lenticular kwilifu eliqalayo.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya (inqwelo-moya engasebenzisi matshini, eqhutywa ngumoya ovuthuzayo) bayaluthanda olu hlobo lwamafu, ekubeni ukuma kwalo kubangelwa kukukhula okukhulu okuthe nkqo komoya onyukayo, abathi bafuna ukuyiphakamisa inqwelo-moya baze bandise indlela eya ngakuyo.
Kwakukho irekhodi yehlabathi yolu hlobo lokubhabha, ngonyaka ka-2015 nguKlaus Ohlmann xa ehamba umgama we-3009 km efumana ubude beemitha ezili-14,500, yayiyi-flight eyimpumelelo ngenxa yokuhamba okukhulu komoya okwenziwe ngolu hlobo. ilifu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayakuphepha ukubhabha xa kukho lo moya ubhudlayo.
kwipolar stratospheric clouds
Zibizwa ngokuba ngamafu e-Polar Stratospheric, ngenxa yeentlobo ezintle zeethoni zabo ze-pastel ezintle kakhulu, zikwabizwa ngokuba yiNacreous okanye uMama wePearl Clouds. Zenziwe ngamahlumelo omkhenkce asuka kwi-nitric acid okanye amanzi kumphakamo we-15 kunye ne-30 km, anobushushu be-barometric obujikeleze i-80 ° C.
Luhlobo lweLifu oluthi ngenxa yophuhliso lwalo kunye neempendulo zeekhemikhali ezibangelwa kukuqhambuka kweqhwa eliqulunqayo, lenze inkqubo eyingozi kwi-ozone layer, ngokunciphisa ukuxinwa kwe-ozone ye-stratospheric ngokuphendula ngeenkqubo ezithile zekhompawundi.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zePolar Stratospheric Clouds, eyokuqala iqala ngamathontsi e-hydrated kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric kunye ne-nitric acid ukugqiba ukubunjwa kwawo kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-78 ° C.
Kolunye udidi lwamafu, kuyabonakala ukuba inokwakheka kunye neekristale zomkhenkce ococekileyo wamanzi, odinga kuphela ubushushu bemozulu obungaphantsi kunezo zodidi oluphambili.
Ngamafu adla ngokubonwa ngexesha lobusika obusemazantsi okanye ebusika ebhodloza, kwimimandla ye-Antarctic kunye ne-Arctic. Ubuhle babo bobugqwesa obumangalisayo, babonisa iindidi ngeendidi zee-shades kunye ne-pastel shades kunye nokubonakala okumangalisayo kunye nokuqaqambileyo. Ziyakwazi nokuba zibekwe kwimimandla ekufutshane kakhulu nezibonda.
i-polar mesospheric
Bakwabizwa ngokuba ngamafu e-Noctilucent, amafu e-polar mesospheric ayimimangaliso yendalo ethatha imo yamafu aqaqambileyo, enzeka kwindawo ephezulu yokugqabhuka kweatmosfera, anokubonwa kuninzi lweplanethi ukuya kutshona kwelanga.
Ngokubanzi, zenziwe ngamatye anqabileyo omkhenkce kunye nezifundo eziye zabonisa ukuba nazo zenziwe ngexabiso elincinci lothuli oluvela kwiinkwenkwezi ezidubulayo kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo eziphuma ngaphandle kokusingqongileyo komhlaba.
La Mafu ngawona aphezulu kwiatmosfera yomhlaba, afumaneka kwi-mesosphere kumphakamo wama-75 kunye nama-85 eekhilomitha. Ngamafu anokuthi aqatshelwe xa ukukhanya kwemini kugxininise kuwo ngaphantsi kwe-horizon, ngelixa iindawo ezisezantsi zesithuba soMhlaba zigqunywe yinto eyaziwa ngokuba sisithunzi soMhlaba.
Uzuko lwasekuseni
Olu hlobo lwamafu abizwa ngokuba yiMorning Glory (glory of the morning) angummangaliso wemozulu ophela unqabile. Ziyakwazi ukubonakala kumantla e-Australia, kwiGulf of Carpentaria, indawo apho zingabonwa khona phakathi kwexesha elide likaSeptemba no-Oktobha, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko zemozulu ezifanelekileyo.
Ngamafu ayinxalenye yembonakalo yomhlaba kunye nendlela yokuphila yokuhlala kweBurketown, amafu oBuqaqawuli beMorning alikhubalo eligqibeleleyo labaqhubi bee-gliders kunye neenqwelomoya ezingenaenjini kule ndawo ezilungele ukubhabha phakathi. Yamafu .
I-Morning Glory Clouds luphuhliso lwamafu ngendlela yeesilinda okanye i-rolls, inobude be-1000 km, ubude bayo buphakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-2 km. Ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngesantya esifikelela kuma-60 km/h. Ngamafu avela kumoya ovuthuzayo ngequbuliso, ehamba ngokuthe nkqo kwimpepho yomoya.
Nokuba inqabile kakhulu into emangalisayo kwaye ivela kwindawo enkulu kulo mmandla wehlabathi, olu hlobo lwamafu lubekwe kwizithili ezithile zaseLatin America, eUnited States, kwiindawo ezithile zaseYurophu naseUnited Kingdom, kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo. Izithili zase-Australia.
skypunch phenomenon
Eli nqaku lilandelayo kufuneka lenziwe, le Skypunch ayilolifu, yinto engenzekiyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo, iyamangalisa kwaye iyathandabuza. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba i-Skypunch iyamangalisa eyenzeka kwi-Cirrocumulus kunye ne-Altocumulus cloud kwaye inokubonwa ngendlela yemingxuma efini egobe kakhulu.
Ekubunjweni kwesi siganeko kukho inkqubo yomzimba / yeekhemikhali evelisa impembelelo ye-domino xa i-ice gemstones ihlelwe efini, apho amathontsi omphunga wamanzi asecaleni kwezi gems aya kunyamalala, eshiya uhlobo lwesikhewu kwi-gap. Amafu, amangalisa kakhulu, achukumisa ngokupheleleyo.
Ngamaxesha ngamaxesha lo mmangaliso uyathandabuzeka ngenxa yokunganyaniseki kwayo kunye nenkangeleko engaqhelekanga, banokubhideka okanye babhekwe njenge "UFO" (Izinto eziNqaphayo ezingaziwayo) nangona iseyisimanga esibandakanya i-physics kunye nekhemistri kwindalo.
Amafu aphantsi vs amafu aphezulu
Iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zamafu zinokulungelelaniswa ngokobude bawo, indlela yokuwahlula kukukhankanya amafu aphezulu, amafu aphakathi kunye namafu aphantsi. Amafu aPhuhlisayo ngokuthe nkqo adityaniswa ngokwamaqela ngokuzimeleyo, anokuphakama kwawo kunokuqulatha okufanayo okanye ngokubalulekileyo ngaphezu kwamafu eNqanaba eliHolisiweyo.
Ngendlela efanayo, kukho i-Clouds eyenza ngaphandle kwe-troposphere kwiikhilomitha ezininzi ukuphakama, ngenxa yeso sizathu azicwangciswanga ngaphakathi kwamagama asemthethweni e-WMO. Ngale ngqiqo, ziyalelwa ngokwahlukeneyo.
amafu aphezulu
Ngala Mafu aquka umyalelo osemthethweni othathwa njengeFamily A, enza umphakamo ochukumisayo ofikelela kwi-6 km, enokufunyanwa phakathi kwe-6000 kunye ne-12000 yeemitha zokuphakama.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba eli qela laMafu aPhakamileyo liqulunqwe ziindidi ezininzi kunye nokwahluka kwe-Cirrus (Ci), i-Cirrostratus (Cs) kunye ne-Cirrocumulus (Cc) eqokelela isixa esimalunga ne-20 yeentlobo kunye neentlobo kule ngqungquthela.
Phakathi
Ngala Mafu ukuba zombini ulungelelwaniso kunye nobude bawo buthathwa ngokuba malunga ne-2000 kunye ne-6000 yeemitha. Usapho B luphathiswe kubo, ubukhulu becala olunobukufutshane bohlobo lwe-stratiform kunye ne-stratocumuliform yamafu.
Kule ntsapho yamafu, iintlobo kunye neentlobo azikho ncam kwintsapho A, ukubeka malunga neeklasi ezili-10, kuquka i-Altostratus kunye ne-Altocumulus Clouds.
Ngokusisiseko zenziwe ngeeperile zomphunga wamanzi, nangona ezinye zinokuba kufutshane neegugu zomkhenkce kulwakhiwo lwazo. Ubukhulu becala, banikwa iindidi kunye ne-shades ye-grayish shades.
Zinokubangela imvula kwaye zihambelane nemozulu eyoyikekayo okanye zinokunxulumana nemozulu eyamkelekileyo, ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo ezenzeka ngelo xesha.
Phantsi
Olu hlobo lweLifu lolosapho lwakwa-C, baye bachazwa njengabaphantsi. Zinxulumene nezo zenziwe kwaye zigcinwe kwindawo ephakamileyo engaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-2000. Le ntsapho ibandakanya i-stratiform, i-stratocumuliform, kunye namafu e-cumuliform.
Kule ntsapho yongezwa ngaphezu kweentlobo ze-10 kunye neentlobo, phakathi kwazo ezikhankanyiweyo ezo ziyi-Stratus, i-Stratocumulus kunye ne-Cumulus. Olu didi lubonisa iintlobo ezinomthunzi kwi-shades eyaneleyo yegrey kunye nemhlophe kunye neefom eziguquguqukayo kunye neempawu. Banoxanduva lokuna kwemvula nekhephu.
Uphuhliso oluthe nkqo
Ngamafu aphuhlayo okanye akhula ubukhulu becala ngomphakamo othe nkqo, abizwa ngokuba ngamafu aQoqosheliswe phezulu kwaye agunyaziswe ukuba anikezelwe kuSapho D.
Zinempepho ezomeleleyo zangaphakathi eziya phezulu, ezibangela ukuba zikhule ngokuthe nkqo, neemayile ezininzi ukusuka kumphakamo ezidalwe kuwo. La Mafu ayinjini esisiseko yemvula kunye nesichotho, anoxanduva lokubangela izaqhwithi ezinamandla.
Amafu ngaphandle kwetroposphere
Ezi ntlobo zamafu ziphakamileyo ziqondwa ukuba zingaphandle kwetroposphere, eyona maleko esezantsi yokusingqongileyo koMhlaba. Ke ngoko, la Mafu acwangciswa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye akabandakanywa kwiintsapho ezisandul 'ukukhankanywa.
Kolu phawu, iNacreous Clouds ifakiwe, eyakhiweyo kwaye ifumaneka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ze-15 kunye ne-25 yeekhilomitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Ukuma kwayo kuxhomekeke kumatye anqabileyo omkhenkce kunye namanzi aqinileyo ekumisweni. Abanye bade babe nophuhliso kunye nokusondela kwe-nitric acid kunye ne-sulfuric acid.
Ukubaluleka
Kunokuqondwa kakuhle ukuba i-Clouds ixhaphake kakhulu kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi akukho ngqalelo ihlawulwayo kubo. Kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba zibaluleke kakhulu kwisijikelezi-langa esinguMhlaba nakubomi.
Ukongezelela ekuphembeleleni utshintsho lwemozulu, zinendima ebalulekileyo kumjikelo wamanzi, zivumela imvula nekhephu ukuba ziwele kwimekobume yaye ziluncedo kakhulu kubomi, kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana, ekukhuleni kwazo nje. Amafu ayinxalenye enkulu yokulawula ubushushu boMhlaba. Abanye bongeza ekupholiseni komphezulu woMhlaba ngokuncedisa ekubuyiseleni inxalenye yemitha yelanga emajukujukwini.
