Siyabonga ku i-nanotechnology yezonyango Ulwakhiwo oluncinci lunokufundwa, fumana ukuba zeziphi izibonelelo eziziswa yile teknoloji yokusika.
nanotechnology yonyango
La i-nanotechnology yezonyango bubuchwephesha obuphuhliswe ngendlela ethile eye yakwazi ukusebenza ngezinto, iziyobisi kunye nezakhiwo ezilinganiswa ngeenanometers, eziyiyunithi yobude obulingana nebhiliyoni yemitha.
Olu tshintsho lwetekhnoloji lukwazile ukwenza inkqubela phambili egqibeleleyo kumayeza esintu. I-nanotechnology yezoNyango iphumelele ekudalweni kunye nokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwamalungu okwenziwa, ngokuhlonipha ubume kunye nokuhamba kwawo ngamnye kubo, ukuba nokwamkelwa okumangalisayo kwemizimba yezigulana.
Olu hlobo lwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe lwenze ukuba iingcali kwintsimi zilawule ukuxhaphaza izakhiwo ezikwi-nano scale ezifana neeseli, iintsholongwane, i-DNA, phakathi kwabanye. Ukuze uhlengahlengiso ngalunye lwazo lokusombulula iingxaki kwizigulane lunokufezekiswa.
Ukuguquka kwe-nanotechnology yonyango yenze intsimi yokwandiswa apho iye yaphuhliswa ngokubanzi ngokubanzi ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuxhotyiswa okunokufumaneka ngophuhliso oluhle lommandla.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyafuneka ukuba kubekho iziseko zophuhliso kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji ukuze ukuvela kweli sebe kube yimpumelelo. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo olu phuhliso lwezonyango lufezekisa ngendlela epheleleyo yokuba unikezelo lwamachiza, unyango olubizwa ngokuba yi-gene kunye noxilongo lusondele kwimfezeko.
Olu hlobo lwendaleko ngaphakathi kweyeza lwenza ukuba i-nanotechnology yeemolekyuli isebenze namhlanje. Ukufezekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngaphakathi kobomi babantu kugqityiwe, ukulawula umgangatho wobomi bomntu ngamnye wabo bafuna olu hlobo lwengqwalasela.
Kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba i-nanotechnology yonyango ikwazile ukuyila kunye nokufezekisa ukusebenzisana komzimba kunye neeprostheses ezibekwe. Kwiminyaka emashumi edlulileyo, ukucaciswa kwamathambo, i-cartilage kunye nezikhumba ezenziweyo zifunyenwe, ezibulela iteknoloji ephuculweyo ayinqatshwa ngumzimba kwaye ilawula ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi wabo ngokugqibeleleyo.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni itekhnoloji kunye nokuba ikwazile njani ukutshintsha inkalo nganye yobomi bethu, siyakumema ukuba ungene kweli khonkco lilandelayo. Iintlobo zeTekhnoloji
Izinto ezisetyenziswayo kwi-nanotechnology yonyango
Xa sibhekisela kwi-nanotechnology yonyango kufuneka siqonde ukuba ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo izinto ezisetyenziswe kule nkqubela zintsha ngokupheleleyo.
Le teknoloji isebenzisa izixhobo zobunjineli ezahlukeneyo kunye nezahlukeneyo ezivumela intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-nanotechnology yonyango kunye nomzimba wesigulana ukuba ube yinto ephilayo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ingabi yinto ephazamisayo.
Okwangoku kukho amakhulu eemveliso ezinolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe, oluvumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukuba kuhluke kwaye kuqhwatywe kuyo nayiphi na intsimi yeyeza. Isetyenziswa namhlanje kunyango lomhlaza, i-cardiological, immunological, iingxaki zokuvuvukala, i-hepatitis, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwasetyenziswa nakwizifo eziwohlokayo kwaye intsimi yayo iyanda ngakumbi nangakumbi.
Phakathi kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwi-nanotechnology yonyango esinayo
Iiposomes
Kwindawo yokuqala sifumana izinto ze-nanotechnology zonyango ezibizwa ngokuba yi-liposomes. I-Liposomes yi-nanoparticles eye yaphuhliswa ukuba isetyenziswe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zonyango.
Ezi nanoparticles zenziwe ngamacandelo amabini. Eyokuqala yi-nucleus yayo, ene-texture yamanzi egqunywe yi-membrane ehlukanisa i-agent ehlukeneyo enokuthi ithotywe ngokudibana nenye into. Le inwebu yi-phospholipid izinto ezikhethekileyo zokwaleka kwezi zinto.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-liposomes iye yakwazi ukuphuhlisa kwiindawo ezilawulwayo, eziye zavumela ukuphuculwa kwezi nanoparticles. Kwelinye icala, ii-liposomes eziqulathe i-doxorubicin kwi-nuclei yazo enamanzi ziye zakwazi ukuvunywa yi-FDA (uLawulo lokuTya kunye noKutya) ukuba zisetyenziswe kunyango lomhlaza, ngakumbi i-ovarian kunye ne-myeloma cancers.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le nanotechnology yonyango iphumelele ukuba i-liposomes ebonakaliswe ngokuba ngumagnetic iphuhlisa ukuzinza okukhulu, okuvumela ukuthuthwa kweziyobisi ezahlukeneyo kwingqondo ngendlela esebenzayo kunye nokukhawuleza.
iimicelles
Le nanotechnology yonyango ifana kakhulu ne-liposomes, zombini zivela kwaye ziphuhliswa kwiindawo ezivaliweyo nezilawulwayo. Oku kuvumela iintlawulo ezingaphakathi kubo ukuba zihlale kwindawo ekhuselweyo ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuvezwa kwiindawo ze-physiological ezikhokelela ekuthotyweni kweteknoloji eya kubangela ukuba le nanoparticle ingasebenzi kakuhle.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le nanotechnology yonyango inesimo se-spherical esakhiwe ngundoqo kunye nesigqubuthelo sayo. I-compound yokuqala i-hydrophobic ngelixa okwesibini kugxininise kwi-hydrophilic, evumela ukuba ii-micelles zithuthe i-micelles ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokufikelela ngokulula kwiindawo ezithile kunye nobunzima bokufikelela kwiindawo ezifana nengqondo yomntu.
Iinanotubes
Esi sixhobo sonyango se-nanotechnology satyhilwa ngowe-1991. Ezi zakhiwo zenziwe ngamacwecwe e-graphene, aziwa ngokuba ngamaphepha ekhabhoni, asongwe abe yi-cylindrical shape ngobude obufunwayo.
Le nanotechnology yonyango inokufumaneka kunye noluhlu olunye okanye ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo kunye neemfuno zesigulane. Ngendlela efanayo, ububanzi kunye nobude bayo bunokuhluka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-millimeter.
Phakathi kwezona zibonelelo zibalaseleyo ze-nanotubes kukuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukuqina kunye nokuxhathisa abanako, kudityaniswa netyhefu ephantsi abayivelisayo emzimbeni womntu, bagqibelele kwi-semiconductivity kunye ne-superconductivity efunekayo kwezi meko zonyango.
Iimpawu zegolide
Olu hlobo lwe-nanotechnology yonyango luqulunqwe ngamaqela okanye ukuqokelela kwee-athomu zegolide ezilungiselelwe okanye zohlulwe kwisiphumo sokunciphisa iityuwa zegolide.
Olu hlobo lwethekhnoloji lusetyenziswe kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ze-colorimetric ukuba ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezi nanoparticles siye sakwazi ukuqonda, ukuphuhlisa nokugqibelela iimatriki ezahlukeneyo ze-biomolecular.
Amachaphaza eQuantum
Ekugqibeleni sine-nanotechnology yonyango enikezelwe okanye ichongiwe njengamachaphaza e-quantum. Ezi nkqubo zobuchwepheshe zintsha zijolise ikakhulu kwi-nanocrystals eziyi-semiconductors ezigqibeleleyo ezithi, xa zidibana nokukhanya kunye nokuxhomekeka kubukhulu bazo, ziya kukhupha imibala eyahlukileyo.
La machaphaza e-quantum ayasivumela, enkosi kwi-excitation spectrum abanayo, ukuba siqhube ukhuko olunokutyhutywa kumaxesha amade ukuze sidibanise iiproteni ezifunekayo kwi-conductor yala machaphaza e-quantum.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, la machaphaza e-quantum agqibelele njenge-probes kunye ne-nano vectors ezikwazi ukukhupha iiseli kunye neemolekyuli ezahlukeneyo ukuba zifikelele kwithagethi yesigulana.
I-nanotechnology yonyango kunye nokuthuthwa kwayo
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba i-ethe-ethe kwaye i-ethe-ethe le nanotechnology yonyango, ngenxa yokuba yenziwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo ezinokuthi, ngoyilo olulodwa, zifikelele kwiinguqu zonyango ngaphakathi kwonyango oluhlukeneyo lwezonyango.
Ukuzonwabisa kwezi zakhiwo zeselula zichaneke kakhulu kuba zisebenzisa imidibaniso eyahlukeneyo evumela ukusebenzisana ngokuthe ngqo kwee-neurons kunye nezinye iiseli ngokubonga kwi-nuclei ekhuthazwa kuzo.
Xa sithetha nge-nanoparticles, nangona isenokubonakala ingakholeleki, sibhekisa kubuchwephesha obuphezulu obukwazile ukuhamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-cytoplasmic kunye neengubo zenyukliya ukuvuselela iiseli ezichatshazelwe lukuphazamiseka okuthile ngokungeniswa kwezinto ezinokuthi zibe yimichiza, imfuza. okanye ngebhayoloji.
I-Nanotechnology iqhubele phambili kakhulu kangangokuba inamandla okuqonda imisebenzi yeengqungquthela esizilungisa ngokutsha kwaye silawule ukubandakanya ngaphakathi kwesi seli.
Phakathi kweenzuzo eziye zaphuhliswa ngokuthuthwa kwale nanotechnology yonyango kukulawulwa kwe-pharmacokinetics, esinceda ekulungelelaniseni ubukhulu kunye neempawu ezibonakala phezu komhlaba kunye nendlela ulungelelwaniso olugqibeleleyo phakathi kokuchasana nomzimba kunye nezicubu ezinokuthi zenzeke. yakha le nanotechnology yonyango.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusivumela ukuba sihlukanise i-pharmacokinetics kwi-biodistribution, ekufuneka ilawulwe ngokohlobo lonyango olunokusetyenziswa. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngenxa yokutywinwa kweeamolekyu ezisebenzayo ngokusebenzisa amayeza, okuvumela ukuvulwa kwazo kwiindawo ezithile.
Le nanotechnology yonyango ikwazile ukunyusa umthamo wokuthwala iimolekyuli zamachiza ezithunyelwa kwiiseli ezikwinkqubo yokuhlaziywa. Oku kuvumela ukungenelela okuhlukeneyo kunye nonyango olunokuthi luqhutywe ngokubonga ngokusasazwa kweziyobisi ngokusebenzisa i-nanoparticles.
I-nanotechnology yonyango kunye nokukhululwa okulawulwayo
Enye yeengcamango ze-avant-garde ukuba i-nanotechnology yonyango iye yakwazi ukufezekisa ukuhanjiswa okulawulwayo kwamachiza ahlukeneyo okanye amayeza. Ingcamango yasekuqaleni igxininisa kwinto yokuba ngeendlela ze-nanostructures indawo efuna ukuhlaziywa kwakhona inokuqatshelwa kwaye ihanjiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngale ndlela, ngendlela yokuvuselela, ikhupha umthwalo ohambelanayo weyeza.
Ukufezekisa oku, amayeza kufuneka afakwe ngokugqibeleleyo, ukuze kuncitshiswe iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokuveliswa ngamachiza ngelixa zigqithiselwa kwindawo echaphazelekayo.
Xa i-nanostructure ifikelela kwindawo, iyeza kufuneka likhutshwe ngesantya esibalwe ngokuthe ngqo ukwenzela ukuba isebenze. Ukufezekisa lo mlinganiso ochanekileyo, iqondo lokushisa kunye ne-PH yendawo ehlaziywayo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuze kulawulwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuthotywa kunye nomphumo onokuthi ube nawo kumzimba.
Ukuqonda ngcono ukukhutshwa okulawulwayo kwamachiza okanye amayeza, sikushiya le vidiyo ilandelayo
I-nanotechnology yonyango kunye nomhlaza
Enye yezona nkqubela phambili ibalulekileyo i-nanotechnology yonyango efuna ukuyifeza igxile ekusebenziseni ezi nanoparticles ukuthutha amayeza okanye iziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa umbane ukufikelela kwindawo yomdla.
Ukuba le teknoloji iyenzeka, amayeza e-anticancer anokudibaniswa kunye ne-ferrofluids eyahlukeneyo eya kufikelela kwindawo echaphazelekayo ngokusebenzisa i-magnetic fields, eya kuvumela ukuhlukana kweengqungquthela ze-carcinogenic kwizicubu kwaye zihlasele ngokukodwa iiseli ezonakalisiweyo.
Enye yeempawu ezibonisa ukuba amathumba kukuba aqinile, oku kuvumela i-nanotechnology yonyango ukuba ihlasele ngobukrelekrele kuphela ithumba.
Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwavumela i-nanoparticles ukuba ichonge kwaye ihlukanise iiseli zomhlaza kwiindawo eziphilileyo. Ngokuphumeza oku kukho iindidi ezimbini zokuqokelela okukhethiweyo kwamathumba:
ukuqokelelwa kwe-passive
Xa sibhekisela kwi-accumulation ye-passive ye-nanoparticles, sithetha malunga nokucoca kunye nokugcina umphumo wezakhiwo esingena emzimbeni. Oku kwaziwa njengesiphumo se-EPR esimele ukuNgqwesa ukuPermebility kunye ne-Retention Effect.
Esi siphumo senzeka ngenxa yokwenziwa kwemithambo yegazi emitsha eyaziwa ngokuba yi-angiogenesis, evumela ukwanda kokungena kunye nokuphuma kwe-lymphatic yamathumba. Esi siphumo sinokubangelwa yizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-secretion ye-bradkinin, i-nitric oxide, i-peroxynitric, phakathi kwabanye.
Xa umzimba ufumana ukonyuka kwezi zinto, ukufikeleleka kwezicubu zeseli yomhlaza kuyanda, okuvumela ukuba ithumba likhule kwaye lithathe umzimba ngakumbi. Umphumo we-EPR uvumela i-nanotechnology yonyango ukuseka iindawo zokuhlaselwa ezicinezela ukujikeleza kwemithambo yegazi kunye ne-oksijini, eyenza kube lula ukufa kwe-tumor kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.
Ukuqokelela Okusebenzayo
Olu hlobo lonyango lujolise ngokukodwa kwi-internalization ye-nanoparticles, eya kuvumela unyango ngendlela egxininiswe kwiiseli ezichaphazelekayo, ngenxa yento esiyaziyo njengokusebenza kwee-molecule zesikhokelo.
Xa sibhekisa kwiimolekyuli ezikhokelayo, siseka ubudlelwane abanabo kunye neeproteni ezingaphezulu, oku kuvumela unxibelelwano neeseli zomhlaza eziya kubonakaliswa kwiinkqubo ze-endocytosis ukufezekisa ukukhutshwa kwamayeza aza kuhlasela iiseli ezichaphazelekayo.
I-nanotechnology yonyango kunye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative
Umzimba womntu ugqibelele, omnye wemizabalazo eye yadibana ne-nanotechnology yezonyango ikukutshatyalaliswa ngumzimba womntu wezinto ezingaphandle kwawo, ngakumbi kwindawo apho ubuchopho bukhoyo.
Nangona kunjalo, itekhnoloji esele ihambile iye yafumanisa ukuba ukuba isigulane sinesifo se-neurodeergenerative, umzimba uyakwazi ukufunda iprotein eneprotein ye-nanostructures njengesisombululo kunye nokuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa kwabo.
Ngoko i-nanotechnology yonyango inikeze ukhetho lokubuyisela ngokudlulisela iziyobisi kwi-neurons kunye neeseli ezisengozini yokuthotywa kunye nokuhlasela ngobulumko.
Olunye lwezibonelelo zolu chwephesha kukuba ziyakwazi ukubola, ngoko ke emva kokuwufeza umsebenzi, akufuneki sikhathazeke ngokwenza uthethwano ukuze zisuswe emzimbeni kuba zona ngokwazo zidliwe.
I-nanotechnology yonyango kunye nokuvuselelwa
Xa sibhekisela kwiyeza lokuvuselela kufuneka sazi ukuba sithetha ngeyeza elifuna ukuhlaziya okanye ukuhlaziya izinto ezahlukeneyo zomzimba womntu ezifana neeseli, amalungu okanye izicubu, ngenjongo yokugqibela yokubuyisela okanye ukubuyisela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwendawo. umbuzo.
Yingakho xa iyeza lokuvuselela lisebenza kunye ne-nanotechnology yonyango, ukuqhubela phambili kweenkwenkwezi kulindeleke. Ekubeni izinto ezisetyenziselwa i-nanostructures ziqulethe izinto eziphathekayo kunye neekhemikhali ezivumela ukuvuselelwa kwendawo echaphazelekayo ukuba kwenzeke. I-nanotechnology yonyango iye yavumela ukubunjwa kwezi zakhiwo ukuvumela ukuyila kunye nokudalwa kweeseli kwizicubu ezichaphazelekayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwala ma-nanomaterials kufuna ukuphucula ngokusebenzisa i-interface yokuba i-neural prostheses iyancedisana ngokugqibeleleyo ukufezekisa i-biocompatibility ukuba i-tissue idinga ukufezekisa ukwakhiwa kwengubo yendawo echaphazelekayo.
Olu manyano lwamayeza lulawula ukuthembisa ukuba unyango lokuhlaziya izicubu, amalungu okanye iiseli lusebenza ngokubulela ngoncedo olusebenzayo kwindawo yethishu entsha. Ekubeni i-nanotechnology yonyango ivumela ukulawula ukuqaliswa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo apho iimolekyuli zinokuhambisa iyeza kunye neeseli ze-stem ukuze zifezekise injongo yokuzalwa kwakhona.
Ukuhlaziywa kweNervous
Ndiyabulela kwinkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe evelele kwi-nanotechnology yezonyango, ukuvuselelwa kwemithambo-luvo ngoku kuyinyani. Injongo yale yeza kukufaka iiseli ezahlukeneyo kunye nezicubu ngaphakathi kwe-nanostructures ukwenzela ukuba zikhokelwe kwindawo echaphazelekayo kwaye zifezekise ukukhula kweeseli.
Enye yeenzuzo ezigqwesileyo ze-nanotechnology yonyango kukudalwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, ezizinzileyo zobude obuyimfuneko, obulungele ukuvuselelwa kwe-nerve. Ndiyabulela kwinto yokuba le ndalo emitsha yesakhiwo inokwenziwa ukuba isebenze kunye neenzwa ngaphakathi kweendawo ezichaphazelekayo kwaye ifezekise ukukhula kweeseli ngokusebenzisa iimbumba ezinikezwa yi-nanotechnology yonyango.
Okwangoku, izilingo ezahlukeneyo zonyango zijolise ekwakhiweni, ukulungiswa kunye nokuhlaziywa kweendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-nervous system, apho i-nanotechnology yonyango kwintambo yomgogodla nayo ifundwa. Yintoni eya kunceda abantu abakhubazekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba.
ukuvuselelwa kwengqondo
Olu hlobo lweyeza lujolise ngokukodwa ekufezekiseni indawo efanelekileyo yengqondo evumela ukukhuthaza kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezicubu zengqondo. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngenxa yokuba i-nanomaterials kunye nezakhiwo esizisebenzisayo zingaba ngamaqonga okuthintela ukubola kunye nokufa kwengqondo kwinqanaba leselula.
Xa sithetha ngokufa kwengqondo kwinqanaba leselula, siyaqonda ukuba sibhekisela kumonakalo obangelwa yi-brain infarction, i-superoxides, umonakalo wengozi okanye iingxaki ezinzulu kwintambo yomgogodla.
Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqonda nokuseka kwindawo elawulwayo ukuba i-nanomaterials ithumele kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo kunye neeseli amachiza okanye amayeza ayimfuneko ekuhlaziyweni kweeseli kwindawo yengqondo, sinokufumana unyango lwezifo ezininzi ezijoliswe kwindawo yobuchopho. umzimba womntu.
I-nanotechnology yonyango kwi-diagnostics
Injongo yokubandakanya i-nanotechnology yonyango kwi-diagnostics igxile ekuchongeni ngokuchanekileyo kwezifo, kunye nemeko yeselula okanye i-molecular environment kwindawo echaphazelekayo.
Ukuba sithetha nawuphi na ugqirha nakweyiphi na intsimi, baya kuvuma ukuba ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili nakwesiphi na isifo sivumela amandla okuphendula ukuba akhawuleze kwaye asebenze ngakumbi kwiskimu sokuphilisa.
Kwaye nge-nanotechnology yonyango, ezi zixilongo ezikhawulezayo zinokufezekiswa ngamanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu okugqibelela. Ndiyabulela kwinto yokuba kuya kuvumela ukufundwa okupheleleyo kwendawo echaphazelekayo usebenzisa izixhobo ze-nano kunye nenkqubo yokuchasana nokufezekisa ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo nangokuthembekileyo.
Enye yeenzuzo ezivumela ukusetyenziswa kwale nanotechnology yonyango kukuba sinokufikelela imifanekiso kunye nezixhobo ezingadingi ukusebenzisa iimpawu ze-fluorescent okanye i-radioactive markers. Enkosi kwinto yokuba babona ngexesha lokwenyani ubuntununtunu kunye nemeko yeeseli kwindawo yomdla.
Ukusebenza kolu hlobo lobugcisa kucingelwa ukuba kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokufunda ezisebenza ngeresonance yenyukliya, njengamathumba nomhlaza okhulayo.
Ezinye izicelo ze-nanotechnology yonyango
Kulo lonke eli nqaku siye sabona indlela obu buchwepheshe butsha obuqhubeka buphuhliswa sele buguqula intsimi yezonyango ngokubonga ekusebenzeni kwabo kunye nokuchaneka. Kwaye nangona ezininzi zezicelo zisekho kwisigaba sokufunda, akunakuphikiswa ukuba ukuba kunokwenzeka ukulawula indawo yokwenziwa kokuqulunqwa kwe-nanostructures kunye nokusebenza okupheleleyo, kuya kuba luncedo olukhulu kumasebe ahlukeneyo amayeza.
Enye yeenkalo zonyango eziya kwintsimi ye-nanotechnology yonyango ekuhlaziyweni kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu zombini kunye nethambo. Oku akuyi kuvumela kuphela ukuvuselelwa kweeseli ukuba kwenzeke njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, kodwa kunye nezihlunu ezipheleleyo, ngenxa yokufezekiswa kwe-nanotechnology yonyango, inokuvuselelwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sifumana ukulungiswa kwamathambo okuya kuba luncedo olukhulu ngexesha lokulimala okubalulekileyo okanye okungaphantsi kokulimala okufana nokuphuka okanye i-roses ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yamathambo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziphi na.
Oku kuya kuba ngenxa yokuba i-nanostructures inokucwangciswa ukuchonga ukuqhekeka kwinkqubo yamathambo kwaye ilungiswe ngeendlela ezimbini. Eyokuqala igxininise kwi-injection yeziyobisi ezivumela ukubuyiswa ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ngelixa okwesibini kuphuhliswa ukufezekisa ukudibanisa kwezi nanostructures ngaphakathi kwethambo ukufezekisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamathambo ngokupheleleyo.
Nangona isayensi ukuba akukabikho ukuphumelela ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kukhomba kuphuhliso lwamayeza. Ngendlela efanayo, izifundo ziqhutyelwa ukwenzela ukuba amayeza okanye iziyobisi zikwazi ukungena kwi-nanostructures ukuthumela i-antiseptics, antibiotics, chemotherapies, i-radiotherapies kunye neqela lamachiza ukuhlasela indawo echaphazelekayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubonisa umzimba wonke kwimiphumo emibi.
Esinye sezizathu zokuba i-nanostructures isekho kwinqanaba lokufunda kukuba nangona ezo zakhiwe nge-carbon fiber zingakhange zibe neengxaki ezinkulu, ezo zinesakhiwo sesilivere ziye zaba nefuthe elibi ngaphakathi kwenkqubo njengoko zibonakalisiwe kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo ukuba isicelo. kwezi nanostructures ngamashumi amane anesihlanu amaxesha anetyhefu ngakumbi kwaye bayakwazi ukuphelisa iibhaktheriya ezinobungozi kunye ne-benign.
Yiyo loo nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba izifundo zonyango ziqhubeke apho olu hlobo lwe-nanotechnology yonyango lunokufezekiswa ukuze kwenziwe uxilongo oluchanekileyo kakhulu kwaye iinkqubo zonyango zisebenza ngakumbi kuneyeza lesintu. Ngombulelo kumayeza okanye iziyobisi zithathwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.
Imingcipheko ye-nanotechnology yonyango
Njengoko sele sichazile, olu hlobo lobuchwephesha lusekwisigaba sovavanyo, ngoko luxanduva lokukhankanya imingcipheko okanye iimpembelelo eziye zadibana nazo iingcaphephe kwindaleko yolu hlobo lobuchwephesha.
Enye yeengozi ezibaluleke kakhulu eziye zafunyanwa kukuba xa i-titanium dioxide kunye ne-zinc oxide isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-nanoparticles, sinokufumana umonakalo kwiiseli zesikhumba kwaye ngenxa yoko kwi-DNA. Olu phando lukhutshwe kwi-1997 yiYunivesithi yaseOxford kunye neMontreal, olu hlobo lokudibanisa lunokufumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi ze-sunscreens zabathengi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwi-2002, iZiko le-Biological Nanotechnology kwiYunivesithi yaseRice, e-Houston, ibonise ukuba i-nanoparticles iqokelela kwizitho, ngokukodwa isibindi kunye nemiphunga yezilwanyana ezazisetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo. Oku kunokubangela imvelaphi yezifo ezitsha ezifana ne-tumor, njengemeko yokuqala, iguqule kwaye yonakalise i-DNA. Ngokufanayo, baxela ukuba ii-nanotubes zisemngciphekweni omkhulu kuba zinokungena emiphungeni kwaye zibangele ukugula okukhulu.
Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba iQela le-ETC, elikhokelwa yi-pathologist u-Vyvyan Howard, likwazile ukubonisa ukuba ubukhulu be-nanoparticles buyingozi kakhulu kunezinto ezenziwe ngazo, ngenxa yokuba zandisa kakhulu amandla e-catalytic kwaye ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, amajoni omzimba angaboni kwaye awababoni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uHoward ubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-nanoparticles kunempembelelo embi kwindawo esebenza kuyo. Ngokutsho kophando alwenzileyo, wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba i-carbon nanospheres echithwe emanzini inokonakalisa ingqondo yeentlanzi kwaye ibulale oko kwaziwa ngokuba ziintakumba zamanzi.