Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga ne Iintsomi zaseNordic abaziwa kakhulu kwezi zidalwa zamandla angaphezu kwawendalo, ezithathe amandla azo ngokutya ii-apile ze-Iðunn, zifezekise izinto zabo, siyakumema ukuba undwendwele esi sithuba sinomdla. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Ziziphi iintsomi zamaNorse?
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba ezi ntsomi zibandakanya iinkolelo, inkolo kunye neentsomi zabantu baseJamani, ngokukodwa abantu baseScandinavia, ngoko unokuva okanye ufunde amagama abhekiselele kwiJamani okanye iScandinavian kwaye ihambelane nezi ntsomi zaseNordic ezinomdla.
Ukongezelela, ezi ntsomi zaseNorse zivela kwi-Indo-European mythology, eyayisasaza inkcubeko yomlomo. Kamva, ngenxa yeendawo zokuhlala ezazihlala kwizixeko zaseBrittany, eIceland, eHispania naseGaul, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqokelela imithombo yenkcazelo ngembalelwano ngenjongo yokuyigcina.
Kwiintsomi zaseNordic, iinkolelo kunye neentsomi ezikwabelwana ngazo ezi zizwe ezihlala kwindawo esemantla zigcinwe, ekubeni abanye abantu baseNordic abazange bahlanganyele ezi ntsomi, njengoko kunjalo neqela lesizwe sase-Uralic.
Yenziwe ngamaLapps, ama-Estonian kunye namaFinns, kuncinci kakhulu liqela leBaltic elalibunjwe ngabantu baseLithuania nabaseLatvia kuba babeneentlondi zabo nangona ngendlela ethile efanayo.
Ngokuphathelele iintsomi zaseNordic, akukho nkolo inikwe abantu ngoothixo, kodwa kwiintsomi abantu baxelelwa ukuba batyelelwe ngoothixo, kwakungekho nencwadi engcwele njengakwezinye iinkcubeko, ekubeni ukudluliselwa kwayo kwakusenziwa ngomlomo. ngombongo owawumde.
Ngokunxulumene neentsomi zaseNordic, zadluliselwa ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye nakwixesha elibuyela kwiiVikings kwaye ubukho bazo baziwa.
Ndiyabulela kwi-Eddas eyayiyimidibaniso enxulumene nezi ntsomi ezinomdla kunye nezinye iitekisi zexesha eliphakathi ezabhalwa ngexesha lobuKristu.
Ke ezi iintsomi zaseNordic ziyinxalenye yenkcubeko yaseScandinavia kwaye namhlanje kunokubonwa ukuba zigcina ezinye izithethe ezisukela ngelo xesha lakudala ngelixa ezinye ziye zathathwa kwakhona ngenxa ye-neopaganism yaseJamani ezama ukuphinda iphinde iphinde yakhiwe inkolo yakudala yezi zizwe.
Ngokukwanjalo, iintsomi zaseNordic zibonakaliswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zoncwadi kunye neefilimu ezibonwayo, zitsala ingqalelo yababukeli ngeentsomi eziyinxalenye yeentsomi zaseNordic kwaye ngeli nqaku uya kufunda malunga nenye yazo, ke siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda. .
Ngokumalunga nokudalwa kweCosmos
Ngokweentsomi zaseNorse, ihlabathi lifanekiselwa yicwecwe elisicaba kwaye likumasebe omthi omkhulu owaziwa ngokuba yiYggdrasil, onoxanduva lokugcina inani lehlabathi elithoba kunye nezidalwa ezimangalisayo ezihlala kwihlabathi ngalinye.
Ezingcanjini zalo mthi untywiliselweyo kwakukho, ngokweentsomi zaseNorse, inamba eyaziwa ngegama likaNidhogg eyayiphethe ukukrala iingcambu zaloo mthi mkhulu ukuze ifikelele ukhozi olufumana igama layo kuyo Ragnarök kwaye ibekwe kwindawo ephezulu yalo mthi.
Olu khozi likhulu lwalujongene nokubukela ihlabathi elithoba kwaye kwiintsomi zamaNorse kuthiwa le ntaka inkulu yayinokhetshe owawuphakathi kwamashiya ayo ebizwa ngokuba yiVeörfölnir, ejongene nokujonga zonke iintshukumo zokhozi. .
Esinye sezilwanyana ezifunyenwe kwiintsomi zeNordic yi-squirrel egama linguRatatösk ejongene nokubaleka ukusuka kwiingcambu ukuya phezulu komthi omkhulu, esi silwanyana sincinci sijongene nokuhlwayela ingxabano phakathi kwenamba kunye nokhozi ngeendaba zobuxoki.
Kukho ihlabathi elinegama elithi Asgard, eliyeyona ndawo iphakamileyo esibhakabhakeni apho izithixo zazihlala khona kwaye ibekwe kumbindi wediski ecaba, ukuze kufikelelwe kweli hlabathi, kwakufuneka kuhanjwe kumnyama, owawusithi tha yayiluhlobo lwebhulorho eyaziwa ngokuba yiBifrost.
Le ndlela yayigadwe nguHeimdall owayengunyana ka-Odin kwaye wayeva kakuhle ukongeza kumbono wakhe omkhulu, awathi walumkisa ngophondo lwakhe olukhulu xa nawuphi na uthixo ewela umnyama. Ngokuphathelele izigebenga ngokwezi ntsomi zaseNorse zazibekwe eJötunheim.
Kwakukho elinye ihlabathi elalibanda kwaye limnyama elafumana igama likaNiflheim kwaye ngaphakathi kwesi sithuba kwakukho indawo ebizwa ngokuba yiHelheim eyayilawulwa nguHela intombi kaLoki ngokweentsomi zaseNorse ngokukodwa iProse Edda kule ndawo abafileyo bahlala.
Yayimi emazantsi kubukumkani obushushu baseMuspelheim eyayilikhaya lezigebenga ezinkulu zomlilo, iSurt iyeyona inamandla kubo kunye nenkokeli yabo.
Esinye sezikumkani ezaziyinxalenye yale cosmos yayiyi-Alfheim, eyayihlala ii-elves zokukhanya ezaziwa ngokuba yi-ljósálfar kwaye zazizielves ezinobuhle obungenakulinganiswa nanto. Endaweni yoko kwakukho elinye ilizwe leelves ezimnyama ezaziwa ngokuba yiSvartálfaheim ngokweentsomi zaseNorse la maelves okugqibela ayengemahle kwaye asebenzisa umlingo omnyama.
Phakathi kwehlabathi laseAsgard kunye neNiflheim kwakukho elinye ihlabathi elaziwa ngegama elithi Midgard, le ndawo yayiyindawo ephantsi yesibhakabhaka kwaye yayihlala ngabantu abafayo, oko kukuthi, abantu. Ukubaluleka kwemigaqo emibini kunokungqinwa kwiintsomi zaseNordic, ngoko iLanga yayinguthixokazi obizwa ngokuba nguSól.
Wayejongene nokuhamba ngesifingo kwihashe elitsalwa yihashe ngelixa uSköll wayeyimbonakaliso yobumnyama apho inyanga yayikhona kwaye yayiyingcuka eyayileqa uthixokazi uSól ukuba amqwenge.
Le ngcuka yayibizwa ngokuba yiHati yaye uMáni yayiligama lenyanga kwiintsomi zamaNorse, ngoko ngokwentsomi ngalo lonke ixesha uHati wayekufuphi nothixokazi uMáni ukuze amqwenge, ukusithwa kwelanga yinyanga kwakusenzeka esibhakabhakeni.
Ngokunjalo, ubumbini beentsomi zamaNorse bubonwa kule mihlaba mibini: iNiflheim, eyayilihlabathi elimnyama nelibandayo apho inamba yayihlala khona, kunye neMuspelheim, eyayiyindawo egcwele umlilo, ikhaya lezigebenga zomlilo.
Ukuvumela ezinye ihlabathi ukuba zivele, apho ingcinga yemetaphysical yobumbano ijongwa ukuze ikwazi ukudala i-cosmos ngeentsomi ezivezwe kwiintsomi zamaNorse.
Izidalwa Ezingaphaya Kwendalo kwiiNtsomi zaseNorse
U-Odin wayenguthixo onelona qela liphezulu kunye noyise wabo bonke ngokweentsomi zaseNorse njengokuba kwabanye oothixo kwakukho izahlulo ezintathu ezibizwa ngokuba yi-AEsir, iVanir eyayiyeyendalo kunye noJotum ababeziingxilimbela.
Ke ngoko, ngokweentsomi zabo, abantu bale nkcubeko yamaNordic banqula oothixo ababini, owokuqala nguAEsir, oothixo abangamadoda kunye noothixokazi ababhinqileyo abanxulunyaniswa negama elithi Asynjur. Ezi zithixo zaziphethe ukudibanisa indibano kwaye ilawulwa yi-Odin enamandla.
Ngokutsho kweentsomi zaseNordic, phakathi kwezi zithixo kwakukho uThor, owayefanekisela iNdudumo, wasebenzisa iiglavu zentsimbi kunye nesando sakhe esigama linguMjolnir, wayenebhanti lomlingo, wayenguthixo wamandla, wayesondele ku-Odin ngokwenqanaba.
U-Balder wamlandela, omnye unyana ka-Odin wayemele ubuhle kunye nobukrelekrele, uTyr wayenguthixo wesibindi, wayenguthixo owanikela isandla sakhe ukuze abanye oothixo babophe ingcuka enkulu egama linguFenrir. UBragi wayenguthixo wobulumko nobuciko. UHeimdall wayengunyana weentombi ezilithoba kunye no-Odin.
Lo thixo ungumgcini wabanye oothixo kuba ulala kancinane yaye ukuvuthela isigodlo esikhulu kunokuviwa naphi na emhlabeni okanye esibhakabhakeni.
U-Höör wayenguthixo oyimfama owabulala umninawa wakhe uBalder ngomkhonto osuka kwisityalo ekuthiwa yi-mistletoe, ekuphela kwesityalo esasinokumenzakalisa.
Ewe, umama ongumama ka-Odin ekuzalweni kukaBalder wenza zonke izinto eziphilayo okanye ezingenasiphelo zithembisa ukuba zingalimazi unyana wakhe oyintanda, kodwa ukhohlwe isityalo esincinci esasiyi-mistletoe.
Ngoko uLoki, owayedliwe yi-ego ka-Balder kunye nokungabi namandla, wanika u-Höör i-dart eyenziwe kwesi sityalo waza wamncedisa ngokuyiphonsa kuthixo owayeyimfama, wamchukumisa umntakwabo waza wambulala.
Emva koko u-Loki wohlwaywa ngu-Odin apho wambopha ngamatye amathathu amakhulu kwaye wayala inyoka ukuba itshice ubuthi ebusweni bukaLoki ngezikhathi ezithile, okwabangela intlungu ebuhlungu ngaphezu kokuguqula ubuso bakhe.
Omnye uthixo yayinguVidar, owayenguthixo wetaciturn, owayejongene nokucombulula naluphi na ungquzulwano, wayenabo obo buchule njengoko iintsomi zamaNorse zisitsho. UVáli wayenguthixo owayemela abatoli yaye injongo yakhe yayingenakoyiswa. U-Ull wayenguthixo owayemele ukulwa ngokusondeleyo.
U-Forseti unkulunkulu wemvisiswano kunye nobuhlobo. Ngokuphathelele uLoki, wayenguthixo wesiphithiphithi, weza kunye naye ilishwa kunye neshwangusha lazo zonke ii-AEsir, nkqu noluntu, wayenguthixo onobuqili kunye nemfazwe kunye nokungabonakali, ukuguquguquka, ukunikezelwa kakhulu kubuxoki kunye namaqhinga.
Ngokuphathelele izithixo zasetyhini ngokweentsomi zamaNorse, kwakukho uFrigg owayeyimboni ekwangumfazi kaOdin omkhulu, uEir owayengumphilisi, uthixokazi uSiöfn owayethwele iingcinga zamadoda zisingise kwimvakalelo yothando. Var wayenguthixo owayemele izifungo.
Uthixokazi uSyn ngokweentsomi zaseNorse wayengumgcini wamasango, u-Iðunn wayengunkulunkulukazi owayegcina ama-apula anokwenza izithixo zibe zintsha kwakhona, apho amandla amakhulu kaThixo ngamnye wayengumfazi kaBragi.
Udidi lwesibini loothixo iVanir
Ngokutsho kweentsomi zamaNorse, izithixo zokuqala zesibhakabhaka yayizii-Aesir, kodwa ngokwenkcubeko yazo zazinqula nezinye izithixo ezaziphuma elwandle, emahlathini, emoyeni nangamandla aphuma kwindalo. Ezi zithixo zaziwa ngegama elithi Vanir kwaye zihlala eVanaheim.
Ezi zithixo, ngokweentsomi zamaNorse, zazilawula imimandla yazo, ngoko ke uNjörör wayephethe umoya nolwandle kunye nomlilo, umfazi wakhe yayinguSkaöj, owayesisithixo sokuzingela.
UFrey owayephethe imvula kunye nelanga. Yacelwa ngabantu ukuba bafumane isivuno esihle kuba yayimele ukuchuma. UFrevja wayenguthixokazi wothando kwaye babengabantwana bakhe bobabini.
Intsebenziswano phakathi koothixo uAEsir kunye noVanir
Kolu nxibelelwano, umgaqo ombini weentsomi zaseNordic ukho, kuba izithixo zokuqala ezimelwe yi-AEsir zazingamagorha ngelixa izithixo zesibini ezazifanekiselwa nguVanir zazinoxolo kwaye kuyabonakala kwiintsomi zabo ukuba kwakukho izithixo ezazizezabo. macala omabini..
Ngoko ke, ngokwezi ntsomi zamaNorse, uFrey noFrevja babenobuso obubini besithixo esinye esathi kamva sahlukana kunye nodumo lwesithixokazi uFrevja kunye nokufana kwamagama kunye nemisebenzi yabo kwabenza bafana nothixokazi uFrigg, umfazi kaOdin.
Ngokophando olwenziwa nguGeorges Dumézil, umahluko ubonwa kwizenzo zeVanir, ekubeni babephethe ukuhlwayela, ukuvuna kunye nemozulu, ngelixa i-AEsir yayiphethe izinto zokomoya kunye nesivumelwano soxolo phakathi kwabo.
Ukongeza kutshintshiselwano lwabathinjwa kunye nomtshato olwenzeka emva kongquzulwano olukhulu phakathi kwezi zithixo kwaye idabi laphunyelelwa yi-AEsir, yiyo loo nto uNjörd kwafuneka afudukele e-Asgard ukuze ahlale nomfazi nabantwana bakhe ababini.
Kwaye kwindawo yokuhlala yaseVanir, umntakwabo ka-Odin obizwa ngokuba nguHoenir wakha indawo yakhe yokuhlala, ngokwezi ntsomi zaseNorse, ukulinganisa kwezithixo ezihambelana nendalo kuyenziwa.
Abanye bathi ngokutsho kwentsomi zaseIndo-European, kufana okufanayo kwimbali yamaGrike ngokuphathelele umlo ophakathi kwezithixo zaseOlympus neeTitans okanye kwanokungquzulana kwamaHindu namaMahabharata.
IiJotuns okanye iiNgxilimbela
Babeyingozi kubantu abafayo kuba iiJotuns zazinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo zifana namagama amakhulu eentsomi zamaGrike kodwa kwiintsomi zamaNorse nazo zazifaniswa neetroli okanye iidemoni zazimbi kakhulu kodwa zazinobulumko obukhulu ukongezelela ekubeni nobutyebi abanye oothixo ababengenelwa kubo. bona.
Phakathi kwazo kugqame kwiintsomi zaseNordic ukudalwa kwecosmos ukusuka kumzimba kaYmir owayengowokuqala kwezi zigebenga kunye nobuhle obungenakuthelekiswa nanto bengxilimbela uGerör owayengumfazi kathixo uFreyr, kuthiwa lo mfazi mhle wayeya kuthi. ibe luphawu lokuchuma kuba uFreyr wayenguthixo wokuchuma.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezithixo kunye namaJotuns
Njengoko kungqinwa ngeentsomi zamaNorse ezinye zezithixo ze-AEsir zaziyinzala yamaJotuns njengoko kwenziwa izivumelwano zomtshato phakathi kwabo.
Oku kungqinwa kwi-Eddas kwaye iyisimboli yendalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iingxilimbela zahlulahlulwe zaba zizizwe ezibini, ezo zomlilo kunye nezo zeqhwa, zigcina ungquzulwano olunobutshaba kunye nezithixo.
Baye baba yinyani kwiintsomi zaseNordic ngongquzulwano olufana nemfazwe olwakhokelwa nguThor kwaye kwidabi elizayo laseRagnarök imikhosi eya kulawula intshabalalo iya kuba phantsi kwemiyalelo yeengxilimbela uSurt owayeyinkokeli yeengxilimbela zomlilo kwaye. UHrym wayengumphathi wenqanawa enkulu.
Abanye abantu abadumileyo kwiintsomi zamaNorse
Ngezantsi siza kuchaza abona bantu bamele ezinye iintsomi zaseNorse:
Norns
Eyaziwa nangokuthi igama elithi nornir ngokweentsomi zaseNordic, babephethe ukumisela i-destiny kwaye babengenakuguqulwa kwaye kuthiwa babebaninzi kwimbali, ngakumbi kwixesha elibuyela emva kwi-Scandinavians, iinqununu ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu. zibonakaliswa, ezihlala kwiingcambu zeYggdrasill.
Ukuba ngu-Urör omele okwenzekileyo, uVeröandi okwangoku kunye nento eyenzekayo ngoku kunye no-Skuld ebhekisela kwixesha elizayo into eza kwenzeka, babephethe uxanduva lokujikeleza i-destiny yamadoda ngokusebenzisa ii-tapestries kunye namaqhawe asebenzisa imicu yegolide ukuze lungisa ikamva lakho.
Ezi spinners zazinxulumene ngokweentsomi zaseNorse kunye ne-dísir ababengabantu ababhinqileyo abanxulumene nokufa kwabantu kunye neeValkyries ezaziphantsi komyalelo we-Odin enkulu kwaye zazihlobene ne-destiny eyayibaluleke kakhulu kwinkcubeko.
IiValkyries
Aba balinganiswa basetyhini babalaseleyo badlala indima enkulu kwiintsomi zaseNorse, bakhethwa ngu-Odin ngokwakhe. La manani amabhinqa, ngaphezu kokuba mahle, ayengamagorha anamandla anobuchule bokuphilisa.
Umsebenzi waba bafazi bahle yayikukusa eValhalla amaqhawe awawa emfazweni awakhethwa ngu-Odin kuloo ndawo ayeya kuwo kwaye awanika i-mead ukuba asele ukongezelela ekuthandeni amadoda ngobuhle bawo obukhulu ngokweentsomi zasenorse.
Ngokutsho kweentsomi zamaNorse, iiValkyries zaziziintombi ezinyulu yaye zazihlala eVingólf, eyayisecaleni kweValhalla, nangona zazikhethwe nguOdin ngokwakhe, zaziphantsi kwemiyalelo yesithixokazi uFreyja.
IiDwarfs kunye I-Elves
Olunye uhlanga olukhethekileyo kwiintsomi zamaNorse yayingabantu abancinci, njengoko kuthiwa babeziintshulube eziye zaguquka zaba ngabantu abancinci xa ziphuma enyameni kaYmir. Isigebenga esabulawa ngoothixo ekuqaleni kwexesha ngokwentsomi yamaNorse.
Ezi zidalwa zamandla angaphezu kwendalo zihlala ngaphantsi komhlaba kwihlabathi elaziwa ngokuba yiSvartalfheim kwaye omnye wemisebenzi yazo ephambili kukwemba imigodi ukongeza kwisinyithi. Balumke kakhulu ngoko ke banako ukwenza izixhobo ngezinto zomlingo zamagorha kunye nezinto ezinamandla zezithixo, kubandakanya isando sikaThor.
Ngokuphathelele ii-elves ngokwexesha laseScandinavia, iialphas zokukhanya ezaziwa ngokuba liosalfar zahlulwa zaba zizizwe ezibini, ezihlala esibhakabhakeni kwindawo yokuhlala yaseFrey, eli hlabathi libizwa ngokuba yi-Alfheim.
Iqela lesibini lalibizwa ngokuba yi-dark álfar kwaye bazichaza ngegama elilandelayo elithi svartálfar kunye ne-dökkálfar. Ezi zi-elves zesibini eneneni zazingumahluko wabancinci ngokweentsomi zaseNorse njengoko yayingumxube phakathi kweelves kunye ne-dwarves.
Ewe, ngokweentsomi zaseNordic, ii-elves zafakwa kwikhathalogu njengamanani abhityileyo kunye namakhulu, kodwa ngesiko leNordic athotywa ezantsi ileli ade abe zizidalwa ezinkulu ezinobude obufutshane.
Oko kungqinwa kuncwadi lukaWilliam Shakespeare kunye nobudlelwane bezi zidalwa namadoda zimbini njengayo yonke into kwiintsomi zamaNorse kuba ziyakwazi ukuzisa ubutyebi kunye nokuba ngumgqugquzeli wezifo kunye namashwa ekupheleni kokwindla. wenza iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu.
Izidalwa okanye Izilo
Zezinye izidalwa zamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ezitsala umdla kwiintsomi zamaNorse kwaye phakathi kwazo oyena uphambili yingcuka enkulu ebizwa ngokuba yiFenrir kunye nenyoka yolwandle ejikeleze ilizwe eligama linguJörmungandr.
Zombini izidalwa zasentsomini ngabantwana bothixo uLoki kunye nesigebenga uAngrboda owayengumthakathi omkhulu ngaphandle kokulibala uHela, umlawuli welizwe eliphantsi kwenkcubeko yaseNorse.
Kukho ezinye izidalwa ezixhamlayo, ezifana noHugin noMunin, ababengamahlungulu amabini awayephethe ukuqokelela iindaba kwihlabathi kwaye azidlulisele kwi-Odin ngengcamango kunye nenkumbulo kwiintsomi zaseNorse.
Ukongeza kwi-Ratatösk, i-squirrel ephethe ukunyuka nokuhla komthi omkhulu oyeyona nto iphambili kwindalo yonke. Ngumthi omhle ogama linguYggdrasil, ngumthi wobomi okanye umthi womlotha weNdalo yonke.Kuthiwa kwiintsomi zaseNorse ukuba u-Odin waxhoma kumasebe awo iintsuku ezilithoba waza kunye naye weza kumbono we-runes.
Esinye isilo okanye izidalwa zasentsomini zamaNorse lihashe elinemilenze esibhozo elalisetyenziswa ngu-Odin kwaye wayengunyana kaLoki xa waba yimazi waza wakhulelwa lihashe elaliphethwe sisigebenga esikhulu kuba kuthiwa uthixo. yesiphithiphithi kunye nesiphithiphithi yaba hermaphrodite.
Ukufana nezinye iintsomi
Ngokubhekiselele kwiintsomi zamaNorse, abanako ukulwa phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi kwezithethe ezibonwa kuMbindi Mpuma. Kuba izithixo zazinamandla amakhulu awayegqalwa njengommandla.
Ke ngoko, uthixo uLoki akanguye kuphela umchasi wezithixo zaseNorse, njengoko kunjalo ngoThor, kwaye izigebenga azikho zimbi, kodwa zinomsindo kwaye aziphucukanga ngokweentsomi zamaNorse, kwaye ukwakheka kwesiseko sazo kucwangco ngokuchasene nesiphithiphithi.
Izithixo zaseNordic ngamaxesha onke zi-odolo kunye neLoki kunye nezigebenga kunye nezilo okanye izidalwa ezingaphezu kwendalo zimele isiphithiphithi kunye nokuphazamiseka kwezi ntsomi zeNordic iintsomi.
Imvelaphi kunye nesiphelo sehlabathi: Völuspá
Zichazwa ngokweentsomi zaseNorse kumsebenzi owaziwa ngokuba yiVöluspá eguqulela njengeSiprofetho saseVölva okanye iSibyl kwaye yenye yezona zibongo ezaziwa kakhulu kwi-Poetic Edda.
Kukwezi ndinyana apho iintsomi zamaNorse zityhilwa khona ngokuphathelele unqulo nokutshatyalaliswa okunokwenzeka kwehlabathi. Ke ngoko, kwi-Völuspá Odín lolona luhlu luphezulu kwaye ludibanisa umoya we-shaman okanye i-sibyl eswelekileyo, ngoko uyalela ukuba atyhile ixesha elidlulileyo nelizayo.
Ngokwezi ntsomi zaseNordic, eli qumrhu sele lifile lizibonakalisa kwaye alibonisi ukwesaba uthixo u-Odin kwaye ngenxa yoko, lihlekisa uthixo ngakumbi u-Odin ugxininisa ekwazini kwaye i-sibyl imxelela iimfihlelo zexesha elidlulileyo kunye ne ikamva emva kokuba lilibalekile.
Ukungqiba
Iintsomi zaseNordic ziqala ngaphambi kokudalwa kwehlabathi elinomkhenkce elaziwa ngegama elithi Niflheim kunye nehlabathi lomlilo elibizwa ngokuba yiMuspelheim, phakathi kwezi hlabathi zimbini kwakukho iGinnungagap, eyayingumngxuma onzulu kwaye kule ndawo kwakungekho bomi. .
Ehlabathini elaziwa ngokuba yi-Niflheim kwakukho i-cauldron enkulu egqumayo enegama elithi Hvergelmir elathi lagqabhuka laza lathi lakudibana nesithuba laguquka laba ngumkhenkce kwaye kwenziwa amafu omphunga wamanzi.
Kwenye yezo bloko kwakukho isigebenga samandulo esasigama linguYmir esabunjwa kwelo lizwe lingumkhenkce kwaye ecaleni kwakhe inkomo ebizwa ngokuba yiAuðumbla kwaye kwesi silwanyana sanyisayo isigebenga sasisondla ngobisi.
Inkomo yakhotha iqhekeza lomkhenkce yaza apho yafumana ukutya ukuze kwenziwe ubisi. Ukusuka kwesi sigebenga esikhulu esigama linguYmir esasiyingxilimbela kwaye amalungu akhe asondeleyo adibana azale ugqatso lweengxilimbela.
Ukuzalwa isithixo esigama linguBuri, naye waba nonyana ogama linguBor owayenguyise we-AEsir yokuqala engu-Odin kunye nabazalwana bakhe uVili kunye noVe owabulala isigebenga esingu-Ymir kwaye ngomzimba wakhe omkhulu badala ihlabathi elaziwa kulo. iintsomi zamanorse
Izithixo zaseNordic zazijongene nokulawula ukuhamba kwemini nobusuku kunye namaxesha onyaka kwaye ngokweentsomi zaseNordic abantu bokuqala abaqingqwe ngamaplanga emithini.
I-Ask ivela kumthi womlotha kunye ne-Embla kwi-elm tree. Babuyiselwa ebomini ngabantakwabo baka-Odin uVili noVe. Bafana noAdam noEva ngokumalunga nezinye iinkolo, kodwa kwimeko yeentsomi zaseNorse bavela kwezi. imithi.
Ngokuphathelele ilanga, yayinguthixokazi uSól, owanqumla isibhakabhaka ngenqwelo yakhe yokulwa ethwele amahashe amabini, kuthiwa amahashe akhe abonakalisa ukukhanya yaye lo thixokazi wayehambisa ubushushu ngomzimba wakhe.
Kuthiwa kwiintsomi zaseNorse ukuba uthixokazi uSól uzingelwa emini yingcuka yaseSköll ukuze amqwenge kwaye umntakwabo uthixokazi uSól yinyanga kwaye ubizwa ngokuba nguMáni kwaye ukwaleqwa yenye ingcuka egama linguHati.
Umhlaba ukhuselwe ngomnye uthixo ogama linguSvalin omi phakathi kwemitha yesithixokazi uSól nomhlaba yaye ngokweentsomi zamaNorse uthixokazi uSól akazange akhuphe ukukhanya kodwa kunoko kwakunikelwa ngamahashe awayewaphethe.
Ngokutsho kwe-sibyl owayesazi ngoku, kwixesha elidlulileyo kunye nexesha elizayo, wachaza ukuba umthi omkhulu womlotha uYggdrasil kunye neentlanu ezintathu ezimele i-destiny ngaphandle kokukwazi ukutshintsha, amagama abo ngu-Urör, Veröandi kunye noSkuld.
Babenxulumene nexesha langoku, elidlulileyo nakwixesha elizayo, babejongene nokuluka imisonto ye-destiny phantsi komthunzi wabo ofudumeleyo. Ukwagqabaza ngemfazwe yokuqala phakathi kwe-AEsir kunye neVanir kunye nokufa kukaBalder kwaye emva koko kugxininise kwizinto ezinokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.
Ragnarok
Ngokweentsomi zaseNordic, umbono olandelayo ohambelana nekamva awuqinisekanga kwaye umnyama, kuba kwakucingelwa ukuba amandla azisa ukuphazamiseka kunye nesiphithiphithi ayengaphezulu kunokoyisa izithixo kunye nabagcini babantu. uxanduva lokugcina ucwangco nokulungileyo.
Kuthiwa kule ntsomi yaseNorse ukuba uLoki kunye noonyana bakhe abakhohlakeleyo babeza kulawula ukuphula ubudlelwane babo kwaye abafileyo baya kuphuma eHelheim ngenjongo yokukwazi ukuhlasela abaphilayo. Ngokuphathelele umgcini webhulorho yomnyama, uHeimdall wayeza kuba ngumphathi wokubiza izithixo ngophondo lwakhe olukhulu.
Ukwenza umlo wokugqibela phakathi kocwangco kunye nesiphithiphithi esibizwa ngokuba yiRagnarök kwaye njengoko sele besazi ukuba izithixo zinokuphulukana, banoxanduva lokubhalisa awona magorha abalaseleyo abizwa ngokuba ngu-Einherjer ukuba alwe ecaleni kwawo xa ixesha lifika.
Nangona kuthiwa kwezi ntsomi zaseNorse nazo ziya kuphulukana nedabi kwaye u-Odin ngokwakhe uya kufakwa emihlathini yengcuka enkulu iFenrir. Emva kweli dabi kuya kubakho abasindileyo phakathi kwabantu kunye noothixo abaya kuba noxanduva lokuphinda abantu behlabathi kwaye baqalise umjikelo wobomi.
Konke oku kuxelwa ngamazwi e-sibyl kwimibongo echubekileyo eyenziwa kwi-Eddas, abaninzi baphawula ukuba mhlawumbi yintsomi enempembelelo yobuKristu, nangona abanye benza ikhathalogu ukuba ye-Persian Zoroastrianism.
Ngokuphathelele iiKumkani kunye namaQhawe
Ukongeza, kwezi ntsomi zaseNorse, amaqhawe kunye nookumkani kubhekiselwa kubo njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwendalo ezivumela ukusekwa kwezizwe kunye nezikumkani zemvelaphi yesizwe yale nkcubeko ukuvumela abemi bayo ukuba bafumane isazisi njengesizwe ngokusebenzisa iintsomi ezazinika udumo. intsomi yabo yamaNorse.
Ngoko ke, kuyabonakala kwiintsomi zaseNorse ukuba amaqhawe aphinda avele ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha apho ibali leNorse lixelelwa ukuba linike ukuhambelana kwimbali yalo.
Phakathi kwamagorha akhankanyiweyo nguWeyland Völundr owayeyingcibi enkulu yengcibi kunye neengcibi. USiegfried Sigurd okanye uSiegfried owabulala inamba ngezandla zakhe waza wahlamba egazini lesi silwanyana xa esenjenjalo waba ngongenakufa.
UBeowulf okanye uBödvar Bianchi owayengomnye wabalishumi elinesibini ngokweentsomi zaseNorse uthetha ibhere encinci yokulwa eyagaywa ligorha leViking elidumileyo eligama linguHrölfr Kraki ngokwemivubukulo yezinto zakudala eli bali lisekelwe.
Ukongezelela, amanye amaqhawe amakhulu akhankanywe, afana noHagbard owathandana nomfazi omhle ogama linguSigny owayeyintombi yenkosi egama linguSigar owaba ngumtshana womnye ukumkani ogama linguSiggeir.
Kule ntsomi yeNordic kuvela intsomi ye-Völsunga saga kuba olu lwalamano lothando kamva lwaba yintlekele enkulu ngokufa kwababini abathandanayo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezi zithixo zazinokufa kwaye zifezekise amandla abo amakhulu kunye nobutsha banaphakade ngama-apile awayekhathalelwe nguthixokazi u-Iðunn.
UStarkad lelinye lamagorha ezi ntsomi zaseNorse ezikhankanywe kwiDanorum deed nakwisagas yaseIreland, ukuba ligorha elikhulu kunye nokuba ngumbhali wenani elikhulu lolwaphulo-mthetho.
URagnar Lodbrok eli qhawe leentsomi zaseNorse libanga ukuba liyinzala ye-Odin enamandla kwaye lihlasele inani elikhulu lamaKristu.
Wakwenza oko ngexesha aba bantu babekwimibhiyozo yonqulo ngenjongo yokubashiya bengalindelanga kuba kwanamajoni ayezixakekise ngezinto zonqulo ngaphakathi ezitempileni.
Kuthiwa wayetshate namagorha amabini adumileyo, omnye wabo ogama linguSkjaldmö Lathgertha kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yiGesta Danorum kunye noKumkanikazi uAslaug owayeyintombi kaSigurd noBrynhildr ngokwe-völsunga saga.
Ngokuphathelele uSigurd Ring, uBawo uRagnar Lodbrok wayeyiqhawe langaphambili esiye sathetha ngalo kweli nqaku libhekisela kwiintsomi zaseNorse. kwi.
U-Ivar Vidfamne ngokweentsomi zaseNordic waqala njengokumkani kwidolophu yaseScania waza woyisa iSweden emva kokoyisa i-Inglald Illráde kwaye amandla akhe anda ngokoyisa eminye imimandla efana neScandinavia kunye namanye amazwe eNgilani ngenxa yonyango lwakhe abemi abaninzi bafuduka kuloo mimandla.
Ngokutsho kwembali, isenzo sakhe sokugqibela senziwa eRashiya apho wafela khona ezandleni ze-Odin enamandla kunye namanye amagqabaza athi warhaxwa emanzini eGulf of Finland.
Ngokutsho kweentsomi zamaNorse, uHarald Hilditonn, eli qhawe lalisaziwa ngokuba ligorha eloyikekayo yaye ummandla walo wawufikelela kwiMeditera. Kukho nentetho kwezi iintsomi zaseNorse malunga nabasetyhini abanesibindi abathatha inxaxheba kumadabi kwaye baziwa kule nkcubeko ngegama elithi skialdmön.
Babengamakhaka ngokweentsomi zaseNorse, bakhankanywa ngokukodwa kwii-sagas ezifana ne-Hervarar kunye ne-Gesta Danorum, umzekelo walezi zikhuseli nguBrynhildr kwi-saga yaseVolsunga.
La magorha ayephethe ukuba ngumqobo kwiihambo ezahlukeneyo zamagorha, noSaxo Grammaticus, umphandi wale nkcubeko yaseNordic, wazichaza ngolu hlobo:
"... kwakukho phakathi kwabasetyhini baseDanes abathi, baguqula ubuhle babo kwimimoya yamadoda, banikela phantse ubomi babo bonke kwizenzo zokulwa ..."
Iindlela ekwakunqulwa ngazo
Ngokwenkcubeko yaseNordic, iindawo ezingcwele azijongwa njengakwezinye iintsomi, ngoko ke indlela yabo yokunqula ematyholweni ngenjongo engcwele okanye kwindawo yokuhlala aba bemi yayinomthwalo wokufumba ubuninzi bamatye kunye nesi sibingelelo. inegama likaHangar.
Nangona ngenxa yophando oluye lwenziwa kwezi ntsomi zaseNordic, kuye kwenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba kukho iindawo ezingcwele ezifana ne-Skiringssal.
Ingingqi yembali yeNorway yanamhlanje, iLejre ekwisiqithi saseZealand kwiDenmark yangoku kunye neGamla Uppsala, indawo ehlala ibizwa ngokuba yintsomi yaseNorse.
Ngokutsho kophando olwenziwa ngumphandi u-Adan de Bremen, ochaza ukuba kufuneka kubekho indawo engcwele e-Uppsala, ekubeni imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emithathu yafunyanwa kwiirekhodi ze-archaeological ezinokuthi zifanekisele izithixo zika-Odin, uThor noLoki.
Abefundisi kwiintsomi zamaNorse
Ngokweentsomi zaseNordic, isithethe samashamanism esasisetyenziswa kule nkcubeko sasixhaswa ngabasetyhini ababizwa ngokuba yi-völvas, ekubeni kuthiwa iofisi yobubingeleli yaguqulwa yaba yindima yokumkani kwaye babephethe ukunyusa amadini okanye iminikelo izithixo ezifanelekileyo.
Iminikelo yabantu okanye imibingelelo
Ngokophando oluye lwenziwa, idini lomntu omnye kuphela elinokuqinisekiswa okwangoku, le nkcazo yenziwe ngu-Ahmad ibn Fadlan.
Ngubani owayengumbhali nomhambi wemvelaphi yama-Arabhu kwaye kwiingxelo zakhe ugqabaza ngokungcwatywa enqanaweni apho ikhoboka eliselula lacela ukukhapha inkosi yalo ukuya kwelinye ilizwe.
Iimbekiselo kubo zinikezelwa kwinqanaba elingaphantsi ngabanye ababhali-mbali, abafana noTacitus, uSaxo Grammaticus, onokuthi ubhale malunga neencwadi ezilishumi elinesithandathu, kunye noAdam von Bremen, owayephethe ukufunda ezi zithethe zaseNordic.
Kwenye intsomi eyaziwa ngokuba nguHeimskringla, uKumkani uAun waseSweden wenza idini kunye noonyana bakhe abalithoba ngenjongo yokuba abe nokwandisa ubomi bakhe, mnye kuphela woonyana bakhe owasindiswayo ngenxa yokuba izifundo zamthintela ekumbulaleni ogama linguEgil.
Ngokutsho kophando luka-Adam waseBremen, ookumkani baseSweden babejongene nokubingelela amakhoboka angamadoda rhoqo emva kweminyaka elithoba kwimibingelelo eyenziwa kwiYule ehambelana nomthendeleko we-solstice yasebusika kwi-Uppsala engcwele.
Kwakhona kuthiwa eSweden kwakunganyulwa ookumkani kuphela kodwa nabantu babenokubatshintsha, ngoko uDornalde no-Olof Trätälia babingelelwa emva kokukhokelela abantu babo kwiminyaka yendlala.
Kuze kuphawulwe kwiintsomi zeNordic ukuba i-Odin ezukileyo yayanyaniswa ne-gallow kwaye inokubonakaliswa kwindawo yezinto zakudala ukuba imizimba igcinwe ngenxa ye-asidi ye-peats, eyinxalenye emnyama emnyama.
Ukuba sisityebi kakhulu kwikhabhoni eJutland eyathi kamva yathathwa yiDanes kwaye kwesi sithuba bayilahla le mizimba emva kokukrwitshwa kodwa akukho ngxelo ebhaliweyo yezi zenzo inokufunyanwa.
Intsebenziswano yeentsomi zaseNorse kunye nobuKristu
Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu zezi ntsomi zamaNorse kukuba zabhalwa ngamaKristu kwaye phakathi kwazo i-Lesser Edda kunye ne-Heimskringla inokunikwa njengomzekelo owabhalwa ngu-Snorri Sturlusson ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye ngelo xesha i-Iceland yayisele inamacala amabini. iinkulungwane kwinkolo yobuKristu.
Ngoko zonke ii-sagas zivela e-Iceland kunye no-Snorri ubonisa u-Odin onamandla njengomntu oyindoda kwaye unezakhono zobunkokeli kwaye uvela e-Asiya phakathi kwamadabi akhe ufumana amandla omlingo kwaye akwazi ukunqoba iSweden kwaye xa efa uba nguthixo. .
Ngoko kuyabonwa ukuba amandla oyena thixo unamandla kwiintsomi zamaNorse athotywa ukuze uSnorri abhale isivumelwano nokumkani waseSweden ogama linguEven ukuze akwazi ukolula ubukho bakhe bomzimba ngokubingelela ngabantwana bakhe.
U-Snorri uchaza kwisicatshulwa ukuba ezi zidalwa ziguqulelwa njani kubuKristu, njengoko kwindlela echazwe ngu-Olaf Haraldsson, apho waguqulela khona abantu baseNorway kukholo lobuKristu.
Ngenjongo yokuphepha imfazwe yamakhaya e-Iceland, iPalamente yavotela ubuKristu kodwa yavumela ukuzinikela kobuhedeni ngaphakathi kwamakhaya, endaweni yoko eSweden iimfazwe zamakhaya zaphuhliswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ezakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwengcwele e-Uppsala.
Ngokutsho kwezifundo kwiindawo zakudala, kubonakaliswe ukuba ubuKristu bukulo mmandla phakathi kwe-150 kunye ne-200 iminyaka kunye nemibhalo ye-runic evela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX yafunyanwa kwaye phakathi kwayo yimibhalo yaseBryggen ethi oku kulandelayo:
"... uThor unokukwamkela, uOdin unokuba ngowakho..."
Enye yezi runes inxulumene neendlela zokuphilisa ngokweentsomi zamaNorse, ezazibaluleke kakhulu kubemi benkcubeko yamaNorse, bebhala oku kulandelayo:
"... Ndikrola ii-runes eziphilisayo, ndiqingqa ii-runes ezisindisayo, kanye ngokumelene ne-elves, kabini ngokumelene neetroli, kathathu ngokumelene ne-jotuns ..."
Ngenxa yoku, imbalwa kakhulu imibhalo enxulumene neentsomi zaseNordic eye yabonwa ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-1555 neye-XNUMX, ngoko ekuphela kwemibhalo ekhoyo yeyabefundisi, omnye wayo ngulowo ka-Olaus Magnus ngonyaka we-XNUMX, wagqabaza ngendlela. kwakunzima ukucima iinkolelo zamandulo.
Ijongwa kwiibali zomlomo ezityebisa ngakumbi le nkcubeko yaseNordic, efana nePrymskviÖa, eguqulelwa njengengoma yeThrym, kunye nebali lothando malunga noHagbard kunye noSigny, apho iirekhodi zeli bali elinomdla zibonwa.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje abaphandi beentsomi zaseSweden banokubonwa bebhala iinkolelo zomlomo zabantu apho ezinye iintsomi zaseNordic zinokungqinwa ukuba zasinda kubuKristu kwaye zishenxa kwimibhalo eyenziwe nguSnorri.
Phakathi kwezithixo ezisagciniweyo kwezi ntsomi zaseNorse nguOdin, uThor, uFrevja noBalder ukongezelela kwizidalwa ezinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo eziyinxalenye yentsomi yaseScandinavia.
Iinkolelo zabemi bayo namhlanje malunga nekamva ziye zahlala zithembekile kwinkcubeko yabo yeNordic ngaphandle kwamaxesha adlulileyo.
Ngokuphathelele isihogo kubuKristu nakwiintsomi zamaNorse ziyafana, kungoko inkolelo kaHelvíti yathatyathwa kwiintsomi zamaNorse, eziguqulela njengesohlwayo esingenasiphelo kunqulo lwamaKristu.
Ezinye izithethe ezisagcinwe kwiintsomi zamaNorse zinento yokwenza nezo zenziwa ngexesha lasebusika ngokusingise kwisithethe seYule, esikukubingelela ihagu ngeKrismesi.
Okufanayo kuyaqhubeka kuzaliseka kule mihla kaDisemba, nangona ngexesha lokuqhutywa kwabo babehlonipha isithixo uFrey.
iimpembelelo zangoku
Okwangoku kuqatshelwe ukuba inxalenye yesigama sangoku sinemvelaphi kwiintsomi zaseNordic, phakathi kwazo ziintsuku zeveki kuzo zombini iilwimi zesiNgesi, iilwimi zaseScandinavia kunye nesiJamani.
Ukongeza kumculo, uRichard Wagner wemvelaphi yaseJamani waphefumlelwa ngabalinganiswa beentsomi zaseNordic ukuba enze enye yeeoperas zakhe ezidumileyo ezaziwa ngokuba yitetralogy The Ring of Nibelung.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba owaphumelela iBhaso likaNobel ngowe-1955 uMnu. Halldor Laxness wapapasha ngo-1968 inoveli enesihloko esithi Ngaphantsi kweGlacier apho izinto zobuKristu zidityaniswe neentsomi zaseNordic zoluntu lwase-Iceland.
Kuncwadi, ababhali abaninzi banoxanduva lokwenza imixholo enomdla enxulumene neentsomi zaseNorse, kubandakanya uJRR Tolkien, owathatha inxaxheba ekudaleni amabali amnandi eNkosi yeRings.
Ukufezekisa ukuba ngumthengisi omkhulu wokubheja kungekuphela nje kwinqanaba elibhaliweyo kodwa lithathwe kwiscreen esikhulu sibe yirekhodi enkulu yokuthengisa iofisi yebhokisi. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinto ezivela kwintsomi yaseNorse ngokucaciswa kwayo, iintsomi zaseNorse zibonwa nakwiifilimu ezenziwe nguStan Lee eMarvel.
Nakwimidlalo yevidiyo efana noThixo weMfazwe, efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwiPlaystation, ukongeza kuthotho lweeVikings ezinomdla ezivezwa kwiqonga ledijithali leNetflix, sicebisa ukuba uyibukele.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla, ndiyakumema ukuba undwendwele amakhonkco alandelayo: