Ndikumema ukuba udibane ezininzi iintsomi zaseYiputa, apho inkcubeko yaseYiputa igqamile, uluntu olwasekwa kumaxesha amandulo kwaye namhlanje lunolwazi oluninzi olushiyelwe eluntwini. Uluntu lwaseYiputa luqala ngexesha le-Neolithic kwaye kwiminyaka edlulileyo iye yaba namabali amaninzi kunye neentsomi eziye zayiguqula ibe yinkcubeko yasentsomini abantu abaninzi abanomdla ngayo.Qhubeka ufunda kwaye ufunde ngakumbi ngeentsomi zaseYiputa!
iintsomi zaseYiputa
Impucuko yaseYiputa yenye yeenkcubeko ezingezizo zaseYurophu eziye zavusa izinto ezothusayo kunye nezinto ezinomdla kubemi behlabathi ngenxa yeentsomi zaseYiputa, kuba ibiyimpucuko yehlabathi lamandulo elineentsomi ezinkulu eziye zanyamezela ukutyhubela ixesha.
Yiyo loo nto iintsomi zaseYiputa, njengoko ixesha lihamba, ziye zaguqulwa zaba liqela leenkolelo eziye zafumana ukubaluleka okukhulu kunye nomdla kwimimandla ejikeleze uLwandle lweMeditera nakwamanye amazwe. Ekubeni iYiputa lilizwe loofaro kunye nezidumbu ezazinobukhosi obukhulu, inandipha iintsomi ezininzi zaseYiputa eziye zazama ukunika ingcaciso kunye nombono wehlabathi.
Kungenxa yoko le nto kulo lonke inqaku siza kukuxelela iintsomi eziphambili zaseYiputa ezizama ukucacisa umbono wehlabathi ngokwamaJiphutha. Ukuphonononga kancinci malunga nenkcubeko amaJiphutha awakha phezu kwayo ukuze akhe ubukhosi obunamandla kwihlabathi lakudala.
Intsomi yokuDalwa kweHlabathi
Enye intsomi yaseYiputa enxulumene kakhulu yileyo yokudalwa kwehlabathi, kuthiwa ekuqaleni kwexesha kwakukho inkitha enkulu yamanzi anodaka awayegutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo bubumnyama obumnyama. Kodwa obu bumnyama abuzange bufane nobusuku, kuba babungekadalwa. Yonke ke loo nto yayilulwandlekazi olungenasiphelo awayelwazi amaJiphutha njengolwandle lwangaphambili iNun.
Olu lwandle lungenasiphelo ngaphakathi kulo luqulathe zonke iinxalenye zecosmos. Kodwa umhlaba nezulu lalingekabikho ngelo xesha. Kwangokunjalo kwakungekho thixo okanye abantu. Kwakungekho bomi nakufa, umoya wehlabathi wawuthe saa kwaye ubhadula kwisidubedube esikhulu.
Kwada kwaba ngaxa lithile umoya wehlabathi wazibiza ngokuba wawuqonda yaye ngale ndlela kwazalwa uThixo wokuqala wamaYiputa, owaziwa ngokuba nguThixo uRa. Xa uThixo uRa wayeziva yedwa emhlabeni, wagqiba ekubeni adale uShu, uThixo womoya, ngokuphefumla kwakhe.
Emva kwamathe akhe wagqiba ekubeni adale uTefnut oza kuba nguthixokazi oquka ukufuma kwaye wabayalela ukuba bahlale kulwandlekazi olugqithiseleyo lweNun. Ke kaloku uNdikhoyo uThixo wenza ukuba kuphume indawo eyomileyo elwandle, khon' ukuze iphumle kuloo ndawo, waza wathi ngumhlaba.
Loo Mhlaba awawenza uThixo uRa wavela wabizwa ngokuba yiJiphutha kwaye njengoko wawuphuma kumanzi olwandle lwamandulo, uNun wayephila ngokubulela emanzini. Ngale ndlela, uThixo uRa wagqiba ekubeni loo manzi asemhlabeni, leyo yindlela uMlambo umNayile omkhulu wazalwa ngayo.
Ngaloo ndlela uThixo uRa wadala izinto ezininzi phakathi kwezona ziphambili utyani nayo yonke imiphefumlo ephilileyo awayenzayo ngoNun ngale ndlela uThixo uRa awayezalisa ngayo okungento okukhoyo emhlabeni. Ngoxa konke oku kwakusenzeka, uShu noTefnut babengabavelisi boonyana ababini ababethiywa ngokuba nguGeb, ababeza kuba nguThixo woMhlaba, noNut, owayeza kuba nguThixokazi wesibhakabhaka.
Emva kokuba uGeb noNut bekhulile batshata, ngale ndlela isibhakabhaka salala emhlabeni sidibanisa naye uThixo womhlaba. UShu owayenomona ngale meko wagqiba kwelokuba abaqalekise waza ngaloo ndlela wabahlula ngokubamba isibhakabhaka entloko nasemagxeni akhe, ngoxa esebenzisa iinyawo zakhe ukubamba umhlaba.
Kukho enye inguqulelo yale ntsomi yaseYiputa apho uGeb kunye neNut, ehlala ehlangene, kwakungekho ndawo yokuba uThixo uRa aqhubeke esenza indalo yakhe, yingakho wacela uShu ukuba ahlukanise abantwana bakhe. Ngale ndlela uShu uxhasa uNut entloko nasemagxeni akhe. Ukususela ngaloo mzuzu umoya ulala phakathi kwesibhakabhaka noMhlaba. Kodwa akazange akwazi ukumvumela uNut ukuba abe neentombi ezaziziinkwenkwezi, ngaloo ndlela evelisa indawo esesibhakabhakeni.
Lo Thixo uRa wayengenalwazi lwento eyayisenzeka ngoGeb noNut, ngoko ke wathumela elinye lamehlo akhe ukuba likhangele uShu noTefnut ukuze bamxelele ukuba kwenzekani. Kodwa elo liso alizange likufumane oko lalikufuna. Yiyo loo nto wagqiba kwelokuba abuye aye kufuna uThixo uRa.
Xa eli liso libuyela apho uThixo uRa akhona, waqaphela ukuba elinye iliso lizelwe kwaye eli lithatha indawo yalo. Eli liso laba lusizi kakhulu laza laqalisa ukulila. wada uThixo uRa wayibeka ebunzini lakhe, kwadalwa ngale ndlela iLanga, kwiinyembezi eziphalala iliso, ezi zawa emhlabeni kwaye ukusuka apho kwazalwa amadoda nabafazi bokuqala ababehlala eYiputa.
Rhoqo kusasa uThixo uAmun Ra wayehamba esibhakabhakeni ekhwela isikhephe esasihamba phezu kweNut. Ekubeni wayigubungelayo indalo iphela, eyayahlula ibe kumanzi esibhakabhaka nakumanzi enzonzobila. Eso sikhephe awathi uThixo uAmun Ra wahamba ngaso esibhakabhakeni ezithutha esiya elangeni sakhanyisa isibhakabhaka sonke ngexesha leeyure ezilishumi elinambini awayezenzile amaJiphutha.
Ebusuku uThixokazi uNut waginya ilanga, kodwa wayeza kuphinda azalwe kwakhona ekuseni ngale ndlela uThixo uRa waqhubeka nendlela yakhe ngeDuat, elingana nesihogo saseYiputa. Apho uThixo uRa kwakufuneka anqumle iingcango ezilishumi elinambini, enye ngeyure nganye yobusuku, ezi ngcango nganye yayigadwe yinyoka eyayilutshaba lukaThixo uRa, owayenegama elithi Apep okanye uApophis ngolwimi lwesiGrike.
Injongo yenyoka yayikukuphelisa ilanga kunye nolungelelwaniso lwendalo yonke ukuba lunqumla iDuat, kodwa ilanga lalisoloko liginya iNut kwaye ngentsasa elandelayo uya kuhlala ezalwa ngokutsha yaye ngale ndlela uThixo uAmun Ra wahamba esibhakabhakeni. ezinye iiyure ezilishumi elinambini enika njalo ekuzalweni kosuku olutsha.
Ibali leSinuhe
Yenye yeentsomi zaseYiputa ezifunyenwe zibhalwe ezimbini kwi-papyri yaseBerlin ekubeni iqulethe iziqwenga ezininzi zebali, elafunyanwa kwaye lagqitywa yi-Egyptologist uFrançois Chabás ngonyaka we-1863. Nangona iinxalenye ezininzi zezi zifunyenwe eYiputa. iintsomi kwezinye iipapyri nakwiziqwenga ezahlukahlukeneyo ezingamaqokobhe.
Ukuba yenye yezona ntsomi zaseYiputa zibalaseleyo kuba intsomi isixelela ukuba uSinuhé wayengunondyebo kakumkani waseYiputa. Wayekwangumhlobo omkhulu nomlawuli ongumzekelo kumhlaba kakumkani kunye nomhlobo wokwenene wokumkani. Sinuhé weza kuthetha eli binzana:
“Ndiliqabane elilandela inkosi yalo. Umkhonzi kwindlu yokumkani yendlalifa ehloniphekileyo yobabalo olukhulu umfazi kakumkani uSenusret eJenemsut; Intombi kaKumkani uAmenemhat, uNeferu, oyena uhlonitshwayo."
Ibali lichazwa kumntu wokuqala apho umbala wemeko kunye neenkcazo zazo zonke iindawo, amasiko kunye nabantu baseYiputa ngelo xesha kuboniswa.
Kungenxa yoko le nto i-protagonist uSinuhé eza kuxela okwenzeka kuye, nokuba ungene kumayelenqe okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwibhotwe okanye enye intsomi yangaphandle yaseYiputa. Ekubeni uSinuhé uthunyelwa ukuba azise unyana wokumkani obuleweyo, obizwa ngokuba nguSesostris, owayesilwa namaLibya, malunga neendaba.
Kodwa abathunywa bafika kuqala kunyana wokumkani. Ngoxa uSinuhé ezimela ukuze eve ukuba umthunywa uthini kunyana wokumkani. Uyaqonda ukuba ukumkani wabulawa ngomyalelo wonyana wokumkani, ukuze athimbe itrone.
USinuhé, esoyika kakhulu into awayeyazi, ushiya esoyika, ekubeni wayekholelwa ukuba ngenxa yokungafumani iyelenqe uya kuhlwaywa, ugqiba ekubeni abaleke eYiputa aze athabathe indlela eya eRetenu, ngoku eSiriya.
Emva kweentsuku ezininzi ehamba elambile kwaye enxaniwe, wafunyanwa kwaye ejikelezwe ngamaBedouins, amnika uncedo, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya. Ukumkani wamaBedouin owaziwa ngokuba nguAmanuense, wacela ukuhlala emva kokuba uSinuhé echaze yonke into eyenzekayo kuye.
Ukumkani wamnika isandla sentombi yakhe, awatshata nayo uSinuhé waza waba nabantwana ababini. Ukongeza koku, yayinolwandiso oluninzi lomhlaba. Ngaloo nto uSinuhe wazuza udumo kunye newonga. Waye waqatshelwa njengegorha elikhulu njengoko enye yeenjengele zikaKumkani u-Amunenshi yamcela umngeni kwidabi kwaye waphumelela umbulelo ngenxa yobukhalipha bakhe.
Kodwa ixesha lalihamba yaye uSinuhé waba buhlungu njengoko wayelangazelela iYiputa yakowabo. Busuku ngabunye uSinuhé wayethandazela ukubuyela kwilizwe lakhe ekubeni emdala yaye efuna ukufela apho. Ngethuba eseYiputa ukumkani wayenguSesostris I, unyana omkhulu kafaro owabulawa. Kodwa waye wazifumana esemfazweni nabazalwana bakhe ukuze agcine igunya.
Xa lo Faro mtsha wangena esihlalweni, waxelelwa ngemeko awayenayo uSinuhé, owayeyeyona ndoda ithenjwayo kukumkani owayebulewe. UFaro omtsha wathumela ukuba amxelele ukuba angabuya kuba uyaziwa ukuba umsulwa.
Evuya gqitha uSinuhé, wagqiba kwelokuba abelane nabantu ngewayini yakhe aze abuyele eYiputa ukuze amkelwe nguFaro omtsha. UFaro wamamkela ngovuyo uSinuhé waza wamenza umcebisi wakhe, emnika indlu entle kakhulu ukuze ahlale nentsapho yakhe. Kwangokunjalo, wamnika isikhundla kwibutho lamalungu osapho lwasebukhosini.
I-Legend of Sinuhé yenye yeentsomi zaseYiputa apho sixelelwa malunga nokuba yintoni enokwenzeka ukuba kukho ukwesaba isigwebo kunye nokukrokra kunye nomnqweno wokubuyela kwilizwe lakubo, nangona uSinuhé wakwazi ukusebenza ixesha elide kunye noFaro omtsha kunye noFaro. wawuzalisekisa umnqweno wakhe wokufela kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa ngozuko nembeko.
Intsomi kaIsis kunye noonomadudwane abasixhenxe
Ukuba yenye yeentsomi zaseYiputa ezathi zavela zibhalwe kwiMetternich Stela, kwitafile eyafunyanwa ngonyaka we-1828 e-Alexandria. Ngoku le theyibhile ikwiMyuziyam yeMetropolitan yaseNew York.
Ukuba yenye yeentsomi zaseYiputa apho kuchazwa ixabiso leemvakalelo, imfesane, intlonipho kunye nombulelo, zizinto ezininzi ezihlala zikhona kuzo zonke iintsomi zaseYiputa, yintsomi kaIsis kunye noonomadudwane abasixhenxe.
Kule ntsomi yaseYiputa kuthiwa uThixo uSeth umntakwabo kaThixo uOsiris wayemmonela kakhulu ekubeni uThixo uOsiris watshata nothixokazi uIsis owayengumlawuli waseYiputa. Uthixokazi uIsis waba nonyana kuthixo onguOsiris ogama linguHorus. Kodwa ekubeni uThixo uSeti wayemthiyile kakhulu uThixo uOsiris, wayefuna ukuphelisa ulonwabo lwakhe.
Ngenxa yoko wagqiba ekubeni enze izicwangciso zokwahlula olu sapho. Nangona uthixokazi uIsis nonyana wakhe uHorus bazifihla, bafunyanwa nguThixo uSeti owathi wabathimbela waza wabavalela entolongweni.
UThixo waseYiputa woBulumko nokusesikweni uToth wenza isigqibo esiqinileyo sokunceda uThixo uIsis nonyana wakhe waza wathumela oonomadudwane abasixhenxe bomlingo ababenamagama kaTefen, Befen, Mestat, Matet, Petet, Mestefef noTetet. Ezi zilwanyana zomlingo zazinenjongo ephambili yokuzikhusela kubungendawo.
Uthixokazi u-Isis kunye nonyana wakhe bakwazi ukuphuncuka apho babevalelwe khona baza babaleka kunye noonomadudwane abasixhenxe bomlingo. Nangona kwakufuneka bahambe umgama omde ukuze baye kufika kwisixeko sasePer-sui. Apho bagilana nomfazi ogama lingu-Usert.
Ebona lo mfazi endlwini yakhe enkulu, u-Isis unkulunkulukazi waya kumcela uncedo. Ithe ke intokazi yabona oonomadudwane abasixhenxe. Waxelela uthixokazi uIsis ukuba wayengenako ukumnceda kwaye wala ukuba angene endlwini yakhe. Ekubeni inkosikazi leyo yayisoyika oonomadudwane abasixhenxe.
Emva kweso siganeko, uthixokazi uIsis kunye nonyana wakhe uHorus kwafuneka baqhubeke behamba, de ekugqibeleni bafumana inenekazi elihlwempuzekileyo, elabanika indawo yokuhlala nokutya endlwini yalo nangona babethwele oonomadudwane abasixhenxe bomlingo. Uthixokazi ekunye nonyana wakhe bafumana olo ncedo lukhulu kweli nenekazi lihlwempu yaye bekhuselekile.
I-scorpions yagqiba ekubeni iphindisele into eyenziwa nguNksk Usert, eyayikukhanyela u-Goddess Isis kunye nendodana yakhe ukungena endlwini yakhe. Ngoko ke, ebusuku, i-scorpions yemilingo idibanise yonke ityhefu emsila we-scorpion yomlingo ogama linguTefen. Le nto yachwechwa yangena endlwini yenenekazi elisisityebi yaza yahlaba unyana walo.
Oku kwabangela ukuba unyana wakhe ancancise ade afe ngenxa yetyhefu awayenayo emzimbeni wakhe, ngendlela efanayo nonomadudwane waphemba umlilo omkhulu ngaphakathi kwindlu kaNkskz Urset.
UNkosikazi Usert wayenexhala le nto adibana nayo kangangokuba kwafuneka aphume ayokufuna uncedo ukuze unyana wakhe angabulawa linxeba likanomadudwane. Kwaba kubi kangangokuba uNksk. Usert wacela uncedo kunyana wakhe, ezi zafikelela ezindlebeni zikaSikazikazi uIsis, owathi ebona ukuba umntwana akanasiphoso kwinto eyenziwa ngunina, wayalela ukuba ityhefu iphume emzimbeni womntwana. ngoncedo lomlingo wakhe. Kwakhona wayalela ukuba kuvuleke umngxuma esibhakabhakeni kwaye kuwele amanzi endlwini ukuze kucinywe umlilo.
Unyana kaNksk Usert wakhawuleza wachacha kwinto awayenayo, umfazi owayenombulelo kakhulu kwaye ezisola ngento awayeyenzile ngaphambili wanikela ubutyebi bakhe kumfazi ohluphekileyo owanceda unkulunkulukazi u-Isis kunye nendodana yakhe uHorus.
Umkhosi olahlekileyo weCambyses II
Umkhosi olahlekileyo weCambyses II yenye yeentsomi zaseYiputa eziye zabangela eyona ngxabano phakathi kwabantu, kuba unganyamalala njani umkhosi wamajoni angama-50 amawaka kwiNtlango yeSahara ngaphandle kokushiya nawuphi na umkhondo. Kuthiwa le ntsomi yaseYiputa yenzeka ngonyaka wama-524 BC xa uKumkani wamaPersi uCambyses II wayenenjongo yokukhulisa ubukhosi bakhe yaye wayenenjongo yokuhlasela isixeko saseThebes, ngoku esisixeko saseLuxor, eYiputa. Ngenjongo eqinileyo yokugoba i-Oracle kaThixo uRa.
I-Oracle yayikwi-Siwa Oasis, ngenxa yeli phulo elikhulu uKumkani uCambyses II wenza isigqibo sokuhambisa amajoni angama-50 amawaka kodwa ibali lihamba ukuba iNtlango yabaginya.
Ibali liqala xa uKumkani uCambyses II wasePersi wayenenjongo yokoyisa iYiputa. Kodwa i-Oracle kaSiwa yayisele ixele kwangaphambili ukuba nabani na ozama ukoyisa ummandla waseYiputa uya kugwetywa. UKumkani wamaPersi wenza isigqibo sokukhokela amajoni akhe angama-50 amawaka kwiNtlango yeSahara. Ukuze unqobe kwaye utshabalalise i-Oracle yeSiwa.
Kodwa lo mkhosi awuzange ufikelele eYiputa, njengoko wabhanga xa wawunqumla iNtlango yeSahara. Nangona kukho enye inguqulelo exelwe ngama-djinns asentlango ukuba loo majoni ajikwa abe ngamatye angaqhelekanga anokubonwa kumgama wentlango emhlophe. Ngelixa eminye imithombo ithi isiphango esikhulu sesanti sabangela ukunyamalala kwakhe.
UFaro Djoser kunye nomkhukula weNayile
UMlambo umNayile ubusoloko ungowona mthombo wokuqala wamanzi nobomi kummandla waseYiputa, ekubeni unikela amanzi amaninzi acocekileyo kwelo lizwe. Ngale ndlela, naluphi na utshintsho okanye utshintsho olwenziwayo lunokubangela ukungabikho kwamanzi kwaye oku kuya kuba yingozi enkulu kummandla. Kwelinye icala, izikhukula onazo uMlambo umNayile zamkelwa kakuhle kakhulu ngabemi baseYiputa.
Intsomi ithi uFaro Dyoser wayehleli etroneni yakhe ebuhlungu kakhulu, ethule kwaye ebuhlungu, ekubeni abantu bakhe babehlazekile ukususela kwiminyaka esixhenxe kwaye umkhukula woMlambo umNayile wawunganelanga kubemi.
Amanzi ayengonelanga ukunkcenkceshela umhlaba olinywayo kwaye noovimba basemasimini babephelelwa yaye oku kwakungabavumeli abantu ukuba bazondle ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo.
Iinyanga zaziqengqeleka kwaye uFaro Dyoser wabandezeleka ngakumbi. Abantu babengenakutya. Abalimi babejonge lusizi kakhulu kumasimi omileyo kwaye abantu abadala sele bephelelwe ngamandla kwaye abantwana babekhala yindlala. Kwaneminikelo eyayisenziwa koothixo kwafuneka iyekwe ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya.
UFaro wagqiba ekubeni acele uncedo kwinkulumbuso kunye nomhlobo u-Impoteh owayengugqirha, umyili wezakhiwo, isazi seenkwenkwezi kunye nomlingo omkhulu. UFaro waya kumhlobo wakhe wathetha la mazwi alandelayo:
“Ilizwe lethu lithwaxwa yimeko embi – yatsho ukumkani ethetha ne-Imhotep. Ukuba asifumani sisombululo siyakulamba. Kufuneka sikhawuleze kwaye sifumanise apho umNayile uzalelwa khona ukuze sazi ukuba yintoni na amandla kaThixo anoxanduva lokunyuka kwamanzi "
Inkulumbuso yemka ifuna impendulo eyathi yaya kwisixeko saseHeliopolis, kwakukho itempile yaseThoth. Wayesaziwa njengoThixo onobulumko nomkhuseli wababhali. Apho umlingo omkhulu wazinikela ekubuzeni ezincwadini ezazinolwazi lokukhukula koMlambo umNayile yaye emva kokuba eqokelele konke enako, wabuyela kwibhotwe likaFaro ukuya kumxelela oko akufumeneyo.
Oku kwabonisa kuFaro ukuba uMlambo umNayile wazalelwa kwiSiqithi sase-Elephantine kwaye wawuphakathi kwemiqolomba emibini. Ukuba ukukhanya okwavelisa zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni kwabonakala apho. Le miqolomba yayigadwe nguThixo uJnum. Lo thixo umelwa ngumzimba womntu nentloko yenkunzi yegusha, ugqalwa njengomdali weqanda lokuqala apho kwaphuma ukukhanya kwelanga.
Uthixo uJnum wayebambe imijelo yamanzi kuMlambo umNayile, ngoko uFaro Dyoser wagqiba kwelokuba aye kweso siqithi aze athandaze kuthixo onguJnum, kodwa wasala engenampendulo de bonganyelwa bubuthongo waza walala. UFaro waphupha apho uThixo uJnum wabonakala kuye waza wambuza ukuba kutheni ebuhlungu kangaka.
UFaro wamxelela ukuba ukhathazekile kuba abantu bakhe bengenamanzi nokutya. Uthixo uKhnum waphendula wathi unomsindo ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho zitempile zaneleyo zaneleyo nangona wayenikele ngezipho nezixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Emva kokuba uYehova uThixo ethethe oku kuFaro, wagqiba ekubeni avule iingcango zamanzi oMlambo umNayile, owawulele njengenyoka phantsi kweembadada zakhe. UFaro wasishiya isiqithi sendlovu esenza esi sithembiso:
"Umakhi wam oyinkosi u-Imhotep uya kwakha itempile yakho kwisiqithi semvelaphi yehlabathi kwaye ingcwele yakho iya kuhlala igcina imfihlo yomkhukula womNayile"
Xa uFaro Djoser wavuka ebuthongweni, wabona ukuba amanzi oMlambo umNayile aye anda yaye umsinga wawo wawunyukile. Ezinyaweni zikafaro kwakukho icwecwe elinomthandazo ozinikele kuThixo jnum owawuza kuthi kamva ukrolwe kwiitempile ezazakhiwe egameni lakhe, njengoko wayethenjiswe ngufaro Dyoser.
Igama eliyimfihlo likaRa
Olona phawu lufanelekileyo lweentsomi zaseYiputa yayikukubaluleka okukhulu kwamagama, kuba ngokweenkolelo zamaYiputa, ayemnika amandla amakhulu umntu owayebizwa ngelo gama yaye abenza bamazi ukuba ungumntu onjani.
Yiyo loo nto ekuzalweni kufuneka umntu athiywe amagama amathathu kusana, kodwa libe linye kuphela igama elabelwa kwinqanaba likawonke-wonke. Enye yeentsomi zaseYiputa kweli nqaku ijolise ngokuchanekileyo ukuxelela malunga negama eliyimfihlo loothixo abakhulu baseYiputa: uRa.
Kuxelwa kule ntsomi eyaziwa kakhulu yaseYiputa ukuba ngexesha uThixo omdala uRa wayeqala ukulahlekelwa amandla akhe kunye namandla akhe kwaye abanye oothixo babenqwenela ukuba namandla akhe.
UThixo uRa wayenamagama amaninzi. Kodwa kwakukho igama elalingaziwa mntu, yaye kweli gama uRa wazuza ubukhulu bobuThixo bakhe. Yingakho uThixokazikazi u-Isis wayefuna ukwazi igama elifihliweyo likaThixo uRa ukuze anike itrone kunye namandla amakhulu kunye nezipho kunyana wakhe ozayo ogama linguHorus.
Uthixokazi uIsis onobulumko obukhulu wacwangcisa isicwangciso sokukwazi ukwazi igama elifihliweyo likaThixo uRa. Ukwenza oku, waqala ukuqokelela i-effluvia ye-salivary kaThixo u-Ra waza wayixuba nomhlaba, ngale ndlela unkulunkulukazi u-Isis wavelisa i-cobras yokuqala. Emva koko waphosa ezo zilwanyana apho wayehamba khona uThixo uRa.
Enye yala ma-cobra awaphoswa nguthixokazi u-Isis endleleni yakwazi ukuluma uThixo uRa waza wagula kakhulu. Uthixokazi uIsis wathembisa ukumnyamekela nokumphilisa ukuze amxelele ukuba lalingubani na igama lakhe lokwenene elifihlakeleyo. UThixo uRa wagqiba ekubeni amkele isiphakamiso esinjalo kunye nemeko kuphela yokuba uThixokazi u-Isis akayi kutyhila kunoma ubani omnye, kuphela kwindodana yakhe ezayo egama linguHorus.
Le nto yayiyinto uThixokazi uIsis owamkela ngendlela efanelekileyo. Emva koko uthixokazi u-Isis wenza ubuthi buphuma emzimbeni kaThixo uRa kwaye wayenokubuyisela imeko yakhe yempilo.
Ukubuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo kuThixo uRa, wakwazi ukwabelana ngegama noThixokazikazi u-Isis kunye nonyana wakhe ozayo uHorus. Emnika amandla amakhulu kunye netrone yexesha elizayo laseYiputa.
IiHathors ezisixhenxe
Uthixo uHathor uyaziwa kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa njengonkulunkulukazi wovuyo nothando kwaye umelwe njengenkomo enkulu yasezulwini evelisa ihlabathi kunye nayo yonke into ekhoyo ehlabathini. Uthixokazi uHathor wayeneentombi ezisixhenxe ezaziwa ngokuba ziihathore, yayingoothixokazi ababevela nanini na xa isibini sizala umntwana yaye babephethe ukwazisa ngekamva losana nelabazali.
Kuthiwa yenye yeentsomi zakudala zaseYiputa apho uFaro nomfazi wakhe babengakwazi ukuba nabantwana. Yiyo loo nto lo mfazi waba buhlungu kakhulu waza uFaro wathandaza koothixo ukuba bamnike ithuba lokumithisa umfazi wakhe aze ngaloo ndlela abe nomntwana.
Kwade kwafika imini kwaye ngomlingo imithandazo kafaro kwizithixo yazaliseka, umfazi wakhulelwa. Ngaloo ndlela ukuzala umntwana omhle. Phakathi kolonwabo nemibhiyozo eyayisenziwa yokubhiyozela ukuzalwa komntwana, amahewu asixhenxe abonakala ekwazile ukubhengeza ikamva lonyana kaFaro nabanye abantu ababekulo thango.
Xa oomatiloshe abasixhenxe bavakalisa isiphelo sonyana kaFaro, akazange akuthande oko kwakuthethwa ngoothixokazi. Kuba kubhaliwe kwathiwa ikamva lonyana kaFaro liya kuba kukufa kwaye uya kufela ezandleni zenja, okanye ingwenya okanye inyoka.
UFaro, ukuze akhusele ubomi bonyana wakhe ekuphela kwakhe, wamyalela ukuba akhe ibhotwe phakathi entlango aze ngaloo ndlela amfihle unyana wakhe kwisiphelo sakhe esoyikekayo. Ibhotwe lalikude kwaye lizimele kuyo yonke into kwaye kwakungekho ndlela yokungena ekungeneni kwayo.
Ngale ndlela, unyana kaFaro wachitha bonke ubuntwana bakhe evalelwe kwelo bhotwe lifihlwe phakathi kweendunduma neendonga ezenziwe ngebhastile. Kodwa unyana waba nemvukelo ekubeni wayefuna ukwazi ihlabathi yaye ngenye imini xa wayedinwe bubulolo obungaka, uFaro wathi kuyise makamnike inja.
Nangona uyise engazange amxelele izihlandlo ezininzi ngenxa yokoyika ukuba isiprofeto seehathore ezisixhenxe siya kuzaliseka. Nangona uFaro emva kokucinga malunga neentsuku ezininzi wathi inja engenabungozi ayiyi kulimaza. Yiyo loo nto wamnika injana entle.
Ngale ndlela, ixesha lahamba yaye inkosana eselula yaziva ifuthaniseleka ebhotwe, elalifana nentolongo yegolide. Yiyo loo nto inkosana yagqiba ekubeni ibaleke ebhotwe nenja yayo. Wathi akufika kulomzi wafumanisa ukuba kukho inkosazana entle evalelwe enqabeni. Uyise wayemvalele kule ndawo ukuze amgcine kude kubo bonke abakhweli.
Kuphela ngumntu onokufikelela encotsheni yenqaba ngomtsi omnye omkhulu oya kuba novuyo lokutshata inkosazana. Inkosana encinci yaziqinisa kwaye yagqiba ekubeni yoyise ucelomngeni olucetywayo emva kweenzame ezininzi ezingaphumelelanga zakwazi ukoyisa umngeni kwaye zafikelela encotsheni yenqaba. Uyise wenkosazana, owayecaphukile kwaye ethabathekile bubukho balo mfana, wavuma ukutshata intombi yakhe entle.
Emva kokuba betshatile ebusuku, inkosana encinci yavuma kumfazi wayo omhle ukuba yayingubani kwaye sasiyintoni isizathu sokubanjwa kwayo kunye nekamva elalixelwe kwangaphambili ngamaxhoba asixhenxe. Eli bali layenza inkosazana yathandana nomfana owayeyinyamekela kwaye ibukele ukuze ingahlaselwa zezi zilwanyana zintathu.
Ngobusuku obushushu inkosazana eselula yabona inyoka ikhwela ebhedini eyayihlala nenkosana eselula. Wathatha intonga wayibetha kanobom inyoka entloko, yafa ngoko nangoko. Wayibamba wayinika inja ukuba itye.
Ukususela ngelo xesha inja yatshintsha isimo sayo yaza yaba ndlongondlongo kakhulu kwinkosana, kwabakho into eshukumayo ngaphakathi kwenja eyamenza ukuba asabele ngolo hlobo. Kwenye yezo xa wayehlaselwa yinja kwafuneka atsibele emlanjeni, apho wafumana ingozi enkulu kwakukho ingwenya enkulu kodwa yayimdala kakhulu kwaye idiniwe ukuyidla.
Kwathiwa umkhosi kaFaro wawufuna ukumbulala ngenxa yesiprofeto, ngoko wacela inkosana encinane ukuba imncede ahlangabezane nale ngxaki aze amkhuphe emanzini ephila. Emva kokuba emkile emlanjeni, waphinda wahlaselwa yinja yakhe ngogonyamelo olungakumbi.
Oko wazithethelela ngokumbetha ngamandla entloko embulala ngoko nangoko. Kodwa lo mbandela awuzange uphelele apho ekubeni inyoka eyayidliwe yaphuma ngaphakathi kodwa yamluma inkosana eselula yambulala ngoko nangoko yaye ngaloo ndlela sazaliseka isiprofeto samahenyukazi asixhenxe.
Ukufa kukaOsiris
Mhlawumbi enye yezona ntsomi zaseYiputa zaziwa namhlanje kukubulawa kukaThixo uOsiris. Emva koko uvuko lwakhe kunye nokuzalwa konyana wakhe uHorus. Ngenye yeentsomi zaseYiputa ezisitshela ngeengxaki ezinokuvela kwintsapho kunye nokubulala njengesixhobo sokufezekisa amandla afunwayo kunye nongquzulwano olunokuveliswa kwaye lukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi esipheleleyo.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcXEIGnQgkg
Kwintsomi yaseYiputa kuthiwa uNut, owaziwa njengothixokazi wesibhakabhaka, wayenabantwana abane, iimazi ezimbini namadoda amabini. UOsiris nguye owaba nguKumkani wabafileyo. Udadewabo uIsis wayenguthixokazi weNzala. USete waziwa njengothixo wamandla akhohlakeleyo kunye noNephthys owaziwa njengenenekazi lendlu okanye ukhuseleko.
Uthixo u-Osiris waba ngukumkani wayo yonke iYiputa, ekubeni engumlawuli onobubele nozele lubulumko, wabaxelela abantu bakhe indlela yokulima izityalo. Kwakhona wafundisa abantu bakhe indlela ababefanele banqule ngayo oothixo waza wabanika nemithetho ababefanele balawule ngayo ubomi babo.
Nangona u-Osiris wayengumlawuli obalaseleyo wayenotshaba ngaphakathi kwendlu yakhe kwaye waceba ukumbulala, olu tshaba wayengumntakwabo owaziwa ngokuba nguSete. Ngoko umntakwabo wagqiba ekubeni azidibanise nabanye abantu ababenganelisekanga ngo-Osiris kwaye balinde ithuba lokususa u-Osiris.
UKumkani uOsiris wagqiba ekubeni enze isidlo waza wamema umntakwabo uSete kunye nabo bantu ukuba badle. Elo yayilithuba elifanelekileyo lokubulala uKumkani uOsiris. USete wayalela ukuba akhe umkhombe kunye neekawusi ezichanekileyo zikaKumkani uOsiris, ukuze akwazi ukungena lula kuloo ndawo. UOsiris wazama isipho ngasinye de waya kufika emkhombeni waza wazama.
Abaqulunqi, bebona ukuba uKumkani u-Osiris wayevavanya ityeya, waqala ukuphazamisa zonke iindwendwe ngelixa uSete waqala ukubethelela ityeya ukuze ayitywine kwaye uKumkani u-Osiris wafa ngaphakathi kwetyeya.
Emva kokuba u-Osiris efile ngaphakathi kwebhokisi, abaqulunqi banquma ukukhupha ityeya kuMlambo umNayile.USete wavakalisa ukuba umntakwabo u-Osiris ufile kwaye kufuneka ahlale etroneni, ngaloo ndlela ethweswa isithsaba ukumkani waseYiputa.
Uthixokazi uIsis ngoncedo lwabanye oothixo wawufumana umzimba kaOsiris owawungceba, into eyenziwa nguthixokazi uIsis yayikukumdumbula waza ukusuka apho wambuyisela ebomini. Ngelo xesha waba neentlobano zesini nothixokazi uIsis awakhulelwa kuye owayeza kuzala unyana wakhe uHorus.
Xa uthixo uOsiris ebuyela ebomini, weza nenguqulelo enkulu eyayikukuba nguThixo wobomi ukuze imnxibelelanise nesithixo esinxibelelene nobomi obungunaphakade nokulondolozwa nokhokelo lwabafileyo kwelinye ihlabathi.
Kwalo nyana wakhe uHorus kwafuneka ajongane noThixo uSete kangangezihlandlo ezininzi kumlo wetrone. Oku kuya kuzisa inkitha enkulu yeengxabano apho uThixo uHorus wayeza kuba ngophumeleleyo, owayeza kufumana ilifa likayise.
Intsomi yemvelaphi yekhalenda yaseYiputa
Yenye yezona ntsomi zibalaseleyo zaseYiputa kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa, kuba kuthiwa ikhalenda yaseYiputa yayineentsuku ezingama-360. Ngexesha uThixo uRa waqala ukudala ihlabathi. UGeb noNut babetshatile ngokuchasene nemvume yesithixo uRa. Yiyo loo nto uThixo uRa wayalela uShu ukuba abahlule ngale ndlela, kwakungathi umoya ungene phakathi koMhlaba nesibhakabhaka, uvelisa umoya.
Kodwa uNut wayesele ekhulelwe uGeb kwaye ekuveni ezi ndaba uThixo uRa waqalekisa uNut. Oku kuquka ukwalela iNut ukuba ibeleke ngexesha leentsuku ezingama-360 ehambelana nekhalenda yaseYiputa.
Njengoko uNut wayesele ediniwe, waya kuthetha noThixo uThoth wobulumko, owaqulunqa icebo lokuthenga ixesha. Uthixo waya kuthixo wenyanga owaziwa ngokuba nguKhonsu. Ngalo thixo uye wabheja izihlandlo ezininzi enyangeni kwaye waphumelela izihlandlo ezininzi. Ngale nto, wakwazi ukufumana ixesha elingakumbi lokugqiba iintsuku ezintlanu.
Ngale ndlela ke uthixokazi uNut wasebenzisa le mihla ukuba akwazi ukuzala abantwana bakhe uOsiris, uSete, uIsis noNephthys, apho uOsiris wayeza kufikelela kwisikhundla sikayise.
Ibali lomlimi oliciko
Phakathi kwezona ntsomi zaseYiputa zaziwa kakhulu yileyo izinikele ebantwini nakubantu abahlwempuzekileyo, eli libali elazalwa ngamaxesha oBukumkani obuphakathi.
Intsomi yaseYiputa ibalisa intsomi yomlimi owayehlwempuzeke kakhulu kodwa enyanisekile kwaye kwangaxeshanye esebenza nzima. Ngubani owayenekhaya lakhe kunye nosapho lwakhe kwindawo yetyuwa.
Lo mlimi wayesoloko enesidingo sokulishiya ikhaya lakhe aye kuthengisa iimveliso ezaziveliswe kwifama yakhe. Kolunye lolo hambo lwakhe, kwafuneka adlule kwindawo apho umphathi-mkhosi wayemnqande ukuba angadluli, emlumkisa ukuba le ndlela yayiyeyakhe.
Ngoxa aba babini babexoxa ngale ngxaki, izilwanyana ezazithutha ezi mveliso zaqalisa ukutya iziqhamo zegosa likaLieutenant. Oku kusetyenziswa nguLieutenant ukugcina ezo zilwanyana kunye neempahla abaziphetheyo.
Ngaphambi kwale meko, umlimi waya kwisixeko Heliopolis. Kwakukho ummeli kafaro owaziwa ngokuba nguRensi. Umlimi uchaza okwenzekayo kwaye waqhankqalaza isenzo sobuqhophololo sika-lieutenant. Indlela umlimi aqhankqalaza ngayo yatsala ingqalelo yommeli kafaro owayeze kuphulaphula umlimi owayenentetho enkulu.
Ekugqibeleni okusesikweni kwenziwa xa umlimi ekwazile ukuphinda ayifumane yonke into awayeyithengile, kodwa kwangaxeshanye yonke into awayenayo u-lieutenant wayinikwa waza waba likhoboka lakhe ngenxa yokonakala.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga neentsomi zaseYiputa zibalulekile, ndikumema ukuba undwendwele ezi linki zilandelayo: